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polv 16aea2f26f lesson 16 grammar
2026-07-28 19:11:40 +07:00

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---
vocabulary:
lesson:
- ko: 경제
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v1.mp3
en: economy/economics
examples:
- ko: 요즘에 세계 **경제**는 좋아지고 있어요
en: The world **economy** is getting better these days
- ko: 아시아의 **경제**는 요즘에 좋아지고 있어요
en: The Asian **economy** is getting better these days
- ko: 경제적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v2.mp3
en: economic
examples:
- ko: 미국은 **경제적인** 결정을 했어요
en: The US made an **economical** decision
- ko: 역사
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v3.mp3
en: history
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "역싸"
examples:
- ko: 저는 한국**역사**에 관심이 있어요
en: I am interested in Korean **history**
- ko: 우리 학교에서 학생들은 **역사**와 지리를 같이 배워요
en: At our school, students learn **history** and geography together
- ko: 역사적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v4.mp3
en: historical
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "역싸적"
examples:
- ko: 한국과 미국은 **역사적**으로 좋은 관계가 있다
en: "**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship"
- ko: 과학
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v5.mp3
en: science
examples:
- ko: 한국 학생들은 다른 나라 학생들보다 **과학**을 더 잘 해요
en: Korean students are better at **science** than students of other countries
- ko: 과학적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v6.mp3
en: scientific
examples:
- ko: 그들은 그 문제를 **과학적으로** 풀었다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3
en: They solved that problem **scientifically**
- ko: 충동
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v7.mp3
en: impulse/shock
examples:
- ko: 저는 그녀한테 키스하고 싶은 **충동**을 참지 못했어요
en: I couldn't resist the **urge** to kiss her
- ko: 충동적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v8.mp3
en: impulsive
examples:
- ko: 저는 자주 옷을 **충동적**으로 사요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3
en: I often buy clothes **impulsively**
- ko: 저의 누나는 **충동적인** 여자예요
en: My older sister is an **impulsive** girl
- ko: 문화
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v9.mp3
en: culture
examples:
- ko: 한국**문화**는 오래됐고 흥미로워요
en: Korean **culture** is long and interesting
- ko: 문화적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v10.mp3
en: cultural
examples:
- ko: 한국 사람과 중국 사람은 **문화적**으로 달라요
en: Korean and Chinese people are **culturally** different
- ko: 민주(주의)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v11.mp3
en: democracy
examples:
- ko: 북한 사람들은 **민주주의**가 무엇인지 몰라요
en: North Koran people don't know what **democracy** is
- ko: 민주적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v12.mp3
en: democratic
examples:
- ko: 미국은 **민주적인** 나라예요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3
en: The US is a **democratic** nation
- ko: 미국은 대통령을 **민주적으로** 선출해요
en: America elects its president **democratically**
- ko: 개인
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v13.mp3
en: individual/personal
examples:
- ko: 그 헬스장은 **개인** 사물함을 제공해요
en: That gym provides a **personal** locker
- ko: 개인적
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v14.mp3
en: individual
examples:
- ko: 저는 그녀랑 **개인적**으로 얘기하고 싶어요
en: I want to talk to her **personally**
- ko: 자연
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v15.mp3
en: nature
examples:
- ko: 사람들은 **자연**을 지켜야 돼요
en: People need to protect **nature**
- ko: 자연스럽다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v16.mp3
en: natural
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "자연스럽따"</p>
<p>자연스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>~아/어: 자연스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 자연스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 자연스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 자연스러울, ~니: 자연스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 자연스러움, ~(으)려고: 자연스러우려고, ~(으)시: 자연스러우시, ~(으)면: 자연스러우면, ~(으)니: 자연스러우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 그는 한국어를 **자연스럽게** 말해요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3
en: he speaks Korean **naturally**
- ko: 그 여자는 **자연스러운** 머리를 가지고 있어요
en: That girl has **natural** hair
- ko: 실망(하다)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v17.mp3
en: disappointment (to be disappointed)
notes: |
<p>The noun form of this word translates to "disappointment"</p>
<p>실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "disappointed" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 **실망했어요**
en: I was **disappointed**
- ko: "**실망하**지 마세요"
en: Don't be **disappointed**
- ko: 실망스럽다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v18.mp3
en: to be disappointing
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "실망스럽따"</p>
<p>실망스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "disappointed" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See below in this lesson for more information.</p>
<p>~아/어: 실망스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 실망스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 실망스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 실망스러울, ~니: 실망스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 실망스러움, ~(으)려고: 실망스러우려고, ~(으)시: 실망스러우시, ~(으)면: 실망스러우면, ~(으)니: 실망스러우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3
en: The result was a little bit **disappointing**
- ko: 저는 결과가 **실망스러웠어요**
en: I was **disappointed** in the result
- ko: 사랑(하다)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v19.mp3
en: love (to love)
examples:
- ko: 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요**
en: I **love** that girl
- ko: 저는 그 여자를 그때만 **사랑했어요**
en: I only **loved** her at that time
- ko: 저의 여자 친구가 완벽해서 저는 그녀를 **사랑해요**
en: I **love** my girlfriend because she is perfect
- ko: 저는 친구들로부터 **사랑**을 많이 받았어요
en: I received a lot of **love** from friends
- ko: 그 남자는 자기 여자 친구를 아직 **사랑해요**
en: That man still **loves** his girlfriend
- ko: 저는 내일 저의 여자 친구를 위해 **사랑**편지를 쓸 거예요
en: Tomorrow I will write a **love** letter for my girlfriend
- ko: 사랑스럽다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v20.mp3
en: to be lovely
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "사랑스럽따"</p>
<p>사랑스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>~아/어: 사랑스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 사랑스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 사랑스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 사랑스러울, ~니: 사랑스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 사랑스러움, ~(으)려고: 사랑스러우려고, ~(으)시: 사랑스러우시, ~(으)면: 사랑스러우면, ~(으)니: 사랑스러우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요**
en: That girl is **lovely**
- ko: 우리 딸은 **사랑스러운** 여자예요
en: Our daughter is a **loving**/**lovely** girl
- ko: 저는 그를 **사랑스럽게** 봤어요
en: I looked at him **lovingly**
- ko: "아름다워 **사랑스러워** 그래 너 hey 그래 바로 너 hey"
en: Lyrics from '강남스타일'
- ko: 만족(하다)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v21.mp3
en: satisfaction (to be satisfied)
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "만조카다"</p>
<p>The noun form of this word translates to "satisfaction"</p>
<p>만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "satisfied" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 **만족해요**
en: I am **satisfied**
- ko: 그는 **만족해요**
en: He is **satisfied**
- ko: 부장님을 **만족**시키는 것은 어려워요
en: Is it is difficult to **satisfy** our boss
- ko: 만족스럽다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v22.mp3
en: to be satisfactory
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "만족스럽따"</p>
<p>만족스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "satisfied" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.</p>
<p>~아/어: 만족스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 만족스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 만족스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 만족스러울, ~니: 만족스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 만족스러움, ~(으)려고: 만족스러우려고, ~(으)시: 만족스러우시, ~(으)면: 만족스러우면, ~(으)니: 만족스러우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 결과는 **만족스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3
en: The results were **satisfactory**
- ko: 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요**
en: I was **satisfied** with the food
nouns:
- ko: 관계
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v23.mp3
en: relationship
examples:
- ko: 미국과 한국의 **관계**가 좋아요
en: Korea and the US have a good **relationship**
- ko: 저는 엄마랑 아무 **관계**도 없어요
en: I don't have any **relationship** with my mother
- ko: 스트레스
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v24.mp3
en: stress
examples:
- ko: 운동은 **스트레스**를 풀어요
en: Exercise relieves **stress**
- ko: 요즘에 저는 **스트레스**를 많이 받아요
en: These days I am very **stressed**
- ko: 연필
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v25.mp3
en: pencil
notes: |
<p>개 can be used as a counter for 연필 for simplicity, but a more specific counter when counting pencils is "자루."</p>
examples:
- ko: "**연필** 몇 개가 있어요?"
en: How many **pencils** do you have?
- ko: 저는 그 수학문제를 **연필**과 종이로 풀었어요
en: I solved that math problem using a paper and a **pencil**
- ko: 색깔
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v26.mp3
en: color
notes: |
<p>"색" is used after the words of most colors.</p>
<p>For example: 빨간색 (red), 노란색 (yellow), 녹색 (green)</p>
examples:
- ko: 보라색은 제가 가장 좋아하는 **색깔**이에요
en: Purple is my favorite **color**
- ko: 가을에 잎의 **색깔**은 변해요
en: The **color** of the leaves changes in the fall
- ko: 그 여자의 머리 **색깔**은 자연스러워
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3
en: That girl's hair **color** is natural
- ko: 그
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v27.mp3
en: he, him
notes: |
<p>You should not use "그" when "he" refers to somebody who deserves high respect.</p>
examples:
- ko: "**그**는 학생이에요"
en: "**He** is a student"
- ko: 저는 여전히 **그**를 사랑해요
en: I still love **him**
- ko: 주위 사람 중에 **그**를 좋아하는 사람은 하나도 없어요
en: There isn't even one person around him that likes **him**
- ko: 소리를 많이 질러도 **그**는 제 말을 듣지 못했어요
en: Regardless of how much I screamed **he** didn't hear my voice
- ko: 모든 사람들이 그를 싫어하지만 **그**는 파티에 나타났어요
en: Even though everybody hates **him**, **he** showed up at the party
- ko: "**그**를 너무나 사랑했지만 언어장벽으로 인해 떠나야 했어요"
en: I loved **him** a lot, but I had to leave (him) due to a language barrier
- ko: 그 남자가 너무 수상하지 않았으면 **그**를 믿었을 거예요
en: If that man weren't so suspicious, I would have believed **him**
- ko: 그녀
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v28.mp3
en: she, her
notes: |
<p>You should not use "그녀" when "she" refers to somebody who deserves high respect.</p>
examples:
- ko: "**그녀**는 친구랑 밖에 나갔어요"
en: "**She** went outside with her friends"
- ko: "**그녀**는 아주 순수해 보여요"
en: "**She** looks really innocent"
- ko: "**그녀**는 빨간 셔츠를 입고 있다"
en: "**She** is wearing a red shirt"
- ko: "**그녀**는 언제나 늦게 와요"
en: "**She** comes late every time"
- ko: 그 여자가 여신 같기 때문에 남자들은 **그녀**를 다 좋아해요
en: She's like a goddess, so all the boys like **her**
- ko: 그 여자가 너무 예뻐서 저는 **그녀**를 만나고 싶어요
en: That girl is very pretty, therefore, I want to meet **her**
- ko: 결과
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v29.mp3
en: result
examples:
- ko: 저의 시험 **결과**는 좋아요
en: The **result** of my exam is good (my exam results are good)
- ko: 간부들은 그 **결과**를 회의에서 발표했어요
en: The executives announced that **result** at the meeting
- ko: "**결과**는 만족스러웠어요"
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3
en: The **results** were satisfactory
- ko: 우리가 만족스러운 **결과**를 받았어요
en: We received a satisfactory **result**
- ko: 꿈
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v30.mp3
en: a dream
examples:
- ko: 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈**을 꿨어요
en: I had a strange **dream** last night
- ko: 저의 **꿈**은 선생님이 되는 것이다
en: My **dream** is becoming a teacher
- ko: 제가 배우가 되는 것은 **꿈**일 뿐이에요
en: Becoming an actor is just a **dream**
- ko: 그 **꿈**이 이루어질 수 있을까요?
en: Do you think that **dream** will come true?
- ko: 그 사람의 얼굴이 기억 안 났지만 갑자기 제 **꿈**에 나타났어요
en: I had forgotten that person's face, but it suddenly appeared to me in my **dream**
- ko: 세상
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v31.mp3
en: world
examples:
- ko: "**세상**에 가장 예쁜 여자는 누구예요?"
en: Who is the most beautiful girl in the **world**?
- ko: 제 남편은 **세상**에서 제일 멋있어요
en: My husband is the coolest in the **world**
- ko: 힘과 권력이 있는 사람이 **세상**을 지배해요
en: People with power (and strength) rule the **world**
- ko: 그 아이는 **세상**에서 고립된 채로 10년간 살아왔어요
en: That child lived isolated from the **world** for ten years
- ko: 제가 **세상**에서 제일 싫어하는 것은 말다툼을 하는 거예요
en: The thing I hate the most in the **world** is arguing (with people)
- ko: "**세상**에는 아직도 여성의 인권이 매우 낮은 곳이 많습니다"
en: In this **world** even now, there are still many places where the rights of women are terribly low
- ko: 댓글을 읽다 보니 **세상**에는 정말 다양한 사람들이 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었어요
en: After reading the comments I came to realize there really are all kinds of people in the **world**
- ko: 세계
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v32.mp3
en: world
examples:
- ko: 요즘에 **세계** 경제는 좋아지고 있어요
en: The **world** economy is getting better these days
- ko: 전 **세계**에서 온 관광객들은 그 축제에 갔어요
en: Tourists from all over the **world** went to that festival
- ko: 회화
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v33.mp3
en: conversation
notes: |
<p>"회화" is usually placed after the name of a language to refer to the conversation aspect of that language. It is not used to mean "to have a conversation." The words 이야기하다 or 대화하다 should be used for that meaning.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 중국어**회화** 수업을 듣고 있어요
en: I am taking a Chinese **conversation** class
- ko: 한국 학생들한테 영어**회화**는 중요하지 않아요
en: English **conversation** isn't important to Korean students
- ko: 문자
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v34.mp3
en: text message
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "문짜"
examples:
- ko: 저는 저의 여자 친구한테 **문자**를 보냈어요
en: I sent a **text message** to my girlfriend
- ko: 슬기는 남자친구의 **문자**에 답장을 빨리 해요
en: Seulgi responds to **messages** from her boyfriend quickly
- ko: 핸드폰이 생기기 전에는 친구들과 **문자**를 보내는 대신에 쪽지를 주고 받았어요
en: Before cell phones, instead of sending **text messages** with friends, we exchanged notes
- ko: 하지만 바로 그때였다. 핸드폰이 울렸다. '아 누구지?' 핸드폰을 확인해 봤다. 그 **문자**는 바로 민호한테서 온 것이었다
en: But, it was right at that moment. My phone rang. Who could it be? I checked the phone. That **message** had come from none other than 민호.
- ko: 가슴
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v35.mp3
en: chest
notes: |
<p>Just like in English, this word can be used to refer to the general area of one's chest, or a woman's breasts. It can also be used to refer to one's "heart."</p>
examples:
- ko: 한국사람들이 **가슴**에 털이 없어요
en: Korean people don't have hair on their **chest**
- ko: 그 여자가 **가슴**이 커요
en: That woman has big **breasts**
- ko: 심장이 멈춘 듯이 **가슴**이 아파요
en: My **chest** hurts as if my heart has stopped
- ko: 당신의 눈을 응시할 때 **가슴이** 설레어요
en: When I gaze into your eyes, my **heart** flutters
- ko: "**가슴**이 떨릴 때는 심호흡을 깊게 하면 진정이 돼요"
en: When you are **nervous**, if you breathe deeply you can be calmed down
- ko: 제목
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v36.mp3
en: title of something (book, etc)
examples:
- ko: 그 책의 **제목**은 뭐에요?
en: What is the **title** of that book?
- ko: 근처
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v46.mp3
en: close/near by
notes: |
<p>근처 and 가깝다 are words that have similar meanings. 근처 is actually a noun but I feel it acts and feels like an adverb. 가깝다 is an adjective, which means it can predicate sentences and describe upcoming nouns. 근처 is most commonly used after a noun (like 위, 안, 밑, 뒤, etc…) to mean "close to…"</p>
<p>It can also be used to generally just mean "close" to here. In these cases, 여기 can be omitted.</p>
examples:
- ko: 대학로 **근처**에 극장이 많아요
en: There are a lot of theaters **near** 대학로
- ko: 저의 친구는 (여기) **근처**에 살아요
en: My friend lives **close** (to here)
- ko: 나중
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-38.mp3
en: later
examples:
- ko: 저는 숙제를 **나중에** 할 거예요
en: I am going to do my homework **later**
- ko: "나중에** 밥이 없을 거라서 저는 지금 먹고 싶어요"
en: There will not be any food **later**, therefore, I want to eat now
- ko: 선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. **나중**에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요?
en: Teacher! I can't grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office **later**?
- ko: 대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 **나중**에 선택하라고 말했어요
en: If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major **later**
- ko: 최근
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-39.mp3
en: recently
notes: |
<p>This can be used before a noun to describe it. For example: "최근 날씨가 추워요" = "The recent weather is cold"</p>
<p>It can also be used with ~에 to generally mean "recently." For example: "최근에 사람이 많이 와요" = "Recently, many people have been coming"</p>
examples:
- ko: "**최근** 날씨가 추워요"
en: The **recent** weather is cold
- ko: "**최근에** 사람이 많이 와요"
en: "**Recently**, many people have been coming"
verbs:
- ko: 풀다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v37.mp3
en: to untie, to unfasten, to loosen
notes: |
<p>풀다 follows the ㄹ irregular</p>
<p>~아/어: 풀어, ~ㄴ/은: 푼, ~ㄴ/는다: 푼다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 풉니다, ~ㄹ/을: 풀, ~니: 푸니, ~ㅁ/음: 풂, ~(으)려고: 풀려고, ~(으)시: 푸시, ~(으)면: 풀면, ~(으)니: 푸니</p>
examples:
- ko: 운동은 스트레스를 **풀어요**
en: exercise **relieves** stress
- ko: 저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요**
en: I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil
- ko: 이 붕대를 **풀자마자** 애기가 기어 다니기 시작해도 돼요
en: As soon as you **unravel** this bandage, the baby can start crawling around
- ko: 꿈꾸다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v38.mp3
en: to dream
examples:
- ko: 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈을 꿨어요**
en: I had a strange **dream** last night
- ko: 태어나다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v39.mp3
en: to be born
examples:
- ko: 저는 캐나다에서 **태어났어요**
en: I was **born** in Canada
- ko: 저는 한국에서 **태어난** 게 아니라 캐나다에서 태어난 교포예요
en: I wasn't **born** is Korea, I am a foreign-born Korean born in Canada
- ko: 가난한 집안에서 **태어나** 이렇게 큰 성공을 이룬 이 사람의 이야기는 신화와 같아요
en: The story of this person being **born** into a poor family and achieving this much success is like a myth/legend
- ko: 저는 한국에서 **태어났지만** 태어나고 바로 미국으로 이사해서 한국어를 알아들을 수 없어요. 그래서 한국어를 이제 배우기로 했어요.
en: I was **born** in Korea but moved to America right after I was born, so I can't understand Korean. Therefore, I decided to learn Korean now.
- ko: 다니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v40.mp3
en: to go somewhere frequently
examples:
- ko: "어느 학교를 **다녀요**?"
en: What school do you **go to**?
- ko: 우리 딸은 그 고등학교를 **다녀요**
en: Our daughter **attends** that high school
- ko: 우리 어머니는 서울대학교를 **다녔어요**
en: Our mom **attended** Seoul University
- ko: 저는 6개월 동안 동남아시아에서 **돌아다녔어요**
en: I **wandered around** South East Asia for 6 months
- ko: 믿다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v41.mp3
en: to believe, to trust
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "믿따"
examples:
- ko: 저는 그 사람을 **믿**을 수 없어요
en: I can't **believe/trust** that person
- ko: 저는 그런 사람을 **믿지** 않아요
en: I don't **trust** that type of person/those types of people
- ko: 관객은 대통령이 하는 말을 **믿지** 않았어요
en: The audience didn't **believe** what the president said
- ko: 옛날에 그리스인들은 여러 가지의 신을 **믿었어요**
en: A long time ago, Greek people **believed** in a variety of gods
- ko: 그 친구는 남의 말만 **믿고** 저를 무시했어요
en: That friend **believed** what other people said (about me), and ignored me
- ko: 그 생물 선생님이 종교를 **믿어서** 자기가 가르치는 내용을 안 **믿어요**
en: That biology teacher doesn't **believe** the content he teaches because he is religious (**believes** in a religion)
adjectives:
- ko: 가깝다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v42.mp3
en: to be close to, to be near
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "가깝따"</p>
<p>가깝다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>~아/어: 가까워, ~ㄴ/은: 가까운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 가깝습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 가까울, ~니: 가까우니, ~ㅁ/음: 가까움, ~(으)려고: 가까우려고, ~(으)시: 가까우시, ~(으)면: 가까우면, ~(으)니: 가까우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저의 친구의 집은 **가까워요**
en: My friend's house is **close**
- ko: 저의 친구는 **가까운** 집에 살아요
en: literally – my friend lives in a **near** by house
- ko: 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요
en: As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive
- ko: 그래서 나는 여행을 가기로 결심을 했다. 아일랜드와 지리적으로 매우 **가깝지만** 한 번 도 가지 않았던 영국에 가기로 결심했다
en: So, I decided to go traveling. I decided to go to England, which, although geographically very **close** to Ireland, I had not been to once.
- ko: 힘들다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v43.mp3
en: to be difficult to do something
notes: |
<p>This is a word that is difficult to translate. It's usually used on things that are physically straining. However, something mentally straining (like solving a math problem) could also be '힘들다' because those types of things might also elicit a physical response as well.</p>
<p>You'd be surprised how often you hear this word in Korean. Everything is '힘들다.'</p>
<ul>
<li>Going out for a walk: 아~ 힘들어!</li>
<li>Taking the subway: 아~ 힘들어!</li>
<li>Cooking a meal: 아~ 힘들어!</li>
</ul>
examples:
- ko: 학생들을 가르치는 것은 **힘들어요**
en: It is **hard** to teach students
- ko: 이 문제를 극복하는 것이 **힘들** 거예요
en: It will be **difficult** to overcome this problem
- ko: 그 일이 **힘들지** 모르겠어요
en: I don't know if that work will be **difficult**
- ko: 소방 훈련이 **힘들어** 보여요
en: Firefighting training looks **difficult**
- ko: 저는 멀리 살고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 **힘들어요**
en: It is **difficult** to walk home because I live far
- ko: 오늘 너무 **힘들**어서 저는 따뜻한 목욕을 하고 싶어요
en: Today was really **difficult**, so I want to take a warm bath
- ko: 순수하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v44.mp3
en: to be pure
examples:
- ko: 그녀는 아주 **순수해** 보여요
en: She looks really **innocent**
- ko: 하얀색은 가장 **순수한** 색깔이에요
en: White is the **purest** color
adverbs:
- ko: 조금
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v45.mp3
en: a little
examples:
- ko: 저는 **조금** 먹었어요
en: I ate a **little**
- ko: 저는 **조금**만 먹었어요
en: I only ate a **little**
- ko: "**조금** 있다가 가자"
en: Let's go in a **bit**
- ko: "**조금** 더 앞으로 가 주세요"
en: Move a **little bit** more forward, please
- ko: 그러나
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v49.mp3
en: but/however
notes: |
<p>Used as a conjunctive adverb, usually between two sentences.</p>
examples:
- ko: 친구가 한국에 왔어요. **그러나**, 그녀를 만날 수 없었어요
en: My friend came to Korea. **However**, I couldn't meet her
- ko: 미연은 내게서 시선을 돌리며 텔레비전 화면을 쳐다봤다. **그러나** 화면 속 내용을 보고 있는 것 같지는 않았다
en: As 미연 removed her eyes from me, she stared at the TV screen. **However**, (despite the fact that she was looking at the TV, which would make you expect that she was actually watching the TV), she probably wasn't watching the TV
sentence:
적으로:
- ko: 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화**적으로** 많이 변했어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-1.mp3
en: Korea has changed a lot **culturally** in the period of/during/for the past 50 years
notes: |
<ul>
<li>문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span></li>
<li><TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
<li><TTS>문화적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">culturally</span></li>
</ul>
- ko: 그것은 경제**적으로** 가능하지 않아요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-2.mp3
en: That isn’t **economically** possible
notes: |
<ul>
<li>경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economy</span></li>
<li><TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
<li><TTS>경제적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economically</span></li>
</ul>
- ko: 한국과 미국은 역사**적으로** 좋은 관계가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-3.mp3
en: "**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship"
notes: |
<ul>
<li>역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span></li>
<li><TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
<li><TTS>역사적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historically</span></li>
</ul>
- ko: 그들은 그 문제를 과학**적으로** 풀었다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3
en: They solved that problem **scientifically**
notes: |
<ul>
<li>과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span></li>
<li><TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
<li><TTS>과학적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientifically</span></li>
</ul>
- ko: 저는 자주 옷을 충동**적으로** 사요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3
en: I often buy clothes **impulsively**
notes: |
<ul>
<li>충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulse/shock</span></li>
<li><TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
<li><TTS>충동적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsively</span></li>
</ul>
- ko: 미국은 대통령을 민주**적으로** 선출해요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-3.mp3
en: America elects its president **democratically**
notes: |
<ul>
<li>민주 = democracy</li>
<li><TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
<li><TTS>민주적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratically</span></li>
</ul>
적이다:
- ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3
en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference
notes:
- <TTS>차이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difference</span>
- |
<ul>
<li>문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span></li>
<li><TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
<li><TTS>문화적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
</ul>
- notes: |
<ul>
<li>경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economics</span></li>
<li><TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
<li><TTS>경제적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
</ul>
ko: 미국은 경제**적인** 결정을 했어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-6.mp3
en: The US made an **economical** decision
- notes: |
<ul>
<li>역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span></li>
<li><TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
<li><TTS>역사적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
</ul>
ko: 저 학교는 역사**적인** 건물이에요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-9.mp3
en: That school is a **historical** building
- notes: |
<ul>
<li>과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span></li>
<li><TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
<li><TTS>과학적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
</ul>
ko: 이것은 과학**적인** 문제예요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-7.mp3
en: This is a **scientific** problem
- notes: |
<ul>
<li>충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
<li><TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
<li><TTS>충동적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
</ul>
ko: 저는 너무 충동**적이에요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-11.mp3
en: I’m too **impulsive**
- notes:
- Notice that when a word ending in ~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다.
- |
<ul>
<li>민주 = <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span></li>
<li><TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
<li><TTS>민주적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
</ul>
ko: 미국은 민주**적인** 나라예요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3
en: The US is a **democratic** nation
- ko: 북한에는 민주**적** 정부가 없습니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-9.mp3
en: There is not a **democratic** government in North Korea
notes: |
This is usually the only time that ~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don’t really need to worry much about the difference between ~적 and ~적이다. Just be aware that ~적이다 is more commonly used, and how they are used within a sentence. That is, when using “~적이다,” 이다 should be conjugated, and when using “~적” nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun.
- ko: 경제**적** 문제가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-10.mp3
en: There is a **financial** problem
notes: &describe-in |
In all cases above, I would rather use the ~적인 form to describe the upcoming noun. The native Korean speaker beside me says the same thing. However, she also says that the first example of each (the examples just using ~적 instead of ~적인) are also acceptable. In my opinion, the use of ~적인 instead of ~적 is more common in <span class="md spoiler">speaking</span> than in printed sources.
- ko: 경제**적인** 문제가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-11.mp3
en: There is a **financial** problem
notes: *describe-in
- ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적** 차이가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-4.mp3
en: Canada and the US have a cultural difference
notes: *describe-in
- ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3
en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference
notes: *describe-in
- ko: 나는 개인**적** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-12.mp3
en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems)
notes: *describe-in
- ko: 나는 개인**적인** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-13.mp3
en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems)
notes:
- <TTS>그만두다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to quit a job or school</span>
- *describe-in
- ko: 이 건물은 역사**적** 건물이다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-14.mp3
en: This building is a **historical** building
notes: *describe-in
- ko: 이 건물은 역사**적인** 건물이다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-15.mp3
en: This building is a **historical** building
notes: *describe-in
스럽다:
- ko: 그 여자가 아주 사랑**스러워요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-16.mp3
en: That girl is something “with the properties of love”
notes: lovely
- ko: 그 여자의 머리 색깔은 자연**스러워**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3
en: That girl’s hair color has “the properties of nature”
notes: natural
- notes: &disappointed |
실망하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions.
ko: 저는 **실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3
en: I was **disappointed**
- notes: *disappointed
ko: 우리 아버지는 어제 **실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-18.mp3
en: Our dad was **disappointed** yesterday
- notes: &disappointed-in |
If you want to say that somebody is disappointed _in_ a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in.
ko: 저는 친구**에게 실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3
en: I was **disappointed in** my friend
- notes: *disappointed-in
ko: 우리 아버지는 저**에게 실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-20.mp3
en: Our dad was **disappointed in** me
- notes: &disappointed-object |
If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in.
ko: 저는 영화**에 실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3
en: I was disappointed in the movie
- notes: *disappointed-object
ko: 우리 아버지는 식당**에 실망했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-22.mp3
en: Our dad was **disappointed in** the restaurant
- notes: &disappointing |
실망스럽다 usually is not describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the “properties of disappointment.” This usually translates to “disappointing.”
ko: 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3
en: The result was a little bit **disappointing**
- notes: *disappointing
ko: 그 영화는 조금 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-23.mp3
en: The movie was a little bit **disappointing**
- ko: 저는 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-27.mp3
en: I am **disappointed**
notes: |
most likely be from a person describing that <em>something</em> is <span class="md spoiler">disappoint<em>ing</em></span>, but they have omitted it from the sentence.
- ko: 저는 친구가 **실망스러워요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-24.mp3
en: I am **disappointed** in my friend
notes: My friend is disappointing, and therefore I am disappointed
- ko: 저는 학생들이 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-25.mp3
en: I was **disappointed** in the students
notes: My students were disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed
- ko: 저는 그 영화가 **실망스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-26.mp3
en: I was **disappointed** in the movie
notes: The movie was disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed
- notes: &satisfied |
Just like with 실망하다, 만족하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions.
ko: 저는 **만족해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-28.mp3
en: I am **satisfied**
- notes: *satisfied
ko: 그는 **만족해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-29.mp3
en: He is **satisfied**
- notes: |
just like with 실망스럽다, 만족스럽다 is _not_ describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is an adjective that is describing something that has the “properties of satisfaction.” This usually translates to “satisfactory.”
ko: 결과는 **만족스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3
en: The results were **satisfactory**
- notes: &satisfied-soa |
만족스럽다 can be used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate that one is satisfied in something.
ko: 저는 결과가 **만족스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-30.mp3
en: I was **satisfied** with the results
- notes: *satisfied-soa
ko: 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-31.mp3
en: I was **satisfied** with the food
- notes: |
the object can be omitted and the speaker can indicate that _something_ was satisfactory (and thus he/she was satisfied).
ko: 저는 **만족스러웠어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-40.mp3
en: I was **satisfied** (something was **satisfying…**)
- ko: 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-32.mp3
en: I love that girl
- ko: 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-33.mp3
en: That girl is **lovely**
- notes: |
자랑하다 is a verb that can act on a noun
ko: 저는 저의 한국어 실력을 **자랑했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-34.mp3
en: I **showed off/boasted** my Korean skills
- notes: &proud-of |
자랑스럽다 is usually used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate who somebody is proud of.
ko: 저는 저의 딸이 아주 **자랑스러워요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-35.mp3
en: I am very **proud of** my daughter
- notes: *proud-of
ko: 저는 학생들이 **자랑스러워요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-36.mp3
en: I am **proud of** the students
- notes: |
~스럽다 words are adjectives, they can describe an upcoming noun (just like any other adjective) by placing ~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word.
ko: 우리 딸은 사랑**스러운 여자예요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-37.mp3
en: Our daughter is a **loving/lovely** girl
- notes: &turn-to-adverb |
~게 can be added to the end of the stem of –스럽다 to change the word into an adverb.
ko: 그는 한국어를 자연**스럽게 말해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3
en: he speaks Korean **naturally**
- notes: *turn-to-adverb
ko: 저는 그를 사랑**스럽게 봤어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-38.mp3
en: I looked at him **lovingly**
- notes: *turn-to-adverb
ko: 그는 실망**스럽게 행동했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-39.mp3
en: He acted **disappointingly** (in a **disappointing** way)
- notes: *turn-to-adverb
ko: 저는 일을 만족**스럽게 끝냈어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-40.mp3
en: I finished the work/job **satisfactorily** (in a **satisfactory** way)
---
# Lesson 16: Noun + \~적, \~적으로, \~적이다, \~스럽다
## Vocabulary
<VocabQuiz />
---
경제 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">economy/economics</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>경제적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
- <TTS>세계 경제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">world economy</span>
- <TTS>경제학</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economics (the study of economy)</span>
Example:
- 요즘에 세계 **경제**는 좋아지고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The world **economy** is getting better these days</span>
- 아시아의 **경제**는 요즘에 좋아지고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The Asian **economy** is getting better these days</span>
</Details>
경제적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">economic</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>경제적인 이유</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economic reason</span>
- <TTS>경제적인 결정</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economic decision</span>
- <TTS>경제적인 문제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economic problem</span>
- <TTS>경제적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economically</span>
Example:
- 미국은 **경제적인** 결정을 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The US made an **economical** decision</span>
</Details>
역사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">history</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “역싸”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>역사적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
- <TTS>세계역사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">world history</span>
- <TTS>역사가</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historian</span>
- <TTS>역사 수업</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">history class</span>
Example:
- 저는 한국**역사**에 관심이 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am interested in Korean **history**</span>
- 우리 학교에서 학생들은 **역사**와 지리를 같이 배워요 = <span class="md spoiler">At our school, students learn **history** and geography together</span>
</Details>
역사적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “역싸적”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>역사적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historically</span>
Example:
- 한국과 미국은 **역사적**으로 좋은 관계가 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship</span>
</Details>
과학 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">science</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 과학적이다 = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
- 과학 기술 = <span class="md spoiler">science and technology</span>
- 과학자 = <span class="md spoiler">scientist</span>
- 과학연구 = <span class="md spoiler">science (scientific research)</span>
- 자연과학 = <span class="md spoiler">natural sciences</span>
- 과학수업 = <span class="md spoiler">science class</span>
Example:
- 한국 학생들은 다른 나라 학생들보다 **과학**을 더 잘 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korean students are better at **science** than students of other countries</span>
</Details>
과학적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>과학적인 설명</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific explanation</span>
- <TTS>과학적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
Example:
- 그들은 그 문제를 **과학적으로** 풀었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">They solved that problem **scientifically**</span>
</Details>
충동 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">impulse/shock</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>충동적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
- <TTS>성적 충동</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">sexual urge</span>
Example:
- 저는 그녀한테 키스하고 싶은 **충동**을 참지 못했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I couldn’t resist the **urge** to kiss her</span>
</Details>
충동적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>충동적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsively</span>
Examples:
- 저는 자주 옷을 **충동적**으로 사요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I often buy clothes **impulsively**</span>
- 저의 누나는 **충동적인** 여자예요 = <span class="md spoiler">My older sister is an **impulsive** girl</span>
</Details>
문화 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>문화적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
- <TTS>문화 차이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">differences in culture</span>
- <TTS>동구문화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Eastern culture</span>
- <TTS>서구문화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Western culture</span>
Example:
- 한국**문화**는 오래됐고 흥미로워요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korean **culture** is long and interesting</span>
</Details>
문화적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>문화적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">culturally</span>
Example:
- 한국 사람과 중국 사람은 **문화적**으로 달라요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korean and Chinese people are **culturally** different</span>
</Details>
민주(주의) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span>
<Details>
Common Examples:
- <TTS>민주주의자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democrat</span>
Example:
- 북한 사람들은 **민주주의**가 무엇인지 몰라요 = <span class="md spoiler">North Koran people don’t know what **democracy** is</span>
</Details>
민주적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>민주적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratically</span>
Examples:
- 미국은 **민주적인** 나라예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The US is a **democratic** nation</span>
- 미국은 대통령을 **민주적으로** 선출해요 = <span class="md spoiler">America elects its president **democratically**</span>
</Details>
개인 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">individual/personal</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 그 헬스장은 **개인** 사물함을 제공해요 = <span class="md spoiler">That gym provides a **personal** locker</span>
</Details>
개인적 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">individual</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 저는 그녀랑 **개인적**으로 얘기하고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to talk to her **personally**</span>
</Details>
자연 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">nature</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>자연스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">natural</span>
- <TTS>자연의 법칙</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the laws of nature</span>
- <TTS>자연과학</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">natural science</span>
Example:
- 사람들은 **자연**을 지켜야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">People need to protect **nature**</span>
</Details>
자연스럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">natural</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “자연스럽따”
자연스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Examples:
- 그는 한국어를 **자연스럽게** 말해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">he speaks Korean **naturally**</span>
- 그 여자는 **자연스러운** 머리를 가지고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That girl has **natural** hair</span>
</Details>
실망(하다) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">disappointment (disappointed)</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word translates to “disappointment”
Notes: 실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “disappointed” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.
Examples:
- 저는 **실망했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I was **disappointed**.</span>
- **실망하**지 마세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t be **disappointed**</span>
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실망스럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be disappointing</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “실망스럽따”
실망스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Notes:
실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “disappointed” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See below in this lesson for more information.
Example:
- 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요** <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The result was a little bit **disappointing**</span>
- 저는 결과가 **실망스러웠어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I was **disappointed** in the result</span>
</Details>
사랑(하다) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">love (to love)</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>사랑에 빠지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to fall in love</span>
- <TTS>서로 사랑하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to love each other</span>
- <TTS>사랑니</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">wisdom tooth</span>
Example:
- 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **love** that girl</span>
- 저는 그 여자를 그때만 **사랑했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I only **loved** her at that time</span>
- 저의 여자 친구가 완벽해서 저는 그녀를 **사랑해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **love** my girlfriend because she is perfect</span>
- 저는 친구들로부터 **사랑**을 많이 받았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I received a lot of **love** from friends</span>
- 그 남자는 자기 여자 친구를 아직 **사랑해요** = <span class="md spoiler">That man still **loves** his girlfriend</span>
- 저는 내일 저의 여자 친구를 위해 **사랑**편지를 쓸 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">Tomorrow I will write a **love** letter for my girlfriend</span>
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사랑스럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be lovely</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “사랑스럽따”
사랑스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Common Usages:
- <TTS>사랑스러운 여자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">A lovely girl</span>
Example:
- 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요** = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is **lovely**</span>
- 우리 딸은 **사랑스러운** 여자예요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our daughter is a **loving**/**lovely** girl</span>
- 저는 그를 **사랑스럽게** 봤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I looked at him **lovingly**</span>
- Lyrics from ‘강남스타일’: “아름다워 **사랑스러워** 그래 너 hey 그래 바로 너 hey”
</Details>
만족(하다) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">satisfaction (to be satisfied)</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만조카다”
The noun form of this word translates to “satisfaction”
Notes:
만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “satisfied” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.
Common Usages:
- <TTS>만족시키다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to satisfy</span>
Example:
- 저는 **만족해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I am **satisfied**</span>
- 그는 **만족해요** = <span class="md spoiler">He is **satisfied**</span>
- 부장님을 **만족**시키는 것은 어려워요 = <span class="md spoiler">Is it is difficult to **satisfy** our boss</span>
</Details>
만족스럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be satisfactory</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만족스럽따”
만족스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Notes:
만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “satisfied” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.
Examples:
- 결과는 **만족스러웠어요** <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The results were **satisfactory**</span>
- 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I was **satisfied** with the food</span>
</Details>
### Nouns
관계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">relationship</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 미국과 한국의 **관계**가 좋아요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korea and the US have a good **relationship**</span>
- 저는 엄마랑 아무 **관계**도 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t have any **relationship** with my mother</span>
</Details>
스트레스 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">stress</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>스트레스를 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to relieve stress</span>
- <TTS>스트레스를 받다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be stressed</span>
Example:
- 운동은 **스트레스**를 풀어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Exercise relieves **stress**</span>
- 요즘에 저는 **스트레스**를 많이 받아요 = <span class="md spoiler">These days I am very **stressed**</span>
</Details>
연필 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">pencil</span>
<Details>
Notes:
개 can be used as a counter for 연필 for simplicity, but a more specific counter when counting pencils is “<TTS>자루</TTS>.”
Example:
- **연필** 몇 개가 있어요? = <span class="md spoiler">How many **pencils** do you have?</span>
- 저는 그 수학문제를 **연필**과 종이로 풀었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I solved that math problem using a paper and a **pencil**</span>
</Details>
색깔 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">color</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
“색” is used after the words of most colors.
For example: <TTS>빨간색</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">red</span>), <TTS>노란색</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">yellow</span>), <TTS>녹색</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">green</span>)
Example:
- 보라색은 제가 가장 좋아하는 **색깔**이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">Purple is my favorite **color**</span>
- 가을에 잎의 **색깔**은 변해요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **color** of the leaves changes in the fall</span>
- 그 여자의 머리 **색깔**은 자연스러워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s hair **color** is natural</span>
</Details>
그 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">he, him</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>그들</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">they</span>
- <TTS>그냐</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">she</span>
Notes:
You should not use “그” when “he” refers to somebody who deserves high respect.
Example:
- **그**는 학생이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">**He** is a student</span>
- 저는 여전히 **그**를 사랑해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I still love **him**</span>
- 주위 사람 중에 **그**를 좋아하는 사람은 하나도 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">There isn’t even one person around him that likes **him**</span>
- 소리를 많이 질러도 **그**는 제 말을 듣지 못했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Regardless of how much I screamed **he** didn’t hear my voice</span>
- 모든 사람들이 그를 싫어하지만 **그**는 파티에 나타났어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Even though everybody hates **him**, **he** showed up at the party</span>
- **그**를 너무나 사랑했지만 언어장벽으로 인해 떠나야 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I loved **him** a lot, but I had to leave (him) due to a language barrier</span>
- 그 남자가 너무 수상하지 않았으면 **그**를 믿었을 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">If that man weren’t so suspicious, I would have believed **him**</span>
</Details>
그녀 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">she, her</span>
<Details>
Notes:
You should not use “그녀” when “she” refers to somebody who deserves high respect.
Examples:
- **그녀**는 친구랑 밖에 나갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**She** went outside with her friends</span>
- **그녀**는 아주 순수해 보여요 = <span class="md spoiler">**She** looks really innocent</span>
- **그녀**는 빨간 셔츠를 입고 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">**She** is wearing a red shirt</span>
- **그녀**는 언제나 늦게 와요 = <span class="md spoiler">**She** comes late every time</span>
- 그 여자가 여신 같기 때문에 남자들은 **그녀**를 다 좋아해요 = <span class="md spoiler">She’s like a goddess, so all the boys like **her**</span>
- 그 여자가 너무 예뻐서 저는 **그녀**를 만나고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is very pretty, therefore, I want to meet **her**</span>
</Details>
결과 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">result</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>결과가 나오다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for the results to “come out”</span>
- <TTS>결과가 만족스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for the results to be satisfactory</span>
- <TTS>결과가 실망스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for the results to be disappointing</span>
Example:
- 저의 시험 **결과**는 좋아요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **result** of my exam is good (my exam results are good)</span>
- 간부들은 그 **결과**를 회의에서 발표했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The executives announced that **result** at the meeting</span>
- **결과**는 만족스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The **results** were satisfactory</span>
- 우리가 만족스러운 **결과**를 받았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We received a satisfactory **result**</span>
</Details>
꿈 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a dream</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>꿈을 꾸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to dream</span>
- <TTS>꿈속에</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">in one’s dream</span>
Examples:
- 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈**을 꿨어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I had a strange **dream** last night</span>
- 저의 **꿈**은 선생님이 되는 것이다 = <span class="md spoiler">My **dream** is becoming a teacher</span>
- 제가 배우가 되는 것은 **꿈**일 뿐이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">Becoming an actor is just a **dream**</span>
- 그 **꿈**이 이루어질 수 있을까요? = <span class="md spoiler">Do you think that **dream** will come true?</span>
- 그 사람의 얼굴이 기억 안 났지만 갑자기 제 **꿈**에 나타났어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I had forgotten that person’s face, but it suddenly appeared to me in my **dream**</span>
</Details>
세상 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">world</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>세상을 떠나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to leave the world/die</span>
Examples:
- **세상**에 가장 예쁜 여자는 누구예요? = <span class="md spoiler">Who is the most beautiful girl in the **world**?</span>
- 제 남편은 **세상**에서 제일 멋있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">My husband is the coolest in the **world**</span>
- 힘과 권력이 있는 사람이 **세상**을 지배해요 = <span class="md spoiler">People with power (and strength) rule the **world**</span>
- 그 아이는 **세상**에서 고립된 채로 10년간 살아왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That child lived isolated from the **world** for ten years</span>
- 제가 **세상**에서 제일 싫어하는 것은 말다툼을 하는 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">The thing I hate the most in the **world** is arguing (with people)</span>
- **세상**에는 아직도 여성의 인권이 매우 낮은 곳이 많습니다 = <span class="md spoiler">In this **world** even now, there are still many places where the rights of women are terribly low</span>
- 댓글을 읽다 보니 **세상**에는 정말 다양한 사람들이 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">After reading the comments I came to realize there really are all kinds of people in the **world**</span>
</Details>
세계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">world</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>세계 평화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">world peace</span>
- <TTS>세계 지도</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">world map</span>
- <TTS>세계화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">globalization</span>
- <TTS>현실 세계</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">real world</span>
- <TTS>전 세계</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the whole world</span>
- <TTS>세계여행</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">world travel</span>
Examples:
- 요즘에 **세계** 경제는 좋아지고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **world** economy is getting better these days</span>
- 전 **세계**에서 온 관광객들은 그 축제에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Tourists from all over the **world** went to that festival</span>
</Details>
회화 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">-conversation</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>영어회화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">English conversation</span>
- <TTS>영어회화수업</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">English conversation class</span>
- <TTS>영어회화교사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">English conversation teacher</span>
- <TTS>중국어회화</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Chinese conversation</span>
Notes:
“회화” is usually placed after the name of a language to refer to the conversation aspect of that language. It is not used to mean “to have a conversation.” The words <TTS>이야기하다</TTS> or <TTS>대화하다</TTS> should be used for that meaning.
Examples:
- 저는 중국어**회화** 수업을 듣고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am taking a Chinese **conversation** class</span>
- 한국 학생들한테 영어**회화**는 중요하지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">English **conversation** isn’t important to Korean students</span>
</Details>
문자 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">text message</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “문짜”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>문자를 보내다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to send a text message</span>
- <TTS>문자를 받다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to receive a text message</span>
- <TTS>문자에 답장하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to respond to a text message</span>
Examples:
- 저는 저의 여자 친구한테 **문자**를 보냈어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I sent a **text message** to my girlfriend</span>
- 슬기는 남자친구의 **문자**에 답장을 빨리 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Seulgi responds to **messages** from her boyfriend quickly</span>
- 핸드폰이 생기기 전에는 친구들과 **문자**를 보내는 대신에 쪽지를 주고 받았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before cell phones, instead of sending **text messages** with friends, we exchanged notes</span>
- 하지만 바로 그때였다. 핸드폰이 울렸다. ‘아 누구지?’ 핸드폰을 확인해 봤다. 그 **문자**는 바로 민호한테서 온 것이었다 = <span class="md spoiler">But, it was right at that moment. My phone rang. Who could it be? I checked the phone. That **message** had come from none other than 민호.</span>
</Details>
가슴 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">chest</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>닭가슴살</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">chicken breast</span>
Notes:
Just like in English, this word can be used to refer to the general area of <span class="md spoiler">one’s chest</span>, or <span class="md spoiler">a woman’s breasts</span>. It can also be used to refer to <span class="md spoiler">one’s “heart.”</span>
Examples:
- 한국사람들이 **가슴**에 털이 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korean people don’t have hair on their **chest**</span>
- 그 여자가 **가슴**이 커요 = <span class="md spoiler">That woman has big **breasts**</span>
- 심장이 멈춘 듯이 **가슴**이 아파요 = <span class="md spoiler">My **chest** hurts as if my heart has stopped</span>
- 당신의 눈을 응시할 때 **가슴이** 설레어요 = <span class="md spoiler">When I gaze into your eyes, my **heart** flutters</span>
- **가슴**이 떨릴 때는 심호흡을 깊게 하면 진정이 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">When you are **nervous**, if you breathe deeply you can be calmed down</span>
</Details>
제목 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">title of something (book, etc)</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>노래 제목</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the name of a song</span>
- <TTS>책 제목</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the name of a book</span>
Example:
- 그 책의 **제목**은 뭐에요? = <span class="md spoiler">What is the **title** of that book?</span>
</Details>
근처 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">close/near by</span>
<Details>
Notes:
근처 and 가깝다 are words that have similar meanings. 근처 is actually a noun but I feel it acts and feels like an adverb. 가깝다 is an adjective, which means it can predicate sentences and describe upcoming nouns. 근처 is most commonly used after a noun (like 위, 안, 밑, 뒤, etc…) to mean “close to…” for example:
- 대학로 **근처**에 극장이 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">There are a lot of theaters **near** 대학로</span>
It can also be used to generally just mean “close” to here. In these cases, 여기 can be omitted:
- 저의 친구는 (여기) **근처**에 살아요 = <span class="md spoiler">My friend lives **close** (to here)</span>
</Details>
나중 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">later</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>나중에 봐요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">See you later</span>
- <TTS>나중에 하자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Let’s do it later</span>
Examples:
- 저는 숙제를 **나중에** 할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am going to do my homework **later**</span>
- **나중에** 밥이 없을 거라서 저는 지금 먹고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">There will not be any food **later**, therefore, I want to eat now</span>
- 선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. **나중**에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요? = <span class="md spoiler">Teacher! I can’t grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office **later**?</span>
- 대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 **나중**에 선택하라고 말했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major **later**</span>
</Details>
최근 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">recently</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This can be used before a noun to describe it. For example:
- **최근** 날씨가 추워요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **recent** weather is cold</span>
It can also be used with \~에 to generally mean “recently.” For example:
- **최근에** 사람이 많이 와요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Recently**, many people have been coming</span>
</Details>
### Verbs
풀다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to untie, to unfasten, to loosen</span>
<Details>
풀다 follows the ㄹ irregular
Common Usages:
- <TTS>코를 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to blow one’s nose</span>
- <TTS>스트레스를 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to relieve stress</span>
- <TTS>문제를 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to solve a problem</span>
- <TTS>신발끈을 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to untie one’s shoes</span>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">운동은 스트레스를 **풀어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">exercise **relieves** stress</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil</span>
- 저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil</span>
- 이 붕대를 **풀자마자** 애기가 기어 다니기 시작해도 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">As soon as you **unravel** this bandage, the baby can start crawling around</span>
</Details>
꿈꾸다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to dream</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>이상한 꿈을 꾸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to have a weird dream</span>
Example:
- 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈을 꿨어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I had a strange **dream** last night</span>
</Details>
태어나다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be born</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 태어났을 때부터 = <span class="md spoiler">since I was born/my whole life</span>
- 한국에서 태어나다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be born in Korean</span>
Example:
- 저는 캐나다에서 **태어났어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I was **born** in Canada</span>
- 저는 한국에서 **태어난** 게 아니라 캐나다에서 태어난 교포예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I wasn’t **born** is Korea, I am a foreign-born Korean born in Canada</span>
- 가난한 집안에서 **태어나** 이렇게 큰 성공을 이룬 이 사람의 이야기는 신화와 같아요 = <span class="md spoiler">The story of this person being **born** into a poor family and achieving this much success is like a myth/legend</span>
- 저는 한국에서 **태어났지만** 태어나고 바로 미국으로 이사해서 한국어를 알아들을 수 없어요. 그래서 한국어를 이제 배우기로 했어요. = <span class="md spoiler">I was **born** in Korea but moved to America right after I was born, so I can’t understand Korean. Therefore, I decided to learn Korean now.</span>
</Details>
다니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to go somewhere frequently</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>기어다니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to crawl around</span>
- <TTS>돌아다니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to wander around</span>
- <TTS>학교를 다니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to attend school</span>
- <TTS>다녀오다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go, and then come back</span>
- <TTS>다녀오세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This can be used to say “goodbye,” as it literally translates to “to go somewhere, wander around, and then come back.”</span>
Example:
- 어느 학교를 **다녀요**? = <span class="md spoiler">What school do you **go to**?</span>
- 우리 딸은 그 고등학교를 **다녀요** = <span class="md spoiler">Our daughter **attends** that high school</span>
- 우리 어머니는 서울대학교를 **다녔어요** = <span class="md spoiler">Our mom **attended** Seoul University</span>
- 저는 6개월 동안 동남아시아에서 **돌아다녔어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **wandered around** South East Asia for 6 months</span>
</Details>
믿다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to believe, to trust</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “믿따”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>신을 믿다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">To believe in god</span>
- <TTS>종교를 믿다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">To have/believe in a religion</span>
- <TTS>저를 믿어 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(Please) Believe me!</span>
Examples:
- 저는 그 사람을 **믿**을 수 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I can’t **believe/trust** that person</span>
- 저는 그런 사람을 **믿지** 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t **trust** that type of person/those types of people</span>
- 관객은 대통령이 하는 말을 **믿지** 않았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The audience didn’t **believe** what the president said</span>
- 옛날에 그리스인들은 여러 가지의 신을 **믿었어요** = <span class="md spoiler">A long time ago, Greek people **believed** in a variety of gods</span>
- 그 친구는 남의 말만 **믿고** 저를 무시했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That friend **believed** what other people said (about me), and ignored me</span>
- 그 생물 선생님이 종교를 **믿어서** 자기가 가르치는 내용을 안 **믿어요** = <span class="md spoiler">That biology teacher doesn’t **believe** the content he teaches because he is religious (**believes** in a religion)</span>
</Details>
### Adjectives
가깝다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be close to, to be near</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “가깝따”
가깝다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 친구의 집은 **가까워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend’s house is **close**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 친구는 **가까운** 집에 살아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">literally – my friend lives in a **near** by house</span>
- 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요 = <span class="md spoiler">As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive</span>
- 그래서 나는 여행을 가기로 결심을 했다. 아일랜드와 지리적으로 매우 **가깝지만** 한 번 도 가지 않았던 영국에 가기로 결심했다 = <span class="md spoiler">So, I decided to go traveling. I decided to go to England, which, although geographically very **close** to Ireland, I had not been to once.</span>
</Details>
힘들다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be difficult to do something</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This is a word that is difficult to translate. It’s usually used on things that are physically straining. However, something mentally straining (like <span class="md spoiler">solving a math problem</span>) could also be ‘힘들다’ because those types of things might also elicit a physical response as well.
You’d be surprised how often you hear this word in Korean. *Every*thing is ‘힘들다.’
- Going out for a walk: 아\~ 힘들어!
- Taking the subway: 아\~ 힘들어!
- Cooking a meal: 아\~ 힘들어!
Common Usages:
- <TTS>힘든 일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difficult work</span>
- <TTS>힘들겠다!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That must be difficult!</span>
- <TTS>힘들어 죽겠다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a common phrase people say “It’s so hard it’s like I’m going to die.”</span>
Examples:
- 학생들을 가르치는 것은 **힘들어요** = <span class="md spoiler">It is **hard** to teach students</span>
- 이 문제를 극복하는 것이 **힘들** **거예요** = <span class="md spoiler">It will be **difficult** to overcome this problem</span>
- 그 일이 **힘들지** 모르겠어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t know if that work will be **difficult**</span>
- 소방 훈련이 **힘들어** 보여요 = <span class="md spoiler">Firefighting training looks **difficult**</span>
- 저는 멀리 살고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 **힘들어요** = <span class="md spoiler">It is **difficult** to walk home because I live far</span>
- 오늘 너무 **힘들**어서 저는 따뜻한 목욕을 하고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Today was really **difficult**, so I want to take a warm bath</span>
</Details>
순수하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be pure</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 그녀는 아주 **순수해** 보여요 = <span class="md spoiler">She looks really **innocent**</span>
- 하얀색은 가장 **순수한** 색깔이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">White is the **purest** color</span>
</Details>
### Adverbs and Other Words
조금 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a little</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 조금만 = <span class="md spoiler">only a little</span>
- 조금 있다(가) = <span class="md spoiler">in a bit (just a little bit later)</span>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **조금** 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate a **little**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **조금**만 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I only ate a **little**</span>
- **조금** 있다가 가자 = <span class="md spoiler">Let’s go in a **bit**</span>
- **조금** 더 앞으로 가 주세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Move a **little bit** more forward, please</span>
</Details>
그러나 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v49.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">but/however</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Used as a conjunctive adverb, usually between two sentences.
Examples:
- 친구가 한국에 왔어요. **그러나**, <span class="md spoiler">그녀를 만날 수 없었어요 = My friend came to Korea. **However**, I couldn’t meet her</span>
- 미연은 내게서 시선을 돌리며 텔레비전 화면을 쳐다봤다. **그러나** 화면 속 내용을 보고 있는 것 같지는 않았다 = <span class="md spoiler">As 미연 removed her eyes from me, she stared at the TV screen. **However**, (despite the fact that she was looking at the TV, which would make you expect that she was actually watching the TV), she probably wasn’t watching the TV</span>
</Details>
For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/app/).
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video]
<YouTube id=k1rAQX_inqQ />
_There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file.
You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/)._
## \~적/적으로/적이다
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" />
\~적 is a common suffix that can be added after some nouns of Chinese origin (적 (的) is of Chinese origin). At first, there is no way to anticipate or expect which nouns this can be added to. As you progress through your Korean studies, you can sort of start anticipating this, but still, the only real way of knowing if \~적 can be added to a particular noun is if you have specifically learned that it can. The goal of this lesson isn’t to teach you all of the words that \~적 can be attached to (that would take forever). Rather, the goal of this lesson is to show you how you can recognize and use these words when you come across them.
Adding \~적 to a noun changes it into a descriptive word that has the meaning of "<span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of</span>" the original noun. For example:
- 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
- <TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of culture</span>
---
- 경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economy</span>
- <TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of economy</span>
---
- 역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span>
- <TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of history</span>
However, the translations above are nonsense and a more accurate way to translate words with \~적 is to add “-al” to the English word. For example:
- 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
- <TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
---
- 경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economy</span>
- <TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
---
- 역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span>
- <TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
Adding “-al” doesn’t always work with the English word, though. For example:
- 과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span>
- 과학적 = <span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of science</span>
- <TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
---
- 충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulse/shock</span>
- 충동적 = <span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of impulse</span>
- <TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
The main point of this lesson is to teach you how you can understand the meaning of a word ending in \~적 even if you have never seen it before. This still happens to me fairly regularly – I will read something, and come across a word I have never seen before ending in \~적.
For example, if you knew that the word “민주” meant “<span class="md spoiler">democracy</span>” What do you think “민주적” would mean? A descriptive word that has the properties of <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span> – that would be “<span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>.”
- 민주 = <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span>
- <TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>
Though these descriptive words can be used in sentences, it is easy for a beginner to understand them when they are used by adding \~이다 or \~으로.
### Adding 으로
---
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="적으로" />
Adding ‘으로’ to the end of \~적 changes the word into an adverb. These adverbs usually have the ending ‘ly’ in English. Below are the most common examples of using \~적으로 with example sentences for each:
- 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
- <TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
- <TTS>문화적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">culturally</span>
- 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화적으로 많이 변했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Korea has changed a lot culturally in the period of/during/for the past 50 years</span>
---
- 경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economy</span>
- <TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
- <TTS>경제적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economically</span>
- 그것은 경제적으로 가능하지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That isn’t economically possible</span>
---
- 역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span>
- <TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
- <TTS>역사적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historically</span>
- 한국과 미국은 역사적으로 좋은 관계가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Historically, Korea and the US have had a good relationship</span>
---
- 과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span>
- <TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
- <TTS>과학적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientifically</span>
- 그들은 그 문제를 과학적으로 풀었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">They solved that problem scientifically</span>
---
- 충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulse/shock</span>
- <TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
- <TTS>충동적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsively</span>
- 저는 자주 옷을 충동적으로 사요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I often buy clothes impulsively</span>
---
- 민주 = democracy
- <TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>
- <TTS>민주적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratically</span>
*Any examples I can make using “*민주적으로*” require me to use words that you haven’t learned before. Forgive me:*
- 미국은 대통령을 민주적으로 선출해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">America elects its president democratically</span>
### Adding 이다
---
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="적이다" />
Adding ‘이다’ to the end of \~적 turns the word into an adjective that can predicate a sentence or describe an upcoming noun. The translation of these adjectives are usually the same (in English) as without adding ‘이다.” For example:
- 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
- <TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
- <TTS>문화적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
- 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada and the US have a cultural difference</span>
(<TTS>차이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difference</span>)
---
- 경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economics</span>
- <TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
- <TTS>경제적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
- 미국은 경제적인 결정을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The US made an economical decision</span>
---
- 역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span>
- <TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
- <TTS>역사적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span>
- 저 학교는 역사적인 건물이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That school is a historical building</span>
---
- 과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span>
- <TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
- <TTS>과학적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span>
- 이것은 과학적인 문제예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This is a scientific problem</span>
---
- 충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
- <TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
- <TTS>충동적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span>
- 저는 너무 충동적이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m too impulsive</span>
Notice that when a word ending in \~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다.
---
- 민주 = <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span>
- <TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>
- <TTS>민주적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span>
- 미국은 민주적인 나라예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The US is a democratic nation</span>
---
A question that always comes up here is – What is the difference between using \~적이다 and just using \~적? For example, what is the difference between these two:
- 경제적 = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
- 경제적이다 = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span>
The difference between these is that \~적 is <span class="md spoiler">a noun</span>, whereas \~적이다 is <span class="md spoiler">an adjective</span>. Sometimes however, nouns can technically be used to sound like adjectives. For example:
- That is a big bag
‘Big’ describes the type of bag it is. Big is clearly an adjective which is telling us about the type of bag that it is (that it is big). “Book” is clearly a noun.
However, in the following example:
- That is a book bag
In this example, ‘book’ acts as a descriptive word because it describes the type of bag it is (that it is a book bag).
This is usually the only time that \~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don’t really need to worry much about the difference between \~적 and \~적이다. Just be aware that \~적이다 is more commonly used, and _how_ they are used within a sentence. That is, when using “\~적이다,” 이다 should be conjugated, and when using “\~적” nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun. For example:
- 미국은 민주적인 나라예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The US is a democratic nation</span>
- 북한에는 민주적 정부가 없습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">There is not a democratic government in North Korea</span>
At this point, I don’t want you to spend too much time dwelling over when you need to use \~적 vs. 적이다 . The purpose of this lesson was to introduce you to what \~적(이다/으로) can do to a word and how it can be used. I’ve created four more examples of \~적 vs. \~적이다 that I would like to show you, but please don’t worry about these too much. If anything, just try to understand the use of \~적(이다) in these sentences:
- 경제적 문제가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">There is a financial problem</span>
- 경제적인 문제가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">There is a financial problem</span>
---
- 캐나다와 미국은 문화적 차이가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada and the US have a cultural difference</span>
- 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada and the US have a cultural difference</span>
---
- 나는 개인적 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I quit the company due to personal reasons (problems)</span>
- 나는 개인적인 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I quit the company due to personal reasons (problems)</span>
(<TTS>그만두다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to quit a job or school</span>)
---
- 이 건물은 역사적 건물이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This building is a historical building</span>
- 이 건물은 역사적인 건물이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This building is a historical building</span>
In all cases above, I would rather use the \~적인 form to describe the upcoming noun. The native Korean speaker beside me says the same thing. However, she also says that the first example of each (the examples just using \~적 instead of \~적인) are also acceptable. In my opinion, the use of \~적인 instead of \~적 is more common in <span class="md spoiler">speaking</span> than in printed sources. However, you are more likely to see \~적 in <span class="md spoiler">print sources</span> compared to hearing it in spoken Korean. (i.e. \~적이다 is more common than \~적 in all cases. However, when compared only to itself, you are more likely to find \~적 in print than in speech).
Okay, enough of that for now. Let’s talk about something else.
## \~스럽다
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="스럽다" />
\~스럽다 can also be added to some nouns to change them into an adjective, much like the function of \~적(이다). When doing this, \~스럽다 changes the noun into an adjective that has the “properties” of that noun. The two easiest examples to explain this change are:
- 사랑 = <span class="md spoiler">love</span>
- <TTS>사랑스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">“with the properties of love”</span>
---
- 자연 = <span class="md spoiler">nature</span>
- <TTS>자연스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">“with the properties of nature”</span>
For example:
- 그 여자가 아주 사랑스러워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is something “with the properties of love”</span>
- 그 여자의 머리 색깔은 자연스러워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s hair color has “the properties of nature”</span>
Of course, those translations are nonsense. A more accurate translation of these words would be:
- <TTS>사랑스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">lovely</span>
- <TTS>자연스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">natural</span>
The only way of knowing if \~스럽다 or \~적 can be added to a word is if you have specifically learned that it can. Because one can never know which words \~스럽다 and \~적 can be added to, these words will always be presented as a separate entry in our vocabulary lists.
Anyways, \~스럽다 can be added to nouns to make that noun a descriptive word:
The two examples above are fairly straight-forward. However \~스럽다 is sometimes added to words that seem to already have an adjective form. For example:
- 실망 = <span class="md spoiler">disappointment</span>
- 실망하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be disappointed</span>
- <TTS>실망스럽다 </TTS>= <span class="md spoiler">“with the properties of disappointment” (disappointing)</span>
I’ll do the best I can to distinguish between 실망스럽다 and 실망하다 for you.
실망하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. For example:
- 저는 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed</span>
- 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed yesterday</span>
If you want to say that somebody is disappointed _in_ a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle \~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in. For example:
- 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in my friend</span>
- 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed in me</span>
If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle \~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in. For example:
- 저는 영화에 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the movie</span>
- 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant</span>
Hmmm… Adding \~에게/한테 to a person, and adding \~에 to a non-person. What does this remind you of? Remember, you learned this same rule in Lesson 14 when predicating sentences with passive verbs.
Well, 실망하다 is a verb. In English, it definitely feels like an adjective, but in Korean the dictionary (and the use of the particles \~에게/한테 and \~에) indicate that it is a verb. Here, 실망하다 is a verb (much like passive verbs) that cannot act on an object. Other verbs like this are 자다 (to sleep), 죽다 (to die), etc. This really means very little, and the only thing you need to take from this is:
In order to say one is disappointed, you can use 실망하다:
- 저는 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed</span>
- 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed yesterday</span>
In order to say one is disappointed in something/somebody, you can use 실망하다 along with the use of the particles \~에게/한테 (for a person) or \~에 (for a non-person). For example:
- 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in my friend</span>
- 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed in me</span>
---
- 저는 영화에 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the movie</span>
- 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant</span>
Now, 실망스럽다 usually is not describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the “properties of disappointment.” This usually translates to “disappointing.” For example:
- 결과는 조금 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The result was a little bit disappointing</span>
- 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The movie was a little bit disappointing</span>
That being said, you might sometimes hear 실망스럽다 being used like this:
- 저는 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-27.mp3" />
In this case, what do you think this would mean?
I guess in theory this could sometimes mean “<span class="md spoiler">I am disappointing</span>.” But very rarely would somebody say that. Most of the time, this sentence would translate to “<span class="md spoiler">I am disappointed</span>.”
Wait a second… I thought the word to describe one’s emotions as “<span class="md spoiler">disappointed</span>” was “실망하다.” In this sentence, why is “실망스럽다” being used to describe the person’s emotions in this sentence.
It’s not.
If you heard the sentence “저는 실망스럽다” in Korean, it would most likely be from a person describing that _something_ is <span class="md spoiler">disappoint*ing*</span>, but they have omitted it from the sentence. For example, using the adjective “실망스럽다” you can use the Subject – Object – Adjective form in the following way:
- 저는 친구가 실망스러워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am disappointed in my friend</span>
_(<span class="md spoiler">My friend is disappointing, and therefore I am disappointed</span>)_
- 저는 학생들이 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the students</span>
_(<span class="md spoiler">My students were disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed</span>)_
- 저는 그 영화가 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the movie</span>
_(<span class="md spoiler">The movie was disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed</span>)_
If you just walked into a room and said:
- 저는 실망스러워요\~ = <span class="md spoiler">I am disappointed (in something….)</span>
Whoever was listening to that sentence would probably say “<span class="md spoiler">In what</span>?”
What the speaker has done when saying “저는 실망스러워요” is they have simply omitted the object that they are describing.
---
Wow… that’s a lot of stuff to wrap your head around. Let’s break it down one more time:
실망하다 is a verb that describes <span class="md spoiler">one’s emotions of being disappointed</span>:
- 저는 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed</span>
실망하다 cannot act on an object (like 자다, 죽다, or any passive verb). Therefore, the following is incorrect:
- ~~저는 학생을 실망했어요~~
Instead, as with passive verbs, the use of \~에게/한테 should be used to indicate that you are disappointed in a person:
- 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in my friend</span>
\~에 can be used to indicate that you are disappointed in a non-person:
- 저는 영화에 실망했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the movie</span>
실망스럽다 is an adjective that describes something which is disappointing:
- 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The movie was a little bit disappointing</span>
The adjective 실망스럽다 can be used in the subject – object – adjective form to indicate that you were disappointed in something:
- 저는 그 영화가 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in that movie</span>
In the sentence above, the object can be omitted from the sentence, in which case the speaker is indicating that something was disappointing (and by virtue, he/she is disappointed), but has omitted the noun that is disappointing:
- 저는 실망스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed (something was disappointing…)</span>
---
I realize that is incredibly confusing.
This same phenomenon happens with the word <TTS>만족스럽다</TTS>. Look at the following three words:
- 만족 = <span class="md spoiler">satisfaction</span>
- <TTS>만족하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be satisfied</span>
- <TTS>만족스럽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">“with the properties of satisfaction” (satisfactory)</span>
Just like with 실망하다, 만족하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. For example:
- 저는 만족해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am satisfied</span>
- 그는 만족해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">He is satisfied</span>
Again, just like with 실망스럽다, 만족스럽다 is _not_ describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is an adjective that is describing something that has the “properties of satisfaction.” This usually translates to “satisfactory.” For example:
- 결과는 만족스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The results were satisfactory</span>
만족스럽다 can be used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate that one is satisfied in something. For example:
- 저는 결과가 만족스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was satisfied with the results</span>
- 저는 음식이 만족스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was satisfied with the food</span>
In this Subject – Object – Adjective form, the object can be omitted and the speaker can indicate that _something_ was satisfactory (and thus he/she was satisfied). For example:
- 저는 만족스러웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was satisfied (something was satisfying…)</span>
Don’t worry too much about the difference between words like 실망하다 vs. 실망스럽다 and 만족하다 vs. 만족스럽다. I’m really going deep into this, and it is not something you really need to worry about as most Korean people wouldn’t know the difference unless they really think about it.
In other words with -스럽다, the difference is much less ambiguous because the -스럽다 version of the word is an adjective, but the –하다 version is a verb that _can_ act on an object. For example:
- 저는 그 여자를 사랑해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I love that girl</span>
- 그 여자는 사랑스러워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is lovely</span>
Another good example of –스럽다 is:
- 자랑하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to show off (verb)</span>
- 자랑스럽다 = <span class="md spoiler">proud (adjective)</span>
Here as well, 자랑하다 is a verb that can act on a noun, so its usage is very simple:
- 저는 저의 한국어 실력을 자랑했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I showed off/boasted my Korean skills</span>
자랑스럽다 is usually used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate who somebody is proud of. For example:
- 저는 저의 딸이 아주 자랑스러워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am very proud of my daughter</span>
- 저는 학생들이 자랑스러워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am proud of the students</span>
It’s also good to recognize that because all of these \~스럽다 words are adjectives, they can also describe an upcoming noun (just like any other adjective) by placing \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word. For example:
- 우리 딸은 사랑스러운 여자예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our daughter is a loving/lovely girl</span>
Also, \~게 can be added to the end of the stem of –스럽다 to change the word into an adverb. For example:
- 그는 한국어를 자연스럽게 말해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">he speaks Korean naturally</span>
- 저는 그를 사랑스럽게 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I looked at him lovingly</span>
- 그는 실망스럽게 행동했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">He acted disappointingly (in a disappointing way)</span>
- 저는 일을 만족스럽게 끝냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I finished the work/job satisfactorily (in a satisfactory way)</span>
That’s it for this lesson!
_There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1.
All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/)._
## Summary
How about testing your knowledge on what you learned in the past 8 lessons with our [Lessons 9 – 16 Mini-Test.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1428 "Lessons 9 – 16 Mini-Test")
No test today?
Then let me browse through the next set of lessons ([Lessons 17 – 25](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1489 "Unit 1: Lessons 17 – 25"))
If you want, you can also go directly to [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1255 "Lesson 17: Connecting Particle ~고 and ~고 싶다 “I want to”")! Or,
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit1916)
<YouTube id=YiqIhjGKIXo />
Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson?
This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson.
<YouTube id=E5AQx6fKahA />
Want to practice your listening skills?
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
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