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---
vocabulary:
nouns:
- ko: 공장
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-1.mp3
en: factory
examples:
- ko: 저는 큰 **공장**에서 일해요
en: I work in a big **factory**
- ko: 열
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-2.mp3
en: fever
examples:
- ko: 저의 아들은 **열**이 났어요
en: My son had a **fever**
- ko: 극장
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-3.mp3
en: theater
examples:
- ko: 대학로 근처에 **극장**이 많아요
en: There are a lot of **theatres** near 대학로
- ko: 표를 예매하러 **극장**에 가고 있어요
en: I am going to the **theatre** to buy the tickets (in advance)
- ko: 회사
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-4.mp3
en: company
examples:
- ko: 우리 **회사**는 새로운 회사원을 찾고 있어요
en: Our **company** is looking for new workers
- ko: 내가 **회사**에 가지 않은 날에 병원에 갔어
en: On the day I didn't go to **work**, I went to the hospital
- ko: 작년에 우리 **회사**의 수입은 200만원이었어요
en: Our **company's** income last year was 200 won
- ko: 저는 그 **회사**에서 5월까지 일할 거예요
en: I will work at that **company** until May
- ko: 저는 **회사**를 위해 열심히 일할 거예요
en: I will work hard for the **company**
- ko: "**회사**는 기계를 대체했어"
en: The **company** replaced the machine
- ko: 나는 개인적 문제로 **회사**를 그만두었다
en: I quit the **company** due to personal problems
- ko: 저는 일을 구하려고 그 **회사**에 이력서를 냈어요
en: I submitted my resume to that **company** with the intention of applying for that job
- ko: 장소
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-5.mp3
en: place/location
examples:
- ko: 이 **장소**는 공원이 될 것이다
en: This **place** will become a park
- ko: 그 **장소**가 너무 위험해서 가지 마세요
en: That **place** is very dangerous, so don't go
- ko: 경찰관들이 그 **장소**에 파견되었어요
en: Police officers were dispatched to the **area**
- ko: 간판
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-6.mp3
en: a sign
notes: |
<p>This refers to the signs that hang outside stores or other places of businesses, not the traffic signs on the road.</p>
examples:
- ko: 한국에는 노래방**간판**이 많아요
en: There are a lot of no-rae bang **signs** in Korea
- ko: 직업
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-7.mp3
en: job
examples:
- ko: "**직업**이 뭐예요?"
en: What is your **job**?
- ko: 이 **직업**은 안전해서 좋아요
en: This **job** is good because it is safe
- ko: 그는 **직업**을 바꿀 수 있는 기회를 잡았어요
en: He seized the opportunity to change **jobs**
- ko: 그것은 저의 **직업**이 아닙니다
en: That (thing) is not my **job**
- ko: 수업
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-8.mp3
en: a class (that you 'take' or 'teach')
examples:
- ko: 저는 오늘 네 개의 **수업을** 가르쳤어요
en: I taught four **classes** today
- ko: 저는 두 달 동안 한국어 **수업을** 들었어요
en: I took an Korean **class** for two months
- ko: "**수업**시간 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요"
en: During **class**, don't throw paper please
- ko: 제가 가장 좋아하는 **수업**은 체육이에요
en: My favorite **class** is P.E.
- ko: "**수업**이 4시쯤에 시작될 예정이에요"
en: The **class** is scheduled to start at about 4:00pm
- ko: 이 **수업**은 우리의 마지막 수업이에요
en: This is our last **class**
- ko: 이 **수업**은 오늘 저의 열 번째 수업입니다
en: This is my tenth **class** today
- ko: "**수업**은 2 분 후에 끝날 거예요"
en: "**Class** will finish 2 minutes from now"
- ko: 고기
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-9.mp3
en: meat
examples:
- ko: 이 **고기**는 돼지고기입니다
en: This **meat** is pork
- ko: 저는 어제 **고기**를 두 번 먹었어요
en: I ate **meat** twice yesterday
- ko: 우리는 지난 번에 돼지**고기**를 먹었어요
en: We ate **pork** last time
- ko: 부모님은 **고기**를 가위로 잘랐어요
en: The parents cut the **meat** with scissors
- ko: 돼지
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-10.mp3
en: pig
notes: The counter for animals is "마리"
examples:
- ko: 동물원에 **돼지**가 많았어요
en: There was a lot of **pigs** at the zoo
- ko: 돼지고기
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-11.mp3
en: pork
examples:
- ko: 저는 **돼지고기**를 먹고 싶어요
en: I want to eat **pork**
- ko: 우리는 지난 번에 **돼지고기**를 먹었어요
en: We ate **pork** last time
- ko: 이 고기는 **돼지고기**입니다
en: This meat is **pork**
- ko: 소
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-12.mp3
en: cow
notes: The counter for animals is "마리"
examples:
- ko: 농부들은 **소**를 키워요
en: Farmers raise **cows**
- ko: 소고기
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-13.mp3
en: beef
examples:
- ko: 우리 엄마는 **소고기**만 먹어요
en: Our mom only eats **beef**
- ko: 꽃
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-15.mp3
en: flowers
notes: The usual counter for flowers is "송이" which is like a "bushel" of flowers
examples:
- ko: 저는 아내한테 **꽃**을 줬어요
en: I gave **flowers** to my wife
- ko: 나는 나의 여자 친구를 위해 **꽃**을 샀어
en: I bought **flowers** for my girlfriend
- ko: 값
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-16.mp3
en: price
examples:
- ko: 한국에서 집 **값**은 비싸다
en: Housing **prices** in Korea are expensive
- ko: 이 **값**은 세금을 포함해요
en: This **price** includes tax
- ko: 땅콩
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-17.mp3
en: peanut
examples:
- ko: 캐나다 사람들은 **땅콩**을 많이 먹어요
en: Canadians eat a lot of **peanuts**
- ko: 저는 **땅콩** 두 개를 먹었어요
en: I ate two **peanuts**
- ko: 축구(하다)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-18.mp3
en: (to play) soccer
examples:
- ko: "**축구**를 잘해요?"
en: Are you good at playing **soccer**?
- ko: "**축구**를 얼마나 잘 해요?"
en: How well do you play **soccer**?
- ko: 미식**축구**공은 둥글지 않아요
en: The American **football** ball isn't round
- ko: 저는 오늘 **축구**를 두 번 할 거예요
en: I will play **soccer** twice today
- ko: 우리 아들은 친구들보다 **축구**를 더 잘해요
en: Our son is better than (his) friends at **soccer**
- ko: 그는 **축구**선수인 만큼 달리기를 잘해요
en: He runs as well as a **soccer** athlete/player
- ko: 야구(하다)
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-19.mp3
en: (to play) baseball
examples:
- ko: 저는 어렸을 때부터 **야구**를 좋아했어요
en: I've liked **baseball** since I was young
- ko: "**야구선수**는 공을 세게 던졌어요"
en: The **baseball** player threw the ball hard
- ko: 저는 **야구**를 잘해요
en: I play **baseball** well
- ko: "**야구**는 좋은 스포츠야"
en: "**Baseball** is a good sport"
- ko: 우리는 **야구**를 1시에 할 거예요
en: We will play **baseball** at 1:00
- ko: 우리 셋째 아이는 **야구**를 좋아해요
en: Our third child likes **baseball**
- ko: 저는 어제 한 시간 동안 **야구**를 했어요
en: I played **baseball** for an hour yesterday
- ko: 여권
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-20.mp3
en: passport
examples:
- ko: 이것은 **여권**이에요
en: This is a **passport**
- ko: 그것은 저의 **여권**이 아닙니다
en: That (thing) is not my **passport**
- ko: "**여권**을 가져 와야 돼요"
en: You must bring your **passport**
- ko: 이 **여권**은 저의 세 번째 여권이에요
en: This is my third **passport**
- ko: 저는 이 **여권**을 1월 2일에 받았어요
en: I received my **passport** on January 2nd
- ko: 수건
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-21.mp3
en: towel
examples:
- ko: 저는 **수건**으로 몸을 닦았어요
en: I wiped my body with a **towel**
- ko: 체육
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-22.mp3
en: physical education
examples:
- ko: 제가 가장 좋아하는 수업은 **체육**이에요
en: My favorite class is **P.E.**
- ko: 저는 처음에 **체육** 수업을 싫어했어요
en: At first I didn't like **P.E.** class
- ko: 지하철
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-23.mp3
en: subway
notes: |
<p>지하 means "underground." 철 means "train." In theory this word means "underground train," but it is often used to refer to the metro system in general.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 지금 **지하철**을 타고 있어요
en: I am on the **subway** now
- ko: 저는 벌써 **지하철**을 타고 있어요
en: I am already riding the **subway**
- ko: 저는 사람들이 **지하철**을 급히 타는 것을 싫어해요
en: I don't like people getting on the **subway** in a rush
- ko: "**지하철**을 놓쳤기 때문에 택시를 타야 돼요"
en: I missed the **subway**, so I must take a taxi
- ko: 미래
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-37.mp3
en: future
examples:
- ko: 저는 **미래**에 의사가 될 거예요
en: I will be a doctor in the **future**
- ko: 저는 **미래**에 외국어를 많이 배우고 싶어요
en: I want to learn a lot of foreign languages in the **future**
verbs:
- ko: 되다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-24.mp3
en: to become
notes: |
<p>One of the usages of 되다 is to make a verb change to the passive voice. This is introduced in <a href="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/">Lesson 14</a>. For example: "점심이 학교에 준비되었어요" = "The lunch was provided by the school"</p>
<p>In addition to this, there are many ways 되다 can be used. This is just a small sample:</p>
<p>To indicate that one becomes something: "미래에 저는 의사가 되고 싶어요" = "I want to be a doctor in the future", "저는 언젠가 선생님이 되고 싶어요" = "I want to become a teacher someday"</p>
<p>To indicate that you have been doing something for a certain amount of time: "밥을 먹은 지 5분 됐어요" = "I have been eating for 5 minutes", "운동한 지 오래 됐어요?" = "Have you been exercising for a long time?"</p>
<p>To indicate that something that something is "ready" or "done" or "finished": "밥이 아직 안 됐어요" = "The rice isn't ready yet", "저는 갈 준비 됐어요" = "I am ready to go", "Wifi가 잘 안 돼요" = "The WiFi doesn't work well"</p>
<p>To indicate that one can or cannot do something: "지금 가도 돼요?" = "May I go now?", "안 가도 돼요" = "You don't have to go"</p>
<p>~아/어: 돼, ~ㄴ/은: 된, ~ㄴ/는다: 된다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 됩니다, ~ㄹ/을: 될, ~니: 되니, ~ㅁ/음: 됨, ~(으)려고: 되려고, ~(으)시: 되시, ~(으)면: 되면, ~(으)니: 되니</p>
examples:
- ko: 점심이 학교에 준비**되었어요**
en: The lunch was provided by the school
- ko: 미래에 저는 의사가 **되**고 싶어요
en: I want to **be** a doctor in the future
- ko: 저는 언젠가 선생님이 **되**고 싶어요
en: I want to **become** a teacher someday
- ko: 밥을 먹은 지 5분 **됐어요**
en: I **have been** eating for 5 minutes
- ko: 운동한 지 오래 **됐어요**?
en: "**Have** you **been** exercising for a long time?"
- ko: 밥이 아직 안 **됐어요**
en: The rice isn't ready **yet**
- ko: 저는 갈 준비 **됐어요**
en: I am **ready** to go
- ko: Wifi가 잘 안 **돼요**
en: The WiFi doesn't work well
- ko: 지금 가도 **돼요**?
en: "**May** I go now?"
- ko: 안 가도 **돼요**
en: You don't **have to** go
- ko: 시작하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-25.mp3
en: to start
notes: |
<p>This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 14]</p>
<p><YouTube id="b8X6ryrJGeY" /></p>
<p>~해: 시작해, ~ㄴ/은: 시작한, ~ㄴ/는다: 시작한다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 시작합니다, ~ㄹ/을: 시작할, ~니: 시작하니, ~ㅁ/음: 시작함, ~(으)려고: 시작하려고, ~(으)시: 시작하시, ~(으)면: 시작하면, ~(으)니: 시작하니</p>
examples:
- ko: 그는 밥을 벌써 먹기 **시작했어요**
en: He **started** eating already
- ko: "수업이 4시쯤에 **시작될** 예정이에요"
en: The class is scheduled to **start** at about 4:00pm
- ko: 저는 아무 때나 일을 **시작할** 준비됐어요
en: I am ready to **start** working any time
- ko: 행동하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-26.mp3
en: to act
notes: |
<p>The noun form of this word ("행동") translates to "an action."</p>
<p>This meaning is not "to act" in the sense of an actor or actress. Instead, this meaning is similar to somebody doing something, for example: "act responsibly".</p>
<p>~해: 행동해, ~ㄴ/은: 행동한, ~ㄴ/는다: 행동한다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 행동합니다, ~ㄹ/을: 행동할, ~니: 행동하니, ~ㅁ/음: 행동함, ~(으)려고: 행동하려고, ~(으)시: 행동하시, ~(으)면: 행동하면, ~(으)니: 행동하니</p>
examples:
- ko: 부모님 앞에서 그렇게 **행동하**지 마세요
en: Don't **act** that way in front of your parents
- ko: 저는 과거에 그런 **행동**을 많이 했어요
en: I **acted** like that a lot in the past
- ko: 그는 실망스럽게 **행동했어요**
en: He **acted** disappointingly (in a disappointed way)
- ko: 그 사람은 가난한 사람인 것처럼 **행동했어요**
en: That person **acted** like a poor person
- ko: 내 **행동**은 실수인 것을 깨달았어
en: I realized that my **actions** (what I did) is/was a mistake
- ko: 소개하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-27.mp3
en: to introduce
examples:
- ko: 저는 여자친구를 가족한테 **소개했어요**
en: I **introduced** my girlfriend to my family
- ko: 발견하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-28.mp3
en: to discover, to find
notes: The noun form of this word ("발견") translates to "a discovery."
examples:
- ko: 벤자민 프랭클린은 전기를 **발견했어요**
en: Benjamin Franklin **discovered** electricity
- ko: 옛날 사람들은 불을 **발견했어요**
en: People from a long time ago (ancient people) **discovered** fire
- ko: 방문하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-29.mp3
en: to visit
examples:
- ko: 저는 친구를 **방문하**러 한국에 갔어요
en: I went to Korean to **visit** my friend
- ko: 나는 너를 다음 번에 **방문할** 거야
en: I will **visit** you next time
- ko: 잃다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-30.mp3
en: to lose
notes: |
<p>~아/어: 잃어, ~ㄴ/은: 잃은, ~ㄴ/는다: 잃는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 잃습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 잃을, ~니: 잃으니, ~ㅁ/음: 잃음, ~(으)려고: 잃으려고, ~(으)시: 잃으시, ~(으)면: 잃으면, ~(으)니: 잃으니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요**
en: I **lost** my keys
- ko: 사람 네 명은 목숨을 **잃었다**
en: four people **lost** their lives (four people died)
- ko: 잃어버리다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-31.mp3
en: to lose
notes: |
<p>Sometimes you will find two verbs connected by "~아/어". This grammatical principle is fairly complex and isn't discussed in great detail until Lesson 70.</p>
<p>A basic explanation for now is that "~아/어" essentially has no real meaning, and that the meaning of both verbs comes out. "버리다" is probably the most common verb that you will find after a verb and ~아/어. Constructions in this format "(verb + ~아/어 + 버리다) add emotion to a sentence. The emotion is as if something was "thrown away" or done without any real thinking of the consequences.</p>
<p>~아/어: 잃어버려, ~ㄴ/은: 잃어버린, ~ㄴ/는다: 잃어버린다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 잃어버립니다, ~ㄹ/을: 잃어버릴, ~니: 잃어버리니, ~ㅁ/음: 잃어버림, ~(으)려고: 잃어버리려고, ~(으)시: 잃어버리시, ~(으)면: 잃어버리면, ~(으)니: 잃어버리니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요**
en: I **lost** my keys
- ko: 저는 아이를 **잃어버려**서 걱정이 되었어요
en: I was worried because I **lost** the baby
- ko: 저는 친구의 집에서 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요**
en: I **lost** my keys at a friend's house
- ko: 입다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/32.mp3
en: to put on one's clothes, to wear
notes: |
<p>The word 입히다 is used when you are putting the clothes on somebody else</p>
<p>~아/어: 입어, ~ㄴ/은: 입은, ~ㄴ/는다: 입는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 입습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 입을, ~니: 입으니, ~ㅁ/음: 입음, ~(으)려고: 입으려고, ~(으)시: 입으시, ~(으)면: 입으면, ~(으)니: 입으니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 보통 **까만** 양복을 **입어요**
en: I usually **wear** black suits
- ko: 그 셔츠를 탈의실에서 **입어** 봤어요
en: I **tried on** that shirt in the change room
- ko: 이 셔츠가 너무 작아서 못 **입어요**
en: I can't **put** this shirt **on** because it is too small
- ko: 학생들이 교복을 입기 때문에 다 똑같은 옷을 **입었어요**
en: All the students **wore** exactly the same clothes because they wear uniforms
- ko: 결혼식에서 이 셔츠가 너무 이상해 보일까 봐 화려한 것을 **입었어요**
en: I was worried that this shirt would look too weird at the wedding, so I **put** on a more colorful/fancy one
- ko: 지난 겨울에는 이 자켓을 **입었는데** 너무 추워서 이번에는 패딩을 샀어요
en: Last winter I **wore** this jacket but it was too cold, so this time I bought a thick, padded winter jacket
- ko: 벗다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-32.mp3
en: to take off one's clothes
notes: |
<p>The word 벗기다 is used when you are taking the clothes off of somebody else</p>
<p>~아/어: 벗어, ~ㄴ/은: 벗은, ~ㄴ/는다: 벗는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 벗습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 벗을, ~니: 벗으니, ~ㅁ/음: 벗음, ~(으)려고: 벗으려고, ~(으)시: 벗으시, ~(으)면: 벗으면, ~(으)니: 벗으니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 저의 옷을 **벗었어요**
en: I **took off** my clothes
- ko: 한국 사람들은 집에 들어가기 전에 신발을 **벗어요**
en: Korean people **take off** their shoes before entering one's house
- ko: 웃다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-33.mp3
en: to laugh
notes: |
<p>~아/어: 웃어, ~ㄴ/은: 웃은, ~ㄴ/는다: 웃는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 웃습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 웃을, ~니: 웃으니, ~ㅁ/음: 웃음, ~(으)려고: 웃으려고, ~(으)시: 웃으시, ~(으)면: 웃으면, ~(으)니: 웃으니</p>
examples:
- ko: "**웃**지 마세요!"
en: Please don't **laugh**!
- ko: 그 여자가 하나도 안 **웃었어요**
en: That girl didn't **laugh** at all
adjectives:
- ko: 부끄럽다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-34.mp3
en: to be shy
notes: |
<p>부끄럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
<p>This word is more common than you would think. Korean people are generally very shy and thus, this word is used a lot. It is an irregular adjective. See Lesson 7 for more information.</p>
<p>The addition of ~아/어하다 is commonly done when the speaker is not the person who is shy. This grammar is explained in Lesson 105</p>
<p>~아/어: 부끄러워, ~ㄴ/은: 부끄러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 부끄럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 부끄러울, ~니: 부끄러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 부끄러움, ~(으)려고: 부끄러우려고, ~(으)시: 부끄러우시, ~(으)면: 부끄러우면, ~(으)니: 부끄러우니</p>
examples:
- ko: 제가 너무 **부끄러워서** 발표를 못해요
en: I can't do presentations because I am so **shy**
- ko: "**부끄러워하지** 마세요"
en: Don't be **shy**!
- ko: 건강하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-35.mp3
en: to be healthy
notes: The noun form of this word ("건강") translates to "health."
examples:
- ko: 담배는 **건강**에 나빠요
en: Cigarettes are bad for your **health** (unhealthy)
- ko: 저의 아버지는 **건강한** 사람이었어요
en: My dad was a **healthy** person
- ko: 저는 내일부터 **건강한** 음식만 먹을 거예요
en: From tomorrow, I am going to eat only **healthy** food
- ko: 그 음식은 **건강**에 나쁜 것 같아요
en: That food seems to be **unhealthy**
- ko: 스파게티를 많이 먹는 것이 **건강**에 좋은지 나쁜지 몰라요
en: I don't know if eating a lot of spaghetti is **good or bad for you**
adverbs:
- ko: 이제
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-38.mp3
en: now
examples:
- ko: 저는 **이제** 갈 거예요
en: I'm going **now**
- ko: 우리 애기는 **이제** 2살이에요
en: Our baby is **now** 2 years old
- ko: 저는 **이제** 더 읽기 싫어요
en: (**Now**), I don't want to read anymore
- ko: 현재
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-39.mp3
en: now/present
notes: |
<p>Generally a wider length of time than "지금" or "이제"</p>
examples:
- ko: "**현재** 날씨는 평소보다 조금 추워요"
en: The **present/recent** weather is colder than normal
---
# Lesson 9: Conjugate 이다 (할 것이다)
## Vocabulary
<VocabQuiz />
### Nouns
공장 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">factory</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>공장에서 일하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to work at a factory</span>
- <TTS>공장 노동자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a factory worker</span>
- <TTS>공장에서 만들어진 제품</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">products made in a factory</span>
Example:
- 저는 큰 **공장**에서 일해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I work in a big **factory**</span>
</Details>
열 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">fever</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>열이 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to get a fever</span>
- <TTS>열이 내리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for a fever to go down</span>
Example:
- 저의 아들은 **열**이 났어요 = <span class="md spoiler">My son had a **fever**</span>
</Details>
극장 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">theater</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>극장에서 연극을 보다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to watch a play in a theatre</span>
Example:
- 대학로 근처에 **극장**이 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">There are a lot of **theatres** near 대학로</span>
- 표를 예매하러 **극장**에 가고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am going to the **theatre** to buy the tickets (in advance)</span>
</Details>
회사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">company</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>회사원</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a regular company worker</span>
- <TTS>회사장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the CEO of a company</span>
Example:
- 우리 **회사**는 새로운 회사원을 찾고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our **company** is looking for new workers</span>
- 내가 **회사**에 가지 않은 날에 병원에 갔어 = <span class="md spoiler">On the day I didn’t go to **work**, I went to the hospital</span>
- 작년에 우리 **회사**의 수입은 200만원이었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our **company’s** income last year was 200 won</span>
- 저는 그 **회사**에서 5월까지 일할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will work at that **company** until May</span>
- 저는 **회사**를 위해 열심히 일할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will work hard for the **company**</span>
- **회사**는 기계를 대체했어 = <span class="md spoiler">The **company** replaced the machine</span>
- 나는 개인적 문제로 **회사**를 그만두었다 = <span class="md spoiler">I quit the **company** due to personal problems</span>
- 저는 일을 구하려고 그 **회사**에 이력서를 냈어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I submitted my resume to that **company** with the intention of applying for that job</span>
</Details>
장소 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">place/location</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">이 **장소**는 공원이 될 것이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This **place** will become a park</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 **장소**가 너무 위험해서 가지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That **place** is very dangerous, so don’t go</span>
- <TTS class="md">경찰관들이 그 **장소**에 파견되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Police officers were dispatched to the **area**</span>
</Details>
간판 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a sign</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This refers to the signs that hang outside stores or other places of businesses, not the traffic signs on the road.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">한국에는 노래방**간판**이 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">There are a lot of no-rae bang **signs** in Korea</span>
</Details>
직업 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">job</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>직업을 바꾸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to change one’s job</span>
- <TTS>직업을 구하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to look for a job</span>
Example:
- **직업**이 뭐예요? = <span class="md spoiler">What is your **job**?</span>
- 이 **직업**은 안전해서 좋아요 = <span class="md spoiler">This **job** is good because it is safe</span>
- 그는 **직업**을 바꿀 수 있는 기회를 잡았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">He seized the opportunity to change **jobs**</span>
- 그것은 저의 **직업**이 아닙니다 = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is not my **job**</span>
</Details>
수업 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a class (that you 'take' or 'teach')</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>수업 시간 동안</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">during class time</span>
- <TTS>수업료</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">class fees</span>
- <TTS>보충 수업</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">supplemental class</span>
Example:
- 저는 오늘 네 개의 **수업을** 가르쳤어요 = I taught four **classes** today
- 저는 두 달 동안 한국어 **수업을** 들었어요 = I took an Korean **class** for two months
- **수업**시간 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요 = During **class**, don’t throw paper please
- 제가 가장 좋아하는 **수업**은 체육이에요 = My favorite **class** is P.E.
- **수업**이 4시쯤에 시작될 예정이에요 = The **class** is scheduled to start at about 4:00pm
- 이 **수업**은 우리의 마지막 수업이에요 = This is our last **class**
- 이 **수업**은 오늘 저의 열 번째 수업입니다 = This is my tenth **class** today
- **수업**은 2 분 후에 끝날 거예요 = **Class** will finish 2 minutes from now
</Details>
고기 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">meat</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>돼지고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pork (literally “pig meat”)</span>
- <TTS>소고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">beef (literally “cow meat”)</span>
- <TTS>오리고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">duck (literally “duck meat”)</span>
- <TTS>물고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">fish (literally “water meat”)</span>
Examples:
- 이 **고기**는 돼지고기입니다 = <span class="md spoiler">This **meat** is pork</span>
- 저는 어제 **고기**를 두 번 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I ate **meat** twice yesterday</span>
- 우리는 지난 번에 돼지**고기**를 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We ate **pork** last time</span>
- 부모님은 **고기**를 가위로 잘랐어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The parents cut the **meat** with scissors</span>
</Details>
돼지 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">pig</span>
<Details>
The counter for animals is “<TTS>마리</TTS>”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>돼지고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pork</span>
- <TTS>돼지갈비</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pork ribs</span>
- <TTS>돼지김치찌개</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pork and kimchi stew</span>
Example:
- 동물원에 **돼지**가 많았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">There was a lot of **pigs** at the zoo</span>
</Details>
돼지고기 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">pork</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>돼지고기를 먹다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to eat pork</span>
Example:
- 저는 **돼지고기**를 먹고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to eat **pork**</span>
- 우리는 지난 번에 **돼지고기**를 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We ate **pork** last time</span>
- 이 고기는 **돼지고기**입니다 = <span class="md spoiler">This meat is **pork**</span>
</Details>
소 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">cow</span>
<Details>
The counter for animals is “<TTS>마리</TTS>”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>소고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">beef</span>
- <TTS>소갈비</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">beef ribs</span>
Example:
- 농부들은 **소**를 키워요 = <span class="md spoiler">Farmers raise **cows**</span>
</Details>
소고기 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">beef</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>소고기를 먹다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to eat beef</span>
Example:
- 우리 엄마는 **소고기**만 먹어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our mom only eats **beef**</span>
</Details>
꽃 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">flowers</span>
<Details>
The usual counter for flowers is “<TTS>송이</TTS>” which is like a “bushel” of flowers
Common Usages:
- <TTS>꽃을 피우다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for a flower to be blossoming</span>
- <TTS>꽃을 가꾸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to grow flowers</span>
- <TTS>꽃을 심다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to plant flowers</span>
- <TTS>불꽃</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">flame</span>
- <TTS>불꽃놀이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">fireworks</span>
Examples:
- 저는 아내한테 **꽃**을 줬어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I gave **flowers** to my wife</span>
- 나는 나의 여자 친구를 위해 **꽃**을 샀어 = <span class="md spoiler">I bought **flowers** for my girlfriend</span>
</Details>
값 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">price</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>집값</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">price of houses</span>
- <TTS>기름값</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">price of oil</span>
- <TTS>값이 싸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cheap</span>
- <TTS>값이 비싸다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">expensive</span>
Examples:
- 한국에서 집 **값**은 비싸다 = <span class="md spoiler">Housing **prices** in Korea are expensive</span>
- 이 **값**은 세금을 포함해요 = <span class="md spoiler">This **price** includes tax</span>
</Details>
땅콩 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">peanut</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>땅콩 버터</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">peanut butter</span>
- <TTS>땅콩 껍질</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">peanut shell</span>
Example:
- 캐나다 사람들은 **땅콩**을 많이 먹어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Canadians eat a lot of **peanuts**</span>
- 저는 **땅콩** 두 개를 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I ate two **peanuts**</span>
</Details>
축구(하다) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(to play) soccer</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>축구공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">soccer ball</span>
- <TTS>축구장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">soccer field</span>
- <TTS>축구선수</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">soccer player</span>
Example:
- **축구**를 잘해요? = <span class="md spoiler">Are you good at playing **soccer**?</span>
- **축구**를 얼마나 잘 해요? = <span class="md spoiler">How well do you play **soccer**?</span>
- 미식**축구**공은 둥글지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">The American **football** ball isn’t round</span>
- 저는 오늘 **축구**를 두 번 할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will play **soccer** twice today</span>
- 우리 아들은 친구들보다 **축구**를 더 잘해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our son is better than (his) friends at **soccer**</span>
- 그는 **축구**선수인 만큼 달리기를 잘해요 = <span class="md spoiler">He runs as well as a **soccer** athlete/player</span>
</Details>
야구(하다) <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(to play) baseball</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>야구공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">baseball (ball)</span>
- <TTS>야구장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">baseball field</span>
- <TTS>야구선수</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">baseball player</span>
Example:
- 저는 어렸을 때부터 **야구**를 좋아했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I’ve liked **baseball** since I was young</span>
- **야구선수**는 공을 세게 던졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **baseball** player threw the ball hard</span>
- 저는 **야구**를 잘해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I play **baseball** well</span>
- **야구**는 좋은 스포츠야 = <span class="md spoiler">**Baseball** is a good sport</span>
- 우리는 **야구**를 1시에 할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">We will play **baseball** at 1:00</span>
- 우리 셋째 아이는 **야구**를 좋아해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our third child likes **baseball**</span>
- 저는 어제 한 시간 동안 **야구**를 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I played **baseball** for an hour yesterday</span>
</Details>
여권 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">passport</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>여권사진</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">passport photo</span>
- <TTS>여권을 신청하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to apply for a passport</span>
- <TTS>전자 여권</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">electronic passport</span>
Example:
- 이것은 **여권**이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">This is a **passport**</span>
- 그것은 저의 **여권**이 아닙니다 = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is not my **passport**</span>
- **여권**을 가져 와야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">You must bring your **passport**</span>
- 이 **여권**은 저의 세 번째 여권이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">This is my third **passport**</span>
- 저는 이 **여권**을 1월 2일에 받았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I received my **passport** on January 2nd</span>
</Details>
수건 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">towel</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>수건으로 닦다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to wipe with a towel</span>
Example:
- 저는 **수건**으로 몸을 닦았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I wiped my body with a **towel**</span>
</Details>
체육 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">physical education</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>체육 수업</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">P.E. Class</span>
- <TTS>체육과</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">P.E. Department</span>
- <TTS>체육선생님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">P.E. teacher</span>
Example:
- 제가 가장 좋아하는 수업은 **체육**이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">My favorite class is **P.E.**</span>
- 저는 처음에 **체육** 수업을 싫어했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">At first I didn’t like **P.E.** class</span>
</Details>
지하철 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">subway</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>지하철을 타다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to ride/take the subway</span>
Notes:
<TTS>지하</TTS> means “<span class="md spoiler">underground</span>.” <TTS>철</TTS> means “<span class="md spoiler">train</span>.” In theory this word means “<span class="md spoiler">underground train</span>,” but it is often used to refer to the metro system in general.
Example:
- 저는 지금 **지하철**을 타고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am on the **subway** now</span>
- 저는 벌써 **지하철**을 타고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am already riding the **subway**</span>
- 저는 사람들이 **지하철**을 급히 타는 것을 싫어해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t like people getting on the **subway** in a rush</span>
- **지하철**을 놓쳤기 때문에 택시를 타야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">I missed the **subway**, so I must take a taxi</span>
</Details>
미래 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">future</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 **미래**에 의사가 될 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be a doctor in the **future**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **미래**에 외국어를 많이 배우고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to learn a lot of foreign languages in the **future**</span>
</Details>
### Verbs
되다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to become</span>
<Details>
One of the usages of 되다 is to make a verb change to the passive voice. This is introduced in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). For example:
- <TTS class="md">점심이 학교에 준비되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The lunch was provided by the school</span>
In addition to this, there are many ways 되다 can be used. This is just a small sample:
To indicate that <span class="md spoiler">one becomes something</span>:
- <TTS class="md">미래에 저는 의사가 **되**고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **be** a doctor in the future</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 언젠가 선생님이 **되**고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **become** a teacher someday</span>
To indicate that <span class="md spoiler">you have been doing something for a certain amount of time</span>:
- <TTS class="md">밥을 먹은 지 5분 **됐어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been eating for 5 minutes</span>
- <TTS class="md">운동한 지 오래 **됐어요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Have you been exercising for a long time?</span>
To indicate that <span class="md spoiler">something that something is “ready” or “done” or “finished”</span>:
- <TTS class="md">밥이 아직 안 **됐어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The rice isn’t ready yet</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 갈 준비 **됐어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am ready to go</span>
- <TTS class="md">Wifi가 잘 안 **돼요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The WiFi doesn’t work well</span>
To indicate that <span class="md spoiler">one can or cannot do something</span>:
- <TTS class="md">지금 가도 **돼요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">May I go now?</span>
- <TTS class="md">안 가도 **돼요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">You don’t have to go</span>
</Details>
시작하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to start</span>
<Details>
This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 14]
<YouTube id=b8X6ryrJGeY />
Common Usages:
- ~기 시작하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to start to do a verb</span> (see [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그는 밥을 벌써 먹기 **시작했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He **started** eating already</span>
- <TTS class="md">수업이 4시쯤에 **시작될** 예정이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The class is scheduled to **start** at about 4:00pm</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 아무 때나 일을 **시작할** 준비됐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am ready to **start** working any time</span>
</Details>
행동하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to act</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word (“<TTS>행동</TTS>”) translates to “<span class="md spoiler">an action</span>.”
Notes:
This meaning is not “to act” in the sense of an actor or actress. Instead, this meaning is similar to <span class="md spoiler">somebody doing something</span>, for example: “act responsibly”.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">부모님 앞에서 그렇게 **행동하**지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t **act** that way in front of your parents</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 과거에 그런 **행동**을 많이 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **acted** like that a lot in the past</span>
- <TTS class="md">그는 실망스럽게 **행동했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He **acted** disappointingly (in a disappointed way)</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 사람은 가난한 사람인 것처럼 **행동했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That person **acted** like a poor person</span>
- <TTS class="md">내 **행동**은 실수인 것을 깨달았어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I realized that my **actions** (what I did) is/was a mistake</span>
</Details>
소개하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to introduce</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>소개팅</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a blind date</span>
- <TTS>소개시키다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to introduce somebody to somebody else</span>
Example:
- 저는 여자친구를 가족한테 **소개했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **introduced** my girlfriend to my family</span>
</Details>
발견하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to discover, to find</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word (“<TTS>발견</TTS>”) translates to “<span class="md spoiler">a discovery</span>.”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>발견자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">discoverer</span>
Example:
- 벤자민 프랭클린은 전기를 **발견했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">Benjamin Franklin **discovered** electricity</span>
- 옛날 사람들은 불을 **발견했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">People from a long time ago (ancient people) **discovered** fire</span>
</Details>
방문하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to visit</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 친구를 **방문하**러 한국에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to Korean to **visit** my friend</span>
- <TTS class="md">나는 너를 다음 번에 **방문할** 거야</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **visit** you next time</span>
</Details>
잃다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to lose</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>잃어버리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lose, but with a stronger negative emphasis</span>
- <TTS>길을 잃다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to get lost (literally “to lose the road”</span>
- <TTS>정신을 잃다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go crazy (literally “to lose one’s mind”)</span>
- <TTS>기억을 잃다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lose one’s memory</span>
Example:
- 저는 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **lost** my keys</span>
- 사람 네 명은 목숨을 **잃었다** = <span class="md spoiler">four people **lost** their lives (four people died)</span>
</Details>
잃어버리다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to lose</span>
<Details>
Sometimes you will find two verbs connected by “~아/어”. This grammatical principle is fairly complex and isn’t discussed in great detail until [Lesson 70](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/lessons-67-75/lesson-70/).
A basic explanation for now is that “~아/어” essentially has no real meaning, and that the meaning of both verbs comes out. “버리다” is probably the most common verb that you will find after a verb and ~아/어. Constructions in this format “(verb + ~아/어 + 버리다) add emotion to a sentence. The emotion is as if something was “thrown away” or done without any real thinking of the consequences. Some quick examples:
- <TTS>끄다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to turn off</span>
- <TTS>꺼 버리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to turn off (with that added emotion)</span>
---
- <TTS>가다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go</span>
- <TTS>가 버리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go (with that added emotion)</span>
---
- <TTS>잊다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to forget</span>
- <TTS>잊어버리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to forget (with that added emotion)</span>
Notice that <TTS>잃어버리다</TTS> and <TTS>잊어버리다</TTS> are actually independent words – whereas the other examples include a space (two verbs with a grammatical principle separating them)
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">저는 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **lost** my keys</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 아이를 **잃어버려**서 걱정이 되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was worried because I **lost** the baby)</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 친구의 집에서 열쇠를 **잃어버렸어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **lost** my keys at a friend’s house</span>
</Details>
입다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to put on one's clothes, to wear</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>옷을 입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to put on one’s clothes</span>
- <TTS>따뜻하게 입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to dress warmly</span>
- <TTS>갈아입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to change clothes</span>
Notes:
The word <TTS>입히다</TTS> is used when you are putting the clothes on somebody else
Examples:
- 저는 보통 **까만** 양복을 **입어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I usually **wear** black suits</span>
- 그 셔츠를 탈의실에서 **입어** 봤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I **tried on** that shirt in the change room</span>
- 이 셔츠가 너무 작아서 못 **입어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I can’t **put** this shirt **on** because it is too small</span>
- 학생들이 교복을 입기 때문에 다 똑같은 옷을 **입었어요**
- <span class="md spoiler">All the students **wore** exactly the same clothes because they wear uniforms</span>
- 결혼식에서 이 셔츠가 너무 이상해 보일까 봐 화려한 것을 **입었어요**
- <span class="md spoiler">I was worried that this shirt would look too weird at the wedding, so I **put** on a more colorful/fancy one</span>
- 지난 겨울에는 이 자켓을 **입었는데** 너무 추워서 이번에는 패딩을 샀어요
- <span class="md spoiler">Last winter I **wore** this jacket but it was too cold, so this time I bought a thick, padded winter jacket</span>
</Details>
벗다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to take off one's clothes</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>옷을 벗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take off one’s clothes</span>
Notes:
The word <TTS>벗기다</TTS> is used when you are taking the clothes off of somebody else
Example:
- 저는 저의 옷을 **벗었어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **took off** my clothes</span>
- 한국 사람들은 집에 들어가기 전에 신발을 **벗어요** = <span class="md spoiler">Korean people **take off** their shoes before entering one’s house</span>
</Details>
웃다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>웃음</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">laughter, a smile</span>
- <TTS>웃게 해 주다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to make somebody laugh</span>
Example:
- **웃**지 마세요! = <span class="md spoiler">Please don’t **laugh**!</span>
- 그 여자가 하나도 안 **웃었어요** = <span class="md spoiler">That girl didn’t **laugh** at all</span>
</Details>
### Adjectives
부끄럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be shy</span>
<Details>
부끄럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Notes:
This word is more common than you would think. Korean people are generally very shy and thus, this word is used a lot. It is an irregular adjective. See Lesson 7 for more information.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">제가 너무 **부끄러워서** 발표를 못해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I can’t do presentations because I am so **shy**</span>
The addition of ~아/어하다 is commonly done when the speaker is not the person who is shy. This grammar is explained in [Lesson 105](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-101-108/lesson-105a/)
- <TTS class="md">**부끄러워하지** 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t be **shy**!</span>
</Details>
건강하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be healthy</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word (“<TTS>건강</TTS>”) translates to “<span class="md spoiler">health</span>.”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>건강에 좋다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">healthy</span>
- <TTS>건강에 나쁘다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">unhealthy</span>
- <TTS>건강 검진</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">health check up</span>
- <TTS>건강보험</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">health insurance</span>
Example:
- 담배는 **건강**에 나빠요 = <span class="md spoiler">Cigarettes are bad for your **health** (unhealthy)</span>
- 저의 아버지는 **건강한** 사람이었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">My dad was a **healthy** person</span>
- 저는 내일부터 **건강한** 음식만 먹을 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">From tomorrow, I am going to eat only **healthy** food</span>
- 그 음식은 **건강**에 나쁜 것 같아요 = <span class="md spoiler">That food seems to be **unhealthy**</span>
- 스파게티를 많이 먹는 것이 **건강**에 좋은지 나쁜지 몰라요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t know if eating a lot of spaghetti is **good or bad for you**</span>
</Details>
### Adverbs and Other Words
이제 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">now</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 **이제** 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m going **now**</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리 애기는 **이제** 2살이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our baby is **now** 2 years old</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **이제** 더 읽기 싫어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(**Now**), I don’t want to read anymore</span>
</Details>
현재 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">now/present</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>현재까지는</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">until now</span>
Notes:
Generally a wider length of time than “<TTS>지금</TTS>” or “<TTS>이제</TTS>”
Example:
- **현재** 날씨는 평소보다 조금 추워요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **present**/**recent** weather is colder than normal</span>
</Details>
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video]
<YouTube id=n2XAkUf52RA />
## Conjugating 이다
In earlier lessons, you learned a lot about conjugating verbs and adjectives. Exactly three things can be conjugated in Korean: verbs, adjectives _and_ 이다. The conjugation of 이다 is different than verbs and adjectives. Actually, there are many times where 이다 behaves differently than verbs and adjectives – which you will learn in future lessons. In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate 이다, and you will see how the conjugation differs from verbs and adjectives. The sentence below shows the plain form, present tense conjugation of 이다, which you have seen in lessons up to this point:
- 나는 선생님이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher</span>
If the last letter of the noun before 이다 ends in a vowel, you can eliminate 이. For example:
- 나는 의사다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a doctor</span>
- 나는 의사이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a doctor</span>
Both of the above can be seen as correct. Here, the pronunciation of “이” is merging with the pronunciation of the vowel in the noun. If you pronounce the two sentences above, you can see that there is very little difference.
Conversely, if the last letter of the noun before 이다 is a consonant, this merging cannot happen. For example:
- 나는 선생님이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher (correct)</span>
- <del>나는 선생님다</del> – incorrect
This merging of 이다 does not happen because it has nothing to merge with. Furthermore, if you try to pronounce “선생님다”, it just doesn’t flow properly. It is hard to get your mouth to move from the “ㅁ” sound immediately to the “ㄷ” sound. This same principle occurs in other conjugations of 이다, but it is a little bit more complex.
In almost every case, you can conjugate 이다 differently depending on if the noun it is being attached to ends in a vowel or consonant. The reason they are conjugated differently is similar to the example above with 의사다 vs. 의사이다. Here, the pronunciation of “이” is being merged with something, and can therefore disappear. You will learn about each conjugation specifically, but I will give you an example here to prepare you for all the future explanations. Try not to worry about the meanings of these sentences, and just focus on what I am presenting.
As you will learn later, when conjugating 이다 into the past tense in the plain form, “었다” is added to the stem of “이다” (이). This is actually quite simple for you to understand, because every other verb and adjective follows this same rule. For example:
- <TTS>의사이었다</TTS>
- <TTS>선생님이었다</TTS>
However, the pronunciation of 이었다 can merge to “였다” when the noun that it is being attached to ends in a vowel. For example, both of these are correct:
- <TTS>의사이었다</TTS>
- <TTS>의사였다</TTS>
Pronounce both of those, and listen to how little of a difference there is between the two. Not only that, the pronunciation of both of those is very easy and it flows off the tongue.
Conversely, 이 and 었다 _cannot_ merge when the noun it is added to ends in a consonant. For example:
- <TTS>선생님이었다</TTS> – correct
- <del>선생님였다</del> – incorrect
Pronounce both of those and listen the difference. Not only that,‘선생님였다’ is hard to pronounce. It is difficult to move your mouth from the ㅁ sound directly to the 여 sound. It is much easier to pronounce it like this: 나는 선생님-이-었-다.
Although I am only talking about the past tense plain form in this example, this same rule applies in many situations. If you keep this in mind when learning the conjugations in this lesson, they will be much easier to grasp.
## 이다 Present Tense
Conjugating 이다 to the present tense is relatively confusing compared to the past tense because new syllables are added with no real logic behind them. Whereas past conjugations are simply done by connecting the stem “이” to the typical past tense addition of “었다”, present tense conjugations have additions that are not seen with any other verb or adjective. Let’s talk about these first.
### Informal Low Respect {#present-informal-low}
Add ~이야 to a word ending in a consonant, or ~(이)야 to a word ending in a vowel:
- 나는 좋은 학생이야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-3-I-am-a-good-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a good student</span>
- 그것은 책이야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-1that-thing-is-a-book.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is a book</span>
- 나는 선생님이야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-2I-am-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher</span>
- 이것은 여권이야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-3This-is-a-passport.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This is a passport</span>
- 그것은 사과야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-4-That-thing-is-an-apple.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is an apple</span>
- 나는 의사야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-4I-am-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a doctor</span>
- 야구는 좋은 스포츠야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-5Baseball-is-a-good-sport.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Baseball is a good sport</span>
When conjugating “아니다” in this respect, you simply add “~야” to “아니다:”
- 나는 학생이 아니야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-6I-am-not-a-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a student</span>
- 그것은 책이 아니야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-7That-thing-is-not-a-book.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is not a book</span>
### Informal High Respect {#present-informal-high}
Add ~이에요 to a word ending in a consonant, or ~예요 to a word ending in a vowel:
- 그것은 사진이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-5-That-thing-is-a-picture.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is a picture</span>
- 저는 선생님이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-8I-am-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher</span>
- 저는 좋은 학생이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-9I-am-a-good-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a good student</span>
- 이 사람은 저의 누나예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-6-This-person-is-my-sister.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This (person) is my sister</span>
- 저는 의사예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-10I-am-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a doctor</span>
- 저것은 사과예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-11That-thing-is-an-apple.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is an apple</span>
When conjugating “아니다” in this respect, you simply add ~에요 to 아니다:
- 저는 학생이 아니에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-12I-am-not-a-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a student</span>
Note that Korean people are often confused if they need to add “~예요” or “~에요” to 아니다. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see somebody use “<TTS>아니예요</TTS>.”
### Formal High Respect {#present-formal-high}
Add ~입니다 (~이 + ~ㅂ니다) to words ending in a vowel or consonant:
- 저는 의사입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-7-I-am-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a doctor</span>
- 그 사람은 저의 형입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-8-That-person-is-my-brother.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person is my brother</span>
- 저는 선생님입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-13I-am-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher</span>
- 저는 좋은 학생입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-14I-am-a-good-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a good student</span>
- 이 고기는 돼지고기입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-15This-meet-is-pork.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This meat is pork</span>
With words ending in vowels, you can eliminate ~이 and attach ~ㅂ니다 directly to the word. This is more commonly done in conversation, and not usually written.
When conjugating “아니다” in this respect, you must add “~ㅂ니다” directly to “아니다.” For example:
- 저는 의사가 아닙니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-16I-am-not-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a doctor</span>
- 저는 학생이 아닙니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-17I-am-not-a-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a student</span>
- 그것은 저의 직업이 아닙니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-18That-is-not-my-job.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is not my job</span>
- 그것은 저의 여권이 아닙니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-19That-is-not-my-passport.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is not my passport</span>
- 그 건물은 극장이 아닙니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-20That-building-is-not-a-theater.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That building is not a theater</span>
## 이다 Past Tense
Conjugating 이다 to the past tense is simple, and is done by connecting ~이 to ~었~. When the last syllable in a word ends in a vowel, ~이 + ~었 can combine to make ~였.
### Informal Low Respect {#past-informal-low}
Add ~이었어 to all words. If the word ends in a vowel, ~이었어 can contract to ~였어.
- 나는 바쁜 선생님이었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-9-I-was-a-bad-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a busy teacher</span>
- 나는 학생이었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-21I-was-a-student.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a student</span>
- 나는 선생님이었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-22I-was-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a teacher</span>
- 나는 나쁜 애기였어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-23I-was-a-bad-baby.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a bad baby</span>
- 나는 나쁜 의사였어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-10-I-was-a-bad-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a bad doctor</span>
### Informal High Respect {#past-informal-high}
This conjugation is the same as above (Informal Low Respect), except for that “~요” is added to the end of ~이었 or ~였. That is, you should add ~이었어요 to all words. If the word ends in a vowel, ~이었어요 can contract to ~였어요.
- 그것은 큰 비밀이었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-11-That-was-a-big-secret.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That was a big secret</span>
- 저는 선생님이었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-25I-was-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a teacher</span>
- 저는 의사였어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-12-I-was-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a doctor</span>
- 저는 나쁜 애기였어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-24I-was-a-bad-baby.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a bad baby</span>
### Plain Form {#past-plain}
Same as above, but you should add the regular “~다” ending instead of “~어요.” That is, you should add ~이었다 to all words. If the word ends in a vowel, ~이었다 can contract to ~였다.
- 나는 선생님이었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-26I-was-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a teacher</span>
- 나는 의사였다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-27I-was-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a doctor</span>
### Formal High Respect {#past-formal-high}
Add ~이었습니다 to all words. If the word ends in a vowel, ~이었습니다 can contract to ~였습니다.
- 저는 선생님이었습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-15-I-was-a-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a teacher</span>
- 저는 의사였습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-16-I-was-a-doctor.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a doctor</span>
In all situations in the past tense, 아니다 is conjugated just like any other word. An example of each respect:
- 나는 학생이 아니었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-28I-was-not-a-student.mp3" />
- 나는 학생이 아니었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-29I-was-not-a-student.mp3" />
- 저는 학생이 아니었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-30I-was-not-a-student.mp3" />
- 저는 학생이 아니었습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-31I-was-not-a-student.mp3" />
The weird thing is that Korean speakers sometimes would use these:
- 나는 학생이 아니**였**어
- 나는 학생이 아니**였**다
- 저는 학생이 아니**였**어요
- 저는 학생이 아니**였**습니다
Just going by the rules of the language, I’d have to assume that the first set is correct. I base this on the fact that in no other word do we add “~였~” to a stem. In other words, “~였~” is created from “이 + 었,” but it is never added as a stand-alone thing.
## How to actually conjugate verbs/adjectives to the Future Tense
In [Lesson 6](./06-honorifics.md), you learned how to conjugate words to the future tense by adding 겠어/겠어요/겠다/겠습니다 to the word stem. Though adding ~겠~ to a word stem is one way to conjugate words to the future, there is a more common way to conjugate to do this!
Before learning how to do to this, you needed to learn more grammar first (namely, how to conjugate 이다 properly). Either way, ~겠~ **is** still used in Korean, but not as much as the method you are about to learn.
For verbs or adjectives, when conjugating into the future tense, you must first add ~ㄹ/을 to the stem of the word.
When you add ~ㄹ/을 to a word stem, ~ㄹ gets attached directly to stems ending in a vowel, and ~을 gets added onto stems ending in a consonant. For example:
가다 ends in a vowel, so
- 가다 + ㄹ = 갈
먹다 ends in a consonant, so
- 먹다 + 을 = 먹을
——————-
This is going to sound extremely complicated (and it is): adding ~ㄹ/을 to the stem of an adjective changes it to a word that can describe a noun in the future tense. For example:
- 행복한 사람 = <span class="md spoiler">happy person</span>
- 행복할 사람 = <span class="md spoiler">a person that will be happy</span>
Similarly, (this is where it gets complicated) adding ~ㄹ/~을 to a stem of a _verb_ turns it into a word that can describe a noun in the future.
- 먹을 음식 = <span class="md spoiler">the food that will be eaten</span>
In practice, entire clauses – ending in verbs, which in turn describe the noun – are commonly used. For example:
- 제가 먹을 음식 = <span class="md spoiler">the food that will be eaten by me (the food that I will eat)</span>
——————-
If you can’t understand the explanation between the lines – don’t worry. That level of grammar is very difficult to grasp at this stage of learning. That grammar will be discussed very deeply in [Lessons 26 – 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/). If you want to jump ahead to those lessons, feel free. However, the mechanics within the grammar are not important to you yet. For now, these are the three major points I want you to think about:
1. Adding ~ㄹ/~을 to the stem of an adjective allows that adjective to describe a noun in the future tense
2. Adding ~ㄹ/~을 to the stem of a verb allows that verb to describe a noun in the future tense
3. Because these newly formed words can describe nouns, they **must** be followed by a noun
## What does all this have to do with conjugating into the future?
When Korean people conjugate to the future, they usually do so by adding ~ㄹ/~을 to a verb/adjective.
This is essentially the same as adding ㄴ/은 to an adjective stem which you already know: (좋다 -> 좋은).
You should know, however, that you cannot _end_ a sentence like this:
- 나는 좋은
Because 좋은 is an adjective that modifies a noun, a noun **must** follow 좋은:
- 나는 좋은 사람
Now, to end the sentence, you need to add 이다 to the noun:
- 나는 좋은 사람이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a good person.</span>
So, again, when Korean people conjugate verbs/adjectives to the future, they usually do so by adding ~ㄹ/~을 to the word stem:
- 나는 행복할
- 나는 먹을
- 나는 공부할
But this changes verbs/adjectives into an adjectives that describe nouns. Therefore, (just like 좋은) a noun **must** follow these words. The noun that is always used in this situation is 것 (thing):
- 나는 행복할 것
- 나는 먹을 것
- 나는 공부할 것
Now, to end those sentences, you need to add 이다 to the noun:
- 나는 행복할 것이다
- 나는 먹을 것이다
- 나는 공부할 것이다
If you try to directly translate these sentences to English, they have the meaning:
- <span class="md spoiler">I am a thing who will be happy</span>
- <span class="md spoiler">I am a thing who will eat</span>
- <span class="md spoiler">I am a thing who will study</span>
But their actual meanings are:
- 나는 행복할 것이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I will be happy</span>
- 나는 먹을 것이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span>
- 나는 공부할 것이다 = <span class="md spoiler">I will study</span>
The 이다 can then be conjugated based on the level of politeness or formality. But keep in mind that even though this sentence is conjugated into the future, the 이다 should stay in the present tense. Because the ~ㄹ/을 creates a future sentence, 이다 does not need to be in the future.
것 is also sometimes shortened to 거, for no other reason than it is easier to say and creates a shorter sentence. For example, these two are exactly the same:
- 저는 밥을 먹을 것이에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-20-I-will-eat-rice.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat rice</span>
- 저는 밥을 먹을 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-21-I-will-eat-rice.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat rice</span>
_Notice that_ ~이에요 _is added when_ 것 _(which ends in a consonant) is used and_ ~예요 _is added when_ 거 _(which ends in a vowel) is used. This is the same rule that you learned [earlier in the lesson](#informal-high-respect) when conjugating_ 이다 <em>depending on if the final letter of a noun ends in a consonant or vowel.</em>
_Note that Korean people are often confused if they need to add_ “~이에요,” _or_ “~예요” _or_ “~에요” _to_ 거 _in these cases. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see somebody use_ “할 거에요.”
Other examples:
- 나는 내일 친구를 만날 것이야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-22-I-will-meet-my-friend-tomorrow.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will meet my friend tomorrow</span>
- 나는 내일 친구를 만날 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-23-I-will-meet-my-friend-tomorrow.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will meet my friend tomorrow</span>
- 저는 내일 학교에 갈 것입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-24-I-will-go-to-school-tomorrow.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to school tomorrow</span>
- 저는 영어를 공부할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-25-I-will-study-English.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will study English</span>
---
In [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md), you learned how irregular words change as a result of adding different additions. This is the first time you have been introduced to adding ~ㄹ/을. Let’s look at how irregulars change as a result of adding this grammatical principle.
- The ㅅ irregular, ㄷ irregular and ㅂ irregular all follow the same rules that were introduced in Lesson 7. The addition of the vowel causes a change (or elimination) of the last letter of the stem.
- The ㅡ and 르 irregular are not affected by this addition.
- Adding ~ㄹ/을 to a word that follows the ㄹ irregular brings about a change you are not familiar with. Normally, you would add ~ㄹ to the stem of a word ending in a vowel, and ~을 to the stem of a word ending in a consonant.
- For example: 잃다 + ~ㄹ/을 = 잃을
- 예쁘다 + ~ㄹ/을 = 예쁠
- However, when you add ~ㄹ/을 to a stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is dropped and ㄹ is attached directly to the stem. In effect, you removed something and replace it with exactly the same thing. For example:갈다 + ㄹ/을 = 갈
- 빨다 + ㄹ/을 = 빨
- 열다 + ㄹ/을 = 열
- 저는 문을 열 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-32I-will-open-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will open the door</span> (열 + 을 = 열)
Below is a table showing the changes that result from adding ~ㄹ/을 to a word.
| Irregular | Word | Does this apply | + ~ㄹ/을 것이다 |
| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ---------------------- |
| ㅅ Irregular | 짓다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-17.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to build</span>) | <ins>YES</ins> | <TTS>지을 것이다</TTS> |
| ㄷ Irregular | 걷다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-30.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>) | <ins>YES</ins> | <TTS>걸을 것이다</TTS> |
| ㅂ Irregular | 쉽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-22.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>) | <ins>YES</ins> | <TTS>쉬울 것이다</TTS> |
| ㅂ Irregular | 돕다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Lesson3Vocab-help.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to help</span>) | <ins>YES</ins> | <TTS>도울 것이다</TTS> |
| ㅡ Irregular | 잠그다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-19.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>) | NO | <TTS>잠글 것이다</TTS> |
| 르 Irregular | 다르다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-40.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to be different</span>) | NO | <TTS>다를 것이다</TTS> |
| ㄹIrregular | 길다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-3-36.mp3" /> (<span class="md spoiler">to be long</span>) | <ins>YES</ins> | <TTS>길 것이다</TTS> |
Notice that I also included the word 돕다. As you learned in Lesson 7 – ㅂ changes to 오 when ~아/어 (or any derivative) is added. When any other vowel is added, ㅂ changes to 우 as you can see above.
You will see these same changes to irregulars anytime you add something that begins in ~ㄹ/을. For example:
- ~ㄹ/을래(요) – [Lesson 44](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-44/)
- ~ㄹ/을까(요) – [Lesson 63](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-59-66/lesson-63/)
- ~ㄹ/을게(요) – [Lesson 63](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-59-66/lesson-63/)
- ~ㄹ/을걸(요) – [Lesson 115](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-109-116/lesson-115/)
## Future 이다 – Using 되다 {#future}
Conjugating 이다 to the future tense is the same as is done above, but it is also possible to use another verb; <TTS>되다</TTS>. 되다 is one of the hardest words in Korean, mainly because it has so many meanings. You will be introduced to each of these meanings as you progress through our lessons, but the first meaning of ‘되다’ is “to become”… which is slightly different than “to be”. Let me introduce the word “되다” to you by showing you examples of it being used in the past tense:
_(Note the way_ 되다 _is used._ ~이/가 _is attached to the noun that the subject “becomes” instead of_ ~를/을*)*
- <TTS>저는 선생님이 되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I became a teacher</span>
Which is slightly different than:
- <TTS>저는 선생님이었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was a teacher</span>
Very similar, but the difference between “to become” and “to be” (which in this case is in the past tense of ‘was’) is “become” suggests that prior to that time, the situation was different. I’m sure you get it, but let me describe it using English examples:
- I became a teacher last year
- I was a teacher last year
When you say “I became a teacher last year”, you are indicating that – before last year you were not a teacher – but last year you became a teacher.
When you say “I was a teacher last year”, you are not specifying if you were a teacher before that time as well, or even if you are still a teacher. All you are specifying is that you were a teacher last year, and no other information is given.
되다 can be used in the present tense as well (and again differs slightly from 이다). I’ll save examples for when I’ve presented more grammar principles further into the course. My whole purpose in mentioning it is to explain the application to the future tense. First off, it is awkward to conjugate 이다 to the future tense using ~겠다.
- 나는 선생님이겠다
If you want to say that something “will be” something in the future, because of the nature of the word “되다” there is no real difference if you use 되다 or 이다. For example:
- 저는 곧 선생님이 될 것입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-9-26-I-will-be-a-teacher-soon.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will become a teacher soon</span>
- 저는 곧 선생님일 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-33I-will-be-a-teacher-soon.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be a teacher soon</span>
Other examples:
- 나는 미래에 의사가 될 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-34I-will-become-a-doctor-in-the-future.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will become a doctor in the future</span>
- 나는 미래에 의사일 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-35I-will-be-a-doctor-in-the-future.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be a doctor in the future</span>
- 한국이 곧 좋은 나라가 될 것이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-36Korea-will-become-a-good-country-soon.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Korea will become a good country soon</span>
- 한국이 곧 좋은 나라일 것이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-37Korea-will-be-a-good-country-soon.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Korea will be a good country soon</span>
- 이 장소는 공원이 될 것이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-38This-place-will-become-a-park.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This place will become a park</span>
- 이 장소는 공원일 것이다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lesson9-39This-place-will-be-a-park.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This place will be a park</span>
*I just want to point out here that the “*일*” you are seeing above is not the word “*일*“. Rather it is the future conjugation (using the conjugation taught in the lesson) of* 이다. 선생님이다 _becomes_ 선생님 + 이다 + ~ㄹ/을 것이다*.*
As you build vocabulary, you will be able to apply this same format of sentences to create sentences like:
- This place will become a park next year
- I will become a doctor in a few months
_In [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/), you will learn the vocabulary necessary to create those types of sentences._
The sentences above using 이다 and 되다 in the future tense can be used to make negative sentences as well. When making the negative form of a 되다 sentence, you can just add 안 or ~지 않다 just like with any other verb or adjective. When making the negative form of an 이다 sentence, you should use 아니다. You can change each pair of sentences above to a negative sentence. For example:
- 나는 미래에 의사가 되지 않을 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">I won’t become a doctor in the future</span>
- 나는 미래에 의사가 아닐 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">I won’t be a doctor in the future</span>
- 한국이 곧 좋은 나라가 되지 않을 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">Korea won’t become a good country soon</span>
- 한국이 곧 좋은 나라가 아닐 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">Korea won’t be a good country soon</span>
- 이 장소는 공원이 되지 않을 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">This place won’t become a park</span>
- 이 장소는 공원이 아닐 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">This place won’t be a park</span>
Those sentences, while kind of ridiculous, are all grammatically correct. I can’t think of any time when you would actually want to say a sentence like that, but they are all possible if the right situation came up. Most of the time, there would be a better way to say each of the sentences above. For example, instead of saying:
- 나는 미래에 의사가 되지 않을 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">I won’t become a doctor in the future</span>
It would probably be more natural to say something like “I don’t want to become a doctor in the future.” You will learn how to say this, and other grammatical principles that can make your speech more natural as you progress along with your studies. For now, try to understand what is being done grammatically, and don’t worry too much about when you would actually use a sentence like that.
One other quick thing; and I really don’t want to spend too much time on this because I have already overwhelmed you with grammar in this lesson. However, the future conjugation of 이다 is introduced in this lesson and I feel this needs to be talked about here. By using the future ~ㄹ/을 것이다 conjugation on 이다, you can also create a sentence where the speaker is guessing about a certain situation in the present tense. Look at some examples first:
- 그 사람이 의사일 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person is probably/most likely a doctor</span>
- 그것은 여권일 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is probably/most likely a passport</span>
- 문제는 돈일 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The problem is probably/most likely money</span>
_Remember, you are not adding_ 일 _to these nouns. You are adding_ ~이다 _followed by adding_ ~ㄹ 것이다 _to_ 이다*. I get a lot of questions from learners asking me where this “*일*” came from.*
These sentences as well can be said using 아니다 instead of 이다:
- 그 사람이 의사가 아닐 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person is probably/most likely not a doctor</span>
- 그것은 여권이 아닐 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is probably/most likely not a passport</span>
- 문제는 돈이 아닐 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-9-s10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The problem is probably/most likely not money</span>
Notice that in these cases the speaker is not talking about him/herself. Also, even though the sentence is conjugated into the future tense, the speaker is guessing that something is the case in the present tense. Thus, it is weird to include time indicators in these sentences (for example “next year” or “in a few months from now”) because the speaker is not trying to create this meaning.
The question then becomes – how can I distinguish if somebody is saying one of these “guessing” sentences or saying “something will become something”. You will learn continuously throughout your Korean studies that understanding a Korean sentence is all about context – and the situation almost always makes it clear what the speaker wants to express.
For now, rather than concern yourself with guessing nuances, I suggest focusing on how to use the ~ㄹ/을 것이다 form to conjugate verbs/adjectives into the future tense – and realize that 되다 can be used instead of 이다 when conjugating to the future tense.
That’s it for this lesson!
<em>There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1.
All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/).</em>
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=693) Or,
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit1916)
## Summary
<YouTube id=zK1baTKW-WE />
Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson?
This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson.
---
<YouTube id=i5f0CfIOr5I />
Want to practice your listening skills?
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
The following videos are available to reinforce the concepts taught in this lesson:
[Lesson Recap]
<YouTube id=IsERd5fsvb8 />
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