ko-grammar/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md

---
vocabulary:
  nouns:
    - ko: 눈썹
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-1.mp3
      en: eyebrow
      examples:
        - ko: 그 사람의 **눈썹**은 짙어요
          en: That person's **eyebrows** are thick
        - ko: 저도 그런 **눈썹**이 있었으면 좋겠어요
          en: I wish I had that type of **eyebrows**, too

    - ko: 교사
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-2.mp3
      en: teacher
      notes: |
        <p>교사 refers more to the position of a teacher. You would usually refer to a teacher by calling him/her "선생님." However, if you wanted to tell somebody what your position was, you could use 교사 (선생님 would also work here as well).</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 영어**교사**예요
          en: I am an English **teacher**
        - ko: 대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도**교사**가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요
          en: If you want to study freely in university, my **guidance counselor** told me to choose my major later

    - ko: 반
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-4.mp3
      en: class of students in school
      examples:
        - ko: "몇 **반**이에요?"
          en: What **class** are you in?
        - ko: 그 여자는 우리 **반**에서 제일 못생긴 여자예요
          en: That girl is the ugliest in our **class**

    - ko: 직장
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-5.mp3
      en: location of work
      notes: |
        <p>In English, we say "work" to refer to what is being done and where it is being done. For example "I am doing work at work." 직장 refers to the location in which you work.</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 그는 **직장**에서 일찍 퇴근했어요
          en: He left **work** early
        - ko: "**직장**에서 더 멀리 이사하게 되었어요"
          en: I ended up moving farther away from **work**
        - ko: 학업을 진행하면서 **직장**도 다녀요
          en: As I progress/continue my studies, I also go to **work**
        - ko: 저는 일반적으로 그 사람을 **직장**에서 보지 못해요
          en: I generally don't see that person at **work**
        - ko: 자신감에 찬 표정으로 새로운 **직장**에 들어갔어요
          en: He went into a new **workplace** with a face full of confidence

    - ko: 벽
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-10.mp3
      en: wall
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 사진을 **벽**에 걸었어요
          en: I hung a picture on a **wall**
        - ko: 그림은 **벽**에 걸려 있어요
          en: The picture is hanging on the **wall**
        - ko: "**벽**에 붙어 있는 광고를 봤어요?"
          en: Did you see the advertisement that is attached to the **wall**?
        - ko: 노동자들이 무너질 것 같은 **벽**을 안정시켰어요
          en: The workers stabilized the **wall** that was probably going to collapse
        - ko: 사람들이 모두 볼 수 있게 안내문을 **벽**에 붙였다
          en: (I) posted (attached) an information sign on the **wall** so that all the people (can) see it

    - ko: 털
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-11.mp3
      en: hair (not on head), fur
      notes: |
        <p>In English, we say "hair" for all of the hair on our body. However, in Korean, 털 is used to refer to any hair that is not on your head. It is also used to refer to the fur of an animal.</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 팔에 **털**이 많아요
          en: I have a lot of **hair** on my arms
        - ko: 한국사람들이 가슴에 **털**이 없어요
          en: Korean people don't have **hair** on their chest
        - ko: 내일 해변에 갈 거라서 겨드랑이 **털**을 면도할 수밖에 없어요
          en: I am going to the beach tomorrow, so I have no choice but to shave my **armpit hair**
        - ko: 기린의 **털** 때문에 기린이 노란색 옷을 입은 것 같이 보였다. 나는 기린이 목이 길어서 무서울 줄 알았는데 오히려 귀여웠다.
          en: Because of their **fur**, it looked like the giraffes were wearing yellow clothes. Giraffes have long necks, therefore I thought they would be scary, rather, they were cute.

    - ko: 머리카락
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-12.mp3
      en: hair (on head)
      examples:
        - ko: 그 여자의 **머리카락**은 길어요
          en: That girl's **hair** is long
        - ko: 저의 **머리카락**을 꼬지 말아 달라고 했어요
          en: I told her to please stop twisting my **hair**

    - ko: 저녁
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-7-8.mp3
      en: dinner, evening
      notes: |
        <p>The word "저녁" can refer to the evening time, or the meal that is eaten at that time (dinner). To distinguish between them, 저녁식사 (dinner) and 저녁시간 (the evening) can also be used.</p>
      examples:
        - ko: "**저녁**으로 뭐 먹었어요?"
          en: What did you eat for **dinner**?
        - ko: 엄마가 온 후에 저는 **저녁식사**를 먹을 거예요
          en: After mom comes home, I will eat **dinner**
        - ko: 요리사들은 **저녁**을 부엌에서 준비했어요
          en: The chefs prepared the **dinner** in the kitchen
        - ko: 저는 **저녁**에 공부했어요
          en: I studied in the **evening**
        - ko: 저는 일요일에 **저녁**을 안 먹었어요
          en: I didn't eat **dinner** on Sunday

    - ko: 점심
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson7-9.mp3
      en: lunch, noonish
      notes: |
        <p>The word "점심" can refer to the time around noon, or the meal that is eaten at that time (lunch). To distinguish between them, 점심식사 (lunch) and 점심시간 (noonish) can also be used.</p>
      examples:
        - ko: "**점심**으로 뭐 먹고 싶어요?"
          en: What do you want to eat for **lunch**?
        - ko: 저는 보통 **점심식사**로 과일만 먹어요
          en: I usually only eat fruit for **lunch**
        - ko: "**점심**은 어땠어요?"
          en: How was **lunch**?
        - ko: "**점심**을 먹었어?"
          en: Did you eat **lunch**?
        - ko: 오빠는 바닥에 앉아서 **점심**을 먹었어요
          en: My brother ate **lunch** sitting on the floor

    - ko: 옷
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-v1.mp3
      en: clothes
      notes: |
        <p>One way and one form of telling somebody to put on clothes is to say "옷 입어." This sounds like "온 이버"</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 저의 **옷**을 벗었어요
          en: I took off my **clothes**
        - ko: 저는 자주 **옷**을 충동적으로 사요
          en: I often buy **clothes** impulsively
        - ko: 저는 따뜻한 **옷**을 입고 싶어요
          en: I want to wear (put on) warm **clothes**
        - ko: "**옷**을 갈아입으러 탈의실에 갔어요"
          en: He went to the change-room to change his **clothes**
        - ko: 여행할 때 **옷**을 많이 챙길 필요가 없어요
          en: I/you don't need to pack a lot of **clothes** when you travel
        - ko: 우리가 똑같은 **옷**을 입고 있어요
          en: We are wearing exactly the same **clothes**

    - ko: 오전
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-39.mp3
      en: morning
      notes: |
        <p>This generally refers to any time before noon, but to refer to specifically refer to something early in the morning "새벽" can be used. "아침" refers to the time from breakfast until around noon.</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 내일 **오전**에 교회에 가야 돼요
          en: I have to go to church tomorrow in the **morning**
        - ko: 우리 영업시간은 **오전** 8시부터 오후 5시까지입니다
          en: Our business hours are from 8 **am** to 5 pm
        - ko: 오늘 일대일 면접이 오후에 있어서 **오전** 내내 면접 준비를 해야 해요
          en: Today I have a one on one interview in the afternoon, so all **morning** I need to prepare for it

    - ko: 오후
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-40.mp3
      en: afternoon
      notes: To refer to a time later than 5:00 or so "밤" or "저녁" would more commonly be used
      examples:
        - ko: "**오후**에 뭐 할 거예요?"
          en: What are you doing in the **afternoon**?
        - ko: 저는 오늘 **오후**에 낮잠을 잤어요
          en: I took a nap in the **afternoon** today
        - ko: "**오후**에 비가 올지 모르겠어요"
          en: It might rain in the **afternoon** tomorrow
        - ko: "**오후**가 되면 햇살이 강해져요"
          en: In the **afternoon**, the sun gets stronger
        - ko: 우리 부장님께서 오늘 **오후**에 출발할 예정이십니다
          en: Our boss is scheduled to depart this **afternoon**
        - ko: 이 의견에 동의하지 않는 사람은 제 사무실로 **오후**에 찾아오세요
          en: People who don't agree with this opinion, please come and see ("find") me in my office this **afternoon**

    - ko: 여름
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-42.mp3
      en: summer
      notes: For more information, words and sentences about seasons check out our Weather Theme Lesson.
      examples:
        - ko: 이번 **여름**은 너무 더워요
          en: This **summer** is too hot
        - ko: "**여름**에 저는 공부하겠어요"
          en: I will study in the **summer**
        - ko: 논문을 **여름**까지 끝낼 수 없을까 봐 걱정돼요
          en: I'm worried that I won't finish my thesis by **summer**
        - ko: 놀이동산에 **여름**에는 사람이 많아요
          en: There are many people at the amusement park in the **summer**
        - ko: 매년 **여름**, 이 지역에는 홍수가 나요
          en: A flood occurs every **summer** in this area
        - ko: 한국에서는 겨울 방학이 **여름** 방학보다 더 길어요
          en: In Korea, winter vacation is longer than **summer** vacation
        - ko: 제가 **여름**을 제일 좋아하는 이유는 긴 휴가가 있기 때문이에요
          en: The reason I like **summer** the most is because there is a long holiday

    - ko: 가을
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-43.mp3
      en: fall
      examples:
        - ko: "**가을**이 시원해서 좋아요"
          en: "**Fall** is nice because it is cool"
        - ko: "**가을**에 잎의 색깔은 변해요"
          en: The color of the leaves changes in the **fall**
        - ko: "**가을**에는 낙엽이 많이 떨어져요"
          en: In the **fall**, a lot of leaves fall to the ground
        - ko: "**가을**에는 단풍놀이를 가는 많은 사람들을 볼 수 있어요"
          en: In the **fall**, you can see many people who go out to see the autumn colors

    - ko: 겨울
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-44.mp3
      en: winter
      examples:
        - ko: 너무 추워서 저는 **겨울**이 싫어요
          en: I don't like **winter** because it is too cold
        - ko: 캐나다는 **겨울**이 추운 나라예요
          en: Canada is a country of/with cold **winters**
        - ko: "**겨울**에 한국 사람들이 문을 왜 안 닫는지 이해가 안 돼요"
          en: I don't understand why Korean people don't close the door in the **winter**
        - ko: 피부가 너무 약해서 **겨울**에도 로션을 발라야 돼요
          en: I even need to out on lotion in the **winter** because my skin is weak

    - ko: 봄
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-45.mp3
      en: spring
      examples:
        - ko: 나무는 **봄**에 예뻐요
          en: The trees are pretty in **spring**
        - ko: 한국에는 황사가 중국에서 **봄**마다 와요
          en: Yellow dust comes to Korea every **spring** from China
        - ko: "**봄**에는 꽃가루 알레르기를 조심해 야 해요"
          en: You need to be careful about pollen allergies in the **spring**

  verbs:
    - ko: 찾다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-13.mp3
      en: to search for, find
      notes: |
        <p>In English, the words "looking for/searching" and "find" have a similar meaning but are used differently. We use "find" after something is found. However, before something is found we use "look for/search." In Korean, the 찾다 is used for both of these usages. This confusion often leads Korean people to incorrectly say things like "I am finding my brother."</p>
        <p>~아/어: 찾아, ~ㄴ/은: 찾은, ~ㄴ/는다: 찾는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 찾습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 찾을, ~니: 찾으니, ~ㅁ/음: 찾음, ~(으)려고: 찾으려고, ~(으)시: 찾으시, ~(으)면: 찾으면, ~(으)니: 찾으니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 저의 지갑을 **찾**고 있어요
          en: I am **looking** for my wallet
        - ko: 누군가(는) 너를 **찾**고 있어
          en: Somebody is **looking** for you
        - ko: 저는 그 사실을 백과사전에 **찾았어요**
          en: I **looked** up that fact in an encyclopedia
        - ko: 우리 회사는 새로운 회사원을 **찾**고 있어요
          en: Our company is **looking** for new workers

    - ko: 가르치다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-15.mp3
      en: to teach
      notes: |
        <p>~아/어: 가르쳐, ~ㄴ/은: 가르친, ~ㄴ/는다: 가르친다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 가르칩니다, ~ㄹ/을: 가르칠, ~니: 가르치니, ~ㅁ/음: 가르침, ~(으)려고: 가르치려고, ~(으)시: 가르치시, ~(으)면: 가르치면, ~(으)니: 가르치니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 고등학교에서 10년 동안 영어를 **가르쳤어요**
          en: I **taught** English at a high school for 10 years
        - ko: 저는 학생들한테 한국어를 **가르쳤어요**
          en: I **taught** Korean to the students
        - ko: "어제 학생들한테 뭐 **가르쳤어요**?"
          en: What did you **teach** the students yesterday?
        - ko: 저는 선생님이 그것을 언제 **가르쳤는**지 기억 안 나요
          en: I don't remember when the teacher **taught** that
        - ko: 선생님은 우리를 너무 잘 **가르치셨어**
          en: Our teacher **taught** us really well
        - ko: 이것을 **가르쳐** 줘서 감사합니다
          en: Thanks for **teaching** that to me
        - ko: 그 선생님은 한국어를 저에게 **가르쳐** 줬어요
          en: That teacher **taught** me Korean

    - ko: 일하다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-16.mp3
      en: to work
      notes: |
        <p>The noun form of 일하다 (일) literally means "work" (as in, something you need to do). However, it is often used to refer to a task or anything that needs to be done. For example: "저는 내일 할 일이 있어요" = "I have something I need to do tomorrow"</p>
        <p>~해: 일해, ~ㄴ/은: 일한, ~ㄴ/는다: 일한다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 일합니다, ~ㄹ/을: 일할, ~니: 일하니, ~ㅁ/음: 일함, ~(으)려고: 일하려고, ~(으)시: 일하시, ~(으)면: 일하면, ~(으)니: 일하니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 그 회사에서 **일해요**
          en: I **work** at/for that company
        - ko: 저는 지난 월요일에 **일했어요**
          en: I **worked** last Monday
        - ko: 저는 2주 동안 열심히 **일했어요**
          en: I **worked** hard for 2 weeks
        - ko: 저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 **일할** **거예요**
          en: I will **work** at that company until May
        - ko: 저는 회사를 위해 열심히 **일할** **거예요**
          en: I will **work** hard for the company
        - ko: 아버지는 지금 **일하**고 있어요
          en: Dad is **working** now
        - ko: 그 사람은 10년 동안 열심히 **일하**고 부자가 되었어요
          en: That person **worked** hard for 10 years and then became a rich person

    - ko: 짓다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-17.mp3
      en: to build
      notes: |
        <p>짓다 follows the ㅅ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 지어, ~ㄴ/은: 지은, ~ㄴ/는다: 짓는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 짓습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 지을, ~니: 짓니, ~ㅁ/음: 지음, ~(으)려고: 지으려고, ~(으)시: 지으시, ~(으)면: 지으면, ~(으)니: 지으니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: "그 집을 언제 **지었어요**?"
          en: When did you **build** that house?
        - ko: 저는 집을 **지었어요**
          en: I **built** a house
        - ko: 저는 우리 집을 나무로 **지었어요**
          en: I **built** our house out of wood
        - ko: 새로 **지어진** 건물이 멋있어요
          en: The newly **built** building is really cool/stylish
        - ko: 이 건물은 유명한 건축가의 건축설계도에 기초해서 **지어졌어요**
          en: This building was **built** based on the blueprints of a famous architect
        - ko: 새로 **지어진** 공원에 운동 시설이 매우 좋아서 많은 사람들이 거기에서 운동을 해요
          en: The newly **built** park has very good exercise facilities so many people exercise there

    - ko: 가지다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-18.mp3
      en: to own, to possess
      notes: |
        <p>When you use "있다" to indicate that you have something, you must put the particle ~이/가 on the object you have. For example: 저는 펜이 있어요</p>
        <p>However, you can attach ~을/을 to that object if you use ~가지고 있다.</p>
        <p>갖다 is a shortened version of this word. See Lesson 97 for more information.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 가져, ~ㄴ/은: 가진, ~ㄴ/는다: 가진다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 가집니다, ~ㄹ/을: 가질, ~니: 가지니, ~ㅁ/음: 가짐, ~(으)려고: 가지려고, ~(으)시: 가지시, ~(으)면: 가지면, ~(으)니: 가지니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 펜을 **가지**고 있어요
          en: I **have** a pen
        - ko: 저는 지금 돈을 **가지**고 있어요
          en: I **have** money now
        - ko: 그 여자는 자연스러운 머리를 **가지**고 있어요
          en: That **girl** has natural hair
        - ko: 그는 항상 사진기를 **가지**고 다녀요
          en: He always **carries** his camera with him (while walking around)
        - ko: 열쇠를 **가지**고 나왔어요?
          en: Did you **bring** your keys (did you come out while possessing your keys?)
        - ko: 작은 입으로 큰 생선을 먹을 수 있다는 게 너무 신기했다. 나는 펭귄에게 먹이를 주기 위해 천천히 다가갔다. 펭귄들은 내가 먹이를 **가지고** 있자 내 주위로 다가왔다.
          en: I was really amazed they could eat a big fish with their little mouth. I approached the penguins slowly with food, and as soon as I **had** food, the penguins drew close around me.

    - ko: 잠그다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-19.mp3
      en: to lock
      notes: |
        <p>잠그다 follows the ㅡ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 잠가, ~ㄴ/은: 잠근, ~ㄴ/는다: 잠근다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 잠급니다, ~ㄹ/을: 잠글, ~니: 잠그니, ~ㅁ/음: 잠금, ~(으)려고: 잠그려고, ~(으)시: 잠그시, ~(으)면: 잠그면, ~(으)니: 잠그니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 문을 **잠갔어요**
          en: I **locked** the door
        - ko: 아버지는 창문을 **잠갔어요**
          en: Dad **locked** the window
        - ko: 문을 **잠가야** 되었는데 깜박했어요!
          en: I was supposed to **lock** the door, but I forgot!
        - ko: 수압이 너무 세서 수도꼭지를 **잠가** 놓으세요
          en: The water pressure is too strong, so **turned off ("lock")** the faucet

    - ko: 잊다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-20.mp3
      en: to forget
      notes: |
        <p>~아/어버리다 is added to some verbs to express the emotion that something was done and "thrown away" at the same time. It is commonly attached to 잊다 to express that something was "forgotten and thrown away."</p>
        <p>~아/어: 잊어, ~ㄴ/은: 잊은, ~ㄴ/는다: 잊는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 잊습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 잊을, ~니: 잊으니, ~ㅁ/음: 잊음, ~(으)려고: 잊으려고, ~(으)시: 잊으시, ~(으)면: 잊으면, ~(으)니: 잊으니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저를 **잊**지 마세요!
          en: Don't **forget** me!
        - ko: 저는 아빠의 죽음을 **잊**지 않았어요
          en: I didn't **forget** the death of my father
        - ko: 열쇠를 어디 둔지 **잊**어버렸어요
          en: I **forget** where I put my keys
        - ko: 저는 사막에서 살았을 때를 **잊**어버리고 싶어요
          en: I want to **forget** the time I lived in the desert
        - ko: 바쁘게 살다 보면 가끔 중요한 일을 **잊어버려요**
          en: If you (continue to) live a busy life, sometimes you will **forget** important things/tasks/jobs
        - ko: 미술대회에 참가하는 신입생들은 **잊지** 말고 꼭 10시까지 모여주세요
          en: Freshmen participating in the art competition, don't **forget**, and be sure to gather by 10 o'clock
        - ko: 우리 오빠는 나에게 **잊지** 말고 영국에서 유명한 기념품을 사서 한국에 보내 달라고 했다
          en: My brother told me not to **forget** to buy some famous souvenirs in England and send them to Korea

    - ko: 돕다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Lesson3Vocab-help.mp3
      en: to help
      notes: |
        <p>돕다 is an irregular ㅂ irregular. ㅂ changes to 오 when ~아/어 is added. However, ㅂ changes to 우 when any other vowel is added.</p>
        <p>~아/어주다 is commonly added to this word, because usually when one helps somebody, it is a form of "giving"</p>
        <p>~아/어: 도와, ~ㄴ/은: 도운, ~ㄴ/는다: 돕는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 돕습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 도울, ~니: 돕니, ~ㅁ/음: 도움, ~(으)려고: 도우려고, ~(으)시: 도우시, ~(으)면: 도우면, ~(으)니: 도우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: "**도와**주세요!"
          en: "**help** me please!"
        - ko: 제가 선생님이 아니라 학생을 **도와**주는 사람이에요
          en: I am not a teacher, I'm a student **helper**
        - ko: 곤경에 처한 사람을 **도와주느라고** 제시간에 학교에 가지 못했다
          en: I wasn't able to go to school on time because I was **helping** a person going through some trouble
        - ko: 과학을 배우는 것은 중요해, 왜냐하면 내가 살고 있는 곳을 더욱 잘 이해할 수 있게 **도와주기** 때문이야
          en: It is important to learn science, because it **helps** me understand the place/environment that I live (in) better
        - ko: 나는 엄마를 **도와** 정리를 했다. 거실을 깨끗하게 정리하고 엄마한테 진심으로 감사하다는 말을 전했다
          en: I **helped** mom clean-up/organize. We organized the living room (cleanly), and thanked mom from the bottom of our hearts

    - ko: 주다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-21.mp3
      en: to give
      notes: |
        <p>When giving something to a person who deserves respect, 드리다 is used.</p>
        <p>Often conjugated in the imperative voice (for example, ~세요) to ask for something. For example: "밥을 많이 주세요" = "Give me lots of rice"</p>
        <p>Often gets placed after a verb if somebody does an action for somebody. For example: "이것을 만들어 주세요" = "Please, make this for me"</p>
        <p>See Lesson 41 for more information.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 줘, ~ㄴ/은: 준, ~ㄴ/는다: 준다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 줍니다, ~ㄹ/을: 줄, ~니: 주니, ~ㅁ/음: 줌, ~(으)려고: 주려고, ~(으)시: 주시, ~(으)면: 주면, ~(으)니: 주니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 그 그릇을 **주**세요
          en: "**Give** me that bowl, please"
        - ko: 밥을 사 **주**세요
          en: Buy me food, please
        - ko: 어머님은 너에게 돈을 **줬어**?
          en: Did your mother **give** you money?
        - ko: 저는 저의 친구에게 돈을 **줬어요**
          en: I **gave** my friend money
        - ko: 아빠는 나에게 음식을 **줬어**
          en: Dad **gave** me food
        - ko: 그 선생님은 한국어를 저에게 가르쳐 **줬어요**
          en: That teacher taught me Korean

    - ko: 맞다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-36.mp3
      en: to be correct
      notes: |
        <p>In every way, 맞다 looks, feels and sounds like an adjective. However, in Korean 맞다 is a verb. In most cases this is irrelevant, but keep this in mind when conjugating.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 맞아, ~ㄴ/은: 맞은, ~ㄴ/는다: 맞는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 맞습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 맞을, ~니: 맞으니, ~ㅁ/음: 맞음, ~(으)려고: 맞으려고, ~(으)시: 맞으시, ~(으)면: 맞으면, ~(으)니: 맞으니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 선생님! 이 거 **맞아요**?
          en: Teacher! Is this **correct**?
        - ko: 고객님들은 항상 **맞아요**
          en: The customer is (customers are) always **right**
        - ko: 이 자세 **맞아요**?
          en: Is this posture **right/correct**?
        - ko: 그 학설은 **맞을** 리가 없어요
          en: That theory cannot be **right**

  adjectives:
    - ko: 쉽다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-22.mp3
      en: to be easy
      notes: |
        <p>쉽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 쉬워, ~ㄴ/은: 쉬운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 쉽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 쉬울, ~니: 쉬우니, ~ㅁ/음: 쉬움, ~(으)려고: 쉬우려고, ~(으)시: 쉬우시, ~(으)면: 쉬우면, ~(으)니: 쉬우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 그 일은 너무 **쉬웠어요**
          en: that task was very **easy**
        - ko: 저는 **쉬운** 일을 했어요
          en: I did **easy** work
        - ko: 누구나 그 **쉬운** 일을 잘 해요
          en: Anybody can do that **easy** job well

    - ko: 덥다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-23.mp3
      en: to be hot
      notes: |
        <p>덥다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>덥다 is only used to talk about the weather or one's body, not the temperature of objects.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 더워, ~ㄴ/은: 더운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 덥습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 더울, ~니: 더우니, ~ㅁ/음: 더움, ~(으)려고: 더우려고, ~(으)시: 더우시, ~(으)면: 더우면, ~(으)니: 더우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 오늘 날씨가 너무 **더워요**
          en: Today the weather is too **hot**
        - ko: 오늘은 어제보다 더 **더워**
          en: Today is **hotter** than yesterday
        - ko: 너무 **더워서** 창문을 열었어요
          en: I opened a window because it is too **hot**
        - ko: 날씨가 춥다가 갑자기 **더워졌어요**
          en: The weather was cold, and then suddenly became **hot**
        - ko: 오늘 날씨가 너무 **더워** 가지고 약속을 취소했어요
          en: Because the weather is so **hot** today, I cancelled my plans

    - ko: 그립다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-24.mp3
      en: to miss (a thing)
      notes: |
        <p>그립다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>"보고 싶다" can is used when one misses a person.</p>
        <p>In English "to miss" is a verb. 그립다 is an adjective in Korean that describes the feeling that is felt when one misses something. It is more commonly used when one misses a non-person. As an adjective, it must get treated as one. Therefore, in order to say that one misses something, it is commonly used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form that is taught in Lesson 15.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 그리워, ~ㄴ/은: 그리운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 그립습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 그리울, ~니: 그리우니, ~ㅁ/음: 그리움, ~(으)려고: 그리우려고, ~(으)시: 그리우시, ~(으)면: 그리우면, ~(으)니: 그리우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 우리 학교가 **그리워요**
          en: I **miss** our school
        - ko: 저는 한국 음식이 **그리워요**
          en: I **miss** Korean food
        - ko: 저는 결혼한 게 좋지만 한편으로 결혼 전 생활도 **그리워요**
          en: I like being married, but, on the other hand, I also **miss** my life before I got married

    - ko: 귀엽다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-25.mp3
      en: to be cute
      notes: |
        <p>귀엽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 귀여워, ~ㄴ/은: 귀여운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 귀엽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 귀여울, ~니: 귀여우니, ~ㅁ/음: 귀여움, ~(으)려고: 귀여우려고, ~(으)시: 귀여우시, ~(으)면: 귀여우면, ~(으)니: 귀여우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저의 여자 친구는 너무 **귀여워요**
          en: My girlfriend is very **cute**
        - ko: 그 여자는 **귀여워요**
          en: That girl is **cute**
        - ko: 저는 **귀여운** 여자를 좋아해요
          en: I like **cute** girls
        - ko: 그 강아지의 꼬리는 아주 **귀여워요**
          en: That puppy's tail is very **cute**
        - ko: 동생이 너무 **귀여워서** 가끔씩 동생의 볼을 꼬집어요
          en: My younger sibling is so **cute** that sometimes I pinch his/her cheeks
        - ko: 슬기의 볼이 통통하고 **귀여워서** 매일 뽀뽀해주고 싶어요
          en: Seulgi's cheeks are very chubby and **cute**, so I want kiss them everyday
        - ko: 길을 걷다가 시선이 느껴져서 쳐다보니 **귀여운** 남자가 저를 보며 서 있었어요
          en: I was walking down the street and I felt somebody looking at me, so I looked and saw a **cute** man standing there looking at me
        - ko: 기린의 털 때문에 기린이 노란색 옷을 입은 것 같이 보였다. 나는 기린이 목이 길어서 무서울 줄 알았는데 오히려 **귀여웠다**.
          en: Because of their fur, it looked like the giraffes were wearing yellow clothes. Giraffes have long necks, therefore I thought they would be scary, rather, they were **cute**.

    - ko: 춥다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-26.mp3
      en: to be cold
      notes: |
        <p>춥다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>춥다 is only used to talk about the weather or one's body, not the temperature of objects.</p>
        <p>~아/어: 추워, ~ㄴ/은: 추운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 춥습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 추울, ~니: 추우니, ~ㅁ/음: 추움, ~(으)려고: 추우려고, ~(으)시: 추우시, ~(으)면: 추우면, ~(으)니: 추우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 캐나다는 겨울이 **추운** 나라예요
          en: Canada is a **cold** country in the winter
        - ko: 날씨는 주말에 **추워졌어요**
          en: The weather **got cold** over the weekend
        - ko: 너무 **추워**서 저는 겨울이 싫어요
          en: I don't like winter because it is too **cold**
        - ko: 현재 날씨는 평소보다 조금 **추워요**
          en: The present/recent weather is **colder** than normal
        - ko: 요즘에 날씨가 점점 **추워**져요
          en: Lately, the weather is getting gradually **colder**
        - ko: 날씨가 **추워**서 따뜻한 옷을 입었어요
          en: The weather is **cold,** so I put on warm clothes

    - ko: 어렵다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-27.mp3
      en: to be difficult
      notes: |
        <p>어렵다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 어려워, ~ㄴ/은: 어려운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 어렵습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 어려울, ~니: 어려우니, ~ㅁ/음: 어려움, ~(으)려고: 어려우려고, ~(으)시: 어려우시, ~(으)면: 어려우면, ~(으)니: 어려우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 수학은 너무 **어려워요**
          en: Math is too **difficult**
        - ko: 한국에서 대학교는 고등학교보다 덜 **어려워요**
          en: In Korea, University is not as **hard** as high school
        - ko: 저는 **어려운** 내용을 천천히 설명했어요
          en: I explained the **difficult** content slowly
        - ko: 부장님을 만족시키는 것은 **어려워요**
          en: Is it is **difficult** to satisfy our boss
        - ko: "**고등학교**는 한국에서 **어려워요**"
          en: High school is **difficult** in Korea

    - ko: 더럽다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-28.mp3
      en: to be dirty
      notes: |
        <p>더럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 더러워, ~ㄴ/은: 더러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 더럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 더러울, ~니: 더러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 더러움, ~(으)려고: 더러우려고, ~(으)시: 더러우시, ~(으)면: 더러우면, ~(으)니: 더러우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 우리 집은 지금 매우 **더러워요**
          en: Our house is really **dirty** right now
        - ko: 쥐는 너무 **더러워요**
          en: Rats are very **dirty**
        - ko: 바다는 춥고 **더러워요**
          en: The ocean is cold and **dirty**
        - ko: 제가 세수를 하지 않았기 때문에 얼굴이 **더러워** 보여요
          en: My face looks **dirty** because I didn't wash it

    - ko: 바쁘다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-29.mp3
      en: to be busy
      notes: |
        <p>바쁘다 follows the ㅡ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 바빠, ~ㄴ/은: 바쁜, ~ㅂ/습니다: 바쁩니다, ~ㄹ/을: 바쁠, ~니: 바쁘니, ~ㅁ/음: 바쁨, ~(으)려고: 바쁘려고, ~(으)시: 바쁘시, ~(으)면: 바쁘면, ~(으)니: 바쁘니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 제가 너무 **바빠**서 내일 못 가요
          en: I can't go tomorrow because I am so **busy**
        - ko: 저는 어제 너무 **바빴어요**
          en: I was very/too **busy** yesterday
        - ko: 이달 초에 친구들과 모임이 많을 거여서 매우 **바쁠** 것 같아요
          en: I will probably be very **busy** at the beginning of this month because I have a lot of meetings with friends
        - ko: 우리가 원래 내일 만나기로 했는데 우리 둘 다 너무 **바빠서** 다음 주로 연기했어요
          en: We originally decided to meet tomorrow, but we delayed it to next week because we were both so **busy**

    - ko: 같다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-30.mp3
      en: to be the same
      notes: |
        <p>See Lesson 15 for more information</p>
        <p>~아/어: 같아, ~ㄴ/은: 같은, ~ㅂ/습니다: 같습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 같을, ~니: 같으니, ~ㅁ/음: 같음, ~(으)려고: 같으려고, ~(으)시: 같으시, ~(으)면: 같으면, ~(으)니: 같으니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 **같은** 바지가 있어요
          en: I have the **same** pants
        - ko: 캐나다 사람들은 한국 사람들과 **같아요**
          en: Canadian people are the **same** as Korean people
        - ko: 이 학교는 우리 학교와 **같아요**
          en: This school and our school are the **same**
        - ko: 저 식당은 이 식당과 **같아요**
          en: That restaurant is the **same** as this one
        - ko: 우리 아빠는 저것을 싫어할 것 **같아요**
          en: Dad will probably not like **that**
        - ko: 선생님이 그 수업을 하지 않을 것 **같아요**
          en: The teacher probably won't (teach) **that** lesson

    - ko: 안전하다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-31.mp3
      en: to be safe
      examples:
        - ko: 이 직업은 **안전해**서 좋아요
          en: This job is good because it is **safe**
        - ko: 저는 거리를 **안전하게** 건넜어요
          en: I crossed the street **safely**
        - ko: 우리 아버지는 차를 항상 **안전하게** 운전해요
          en: Our dad always drives his car **safely**
        - ko: 주위가 **안전하지** 않아요
          en: This area/surrounding area isn't **safe**
        - ko: 그 아파트가 경비 아저씨가 있지만 **안전하지** 않아요
          en: Even though that apartment (complex) has a security guard, it isn't **safe**
        - ko: 사람들이 운전을 할 때 신호를 준수해야 **안전해요**
          en: When people drive, only when they obey the traffic signals is it **safe**

    - ko: 딱딱하다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-32.mp3
      en: to be hard, to be rigid
      examples:
        - ko: 이 빵은 너무 **딱딱해요**
          en: This bread is too **hard**
        - ko: 다이아몬드는 **딱딱하다**
          en: Diamonds are **hard**
        - ko: 저는 반죽을 딱딱할 때까지 **저었어요**
          en: I **stirred** the batter until it was hard
        - ko: 바나나가 초록색일수록 **딱딱해요**
          en: The greener bananas are, the **harder** they are
        - ko: 저는 디스크가 있어서 **딱딱한** 바닥에서 자야 돼요
          en: I have a herniated disk, so I need to sleep on a **hard** floor
        - ko: 너무 **딱딱한** 음식을 많이 먹으면 턱에 무리가 가서 좋지 않아요
          en: If you eat a lot of **hard** food, it puts too much stress on your chin so it is not good

    - ko: 부드럽다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-33.mp3
      en: to be soft
      notes: |
        <p>부드럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 부드러워, ~ㄴ/은: 부드러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 부드럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 부드러울, ~니: 부드러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 부드러움, ~(으)려고: 부드러우려고, ~(으)시: 부드러우시, ~(으)면: 부드러우면, ~(으)니: 부드러우니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 그녀의 손은 **부드러워요**
          en: Her hands are very **soft**
        - ko: 그 여자의 피부가 너무 **부드러워요**
          en: That girl's skin is very **smooth/soft**
        - ko: 손이 **부드럽지** 않아서 로션을 발랐어요
          en: I put lotion on my hands because they weren't **soft**
        - ko: 매우 **부드럽고도** 이상한 느낌이었다
          en: It had a very **soft**, but also a very strange feel
        - ko: 이 베개를 저것과 비교하면 이 베개가 훨씬 **부드러워요**
          en: If you compare this pillow with that one, this pillow is much **softer**

    - ko: 가능하다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-34.mp3
      en: to be possible
      examples:
        - ko: 그것이 **가능하다**고 생각해요?
          en: Do you think that is **possible**?
        - ko: 그것은 경제적으로 **가능하지** 않아요
          en: That isn't economically **possible**
        - ko: 교환은 1주일 이내 **가능합니다**
          en: Exchanges are **possible** within one week
        - ko: 정부는 지진 **가능성** 때문에 적색 경보를 내렸어요
          en: The government issued a red alert because of the **possibility** of an earthquake
        - ko: 북한 사람들이 북한에서 탈출할 때도 잡혀서 죽을 **가능성이** 있어요
          en: It is **possible** for North Korean people to be captured and killed even when they are trying to escape the country

    - ko: 불가능하다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-35.mp3
      en: to be impossible
      examples:
        - ko: 그것을 움직이는 것이 **불가능해요**
          en: It is **impossible** to move that

    - ko: 예쁘다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-36.mp3
      en: to be pretty
      notes: |
        <p>예쁘다 follows the ㅡ irregular</p>
        <p>~아/어: 예뻐, ~ㄴ/은: 예쁜, ~ㅂ/습니다: 예쁩니다, ~ㄹ/을: 예쁠, ~니: 예쁘니, ~ㅁ/음: 예쁨, ~(으)려고: 예쁘려고, ~(으)시: 예쁘시, ~(으)면: 예쁘면, ~(으)니: 예쁘니</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 그 여자가 너무 **예뻐요**
          en: That girl is very **pretty**
        - ko: 저의 여자 친구는 귀엽고 **예뻐요**
          en: My girlfriend is cute and **pretty**
        - ko: 그 여자의 구두가 **예뻐요**
          en: That girl's boots are **pretty**
        - ko: 여자 친구는 얼마나 **예뻐요**?
          en: How **pretty** is your girlfriend?
        - ko: 그 여자들은 **예뻐요**
          en: Those girls are **pretty**

  adverbs:
    - ko: 일찍
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-38.mp3
      en: early
      notes: |
        <p>일찍 is an adverb. The opposite of "early" is typically 늦다 which is an adjective. 늦게 can be used as the adverb to have the meaning of "late." For example: "우리는 일찍 도착했어요" = "We arrived early", "우리는 늦게 도착했어요" = "We arrived late (it would be awkward to say 'lately' in English)"</p>
      examples:
        - ko: 우리는 내일 **일찍** 일어나야 돼요
          en: We need to wake up **early** tomorrow morning
        - ko: 왜 이렇게 **일찍** 가요?
          en: Why are you going so **early** (like this)?
        - ko: 제가 **일찍** 가도 돼요?
          en: May I go **early**?
        - ko: 저는 아침에 **일찍** 일어났어요
          en: I woke up **early** in the morning
        - ko: 그는 직장에서 **일찍** 퇴근했어요
          en: He left work **early**
        - ko: 밖에 **일찍** 나가려고 숙제를 빨리 했어요
          en: I did my homework fast in order to go out **early**

    - ko: 매일
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-41.mp3
      en: everyday
      examples:
        - ko: 저는 **매일** 운동하겠습니다
          en: I will exercise **everyday**
        - ko: 저는 **매일** 운동해요
          en: I exercise **everyday**
        - ko: "**매일** 같은 운동을 하지 말고 많이 쉬세요"
          en: Don't do the same exercise **every day**, and get lots of rest
        - ko: 그 남자는 **매일** 까만색 옷을 입어요
          en: That man wears black clothes **everyday**
        - ko: 저는 공휴일을 빼고 **매일** 일해요
          en: I work **every day** except for public holidays
        - ko: 저의 엄마는 **매일** 운동해요
          en: My mother exercises **every day**

sentence:
  ㅅ:
    - notes:
        - &ㅅ |
          If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel.
        - 짓 + 어 = 지어
      ko: 나는 집을 지어
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3
      en: I build a house

    - notes:
        - *ㅅ
        - 짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
      ko: 저는 집을 지었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3
      en: I built a house

    - notes:
        - &not-apply |
          Some common words in which this does not apply.
        - 웃다 (to laugh)
      ko: 저는 웃었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3
      en: I laughed

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 벗다 (to take off clothes)
      ko: 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3
      en: I took off my clothes

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 씻다 (to wash)
      ko: 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3
      en: I washed my hands

  ㄷ:
    - notes:
        - &ㄷ |
          If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. <i>This is only done with verbs.</i>
        - 걷 + 어 = 걸어
      ko: 저는 걸어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3
      en: I walk

    - notes:
        - *ㄷ
        - 걷 + 었어요 = 걸었어요
      ko: 저는 걸었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3
      en: I walked

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 받다 (to get/receive)
      ko: 돈을 받았어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3
      en: I received money

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 묻다 = 묻어요 (to bury)
      ko: 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3
      en: I buried my dog

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 닫다 = 닫아요 (to close)
      ko: 저는 문을 닫았어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3
      en: I closed the door

  ㅂ:
    - notes:
        - &ㅂ |
          <p>If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = easy), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.</p>
          <p>This is mostly done with adjectives.</p>
          <p>(Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: 줍다 = to pick up, 눕다 = to lie down.)</p>
        - 쉽다 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = 쉬워
      ko: 그것은 쉬워
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3
      en: That is easy

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ
        - 어렵다 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = 어려워요
      ko: 그것은 어려워요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3
      en: That is difficult

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ
        - 귀엽다 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = 귀여워요
      ko: 그 여자는 귀여워요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3
      en: That girl is cute

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ
        - |
          <p>In the words “돕다” (to help) and “곱다” (an uncommon way to say “beautiful”) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우, only when ~아/어 (or any derivative like ~았/었다 or ~아/어요*) is added.</p>
          <p>When adding any other vowel, ㅂ changes to 우.</p>
        - 돕다 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = 도왔어요
      ko: 저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3
      en: I helped my mother

    - notes:
        - &ㅂ-noun |
          When placing an adjective (who’s stem ends in “ㅂ”) before a noun to describe it, you add ~ㄴ to the newly formed 우/오 syllable.
        - 귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = 귀여운
      ko: 저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3
      en: I like cute girls

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ-noun
        - 쉽다 = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = 쉬운
      ko: 저는 쉬운 일을 했어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3
      en: I did easy work

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ-noun
        - 부드럽다 = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = 부드러운
      ko: 나는 부드러운 손이 있어
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3
      en: I have soft hands

    - notes:
        - *ㅂ-noun
        - 춥다 = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = 추운
      ko: 저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3
      en: I like cold weather

    - notes:
        - &압 |
          Even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: 아름답다) or ㅗ (ex: 새롭다), 우 is added.
        - 아름답다 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = 아름다워요
      ko: 그 여자는 아름다워요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3
      en: That girl is beautiful

    - notes:
        - *압
        - 새롭다 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요
      ko: 그 학교는 새로워요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3
      en: That school is new

    - notes:
        - *압
        - 새롭다 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요
      ko: 그것은 새로운 학교예요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3
      en: That (thing) is a new school

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 좁다 = narrow
      ko: 이 방은 좁아요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3
      en: This room is narrow

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 잡다 = to catch/grab
      ko: 저는 공을 잡았어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3
      en: I caught the ball

    - notes:
        - *not-apply
        - 넓다 = wide
        - (Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”)
      ko: 이 방은 넓어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3
      en: This room is wide

  ㅡ:
    - notes: &ㅡ |
        <p>If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added.</p>
        <p>If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added.</p>
        <p>When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated.</p>
        <p>This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요.</p>
      ko: 저는 문을 잠갔어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3
      en: I locked the door

    - notes: *ㅡ
      ko: 저는 바빠요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3
      en: I am busy

    - notes: *ㅡ
      ko: 그 여자는 예뻐요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3
      en: That girl is pretty

    - notes: *ㅡ
      ko: 저는 아주 슬퍼요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3
      en: I am very sad

    - notes:
        - |
          There is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem.
        - 크다 = 크 + 어 = 커
      ko: 그 집은 커요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3
      en: That house is big

    - notes:
        - &ㅡ-consonant |
          Sometimes the last vowel of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is chosen.
        - 긁다 = 긁 + 어요 = 긁어요
      ko: 저는 머리를 긁었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3
      en: I scratched my head

    - notes:
        - *ㅡ-consonant
        - 듣다 = 듣 + 었다 = 들었다
        - Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular.
      ko: 저는 쥐를 들었어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3
      en: I heard a mouse

  르: []
---

# Lesson 7: Irregulars

## Vocabulary

<VocabQuiz />

### Nouns

눈썹 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-1.mp3" /> = <span class="spoiler">eyebrow</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>속눈썹</TTS> = <span class="spoiler">eyelashes</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 사람의 **눈썹**은 짙어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That person’s **eyebrows** are thick</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저도 그런 **눈썹**이 있었으면 좋겠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I wish I had that type of **eyebrows**, too</span>
</Details>

교사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">teacher</span>

<Details>

Notes:

교사 refers more to <span class="md spoiler">the position of a teacher</span>. You would usually refer to a teacher by calling him/her “선생님.” However, if you wanted to tell somebody what your position was, you could use 교사 (선생님 would also work here as well).

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 영어**교사**예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am an English **teacher**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도**교사**가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you want to study freely in university, my **guidance counselor** told me to choose my major later</span>

</Details>

반 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">class of students in school</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>우리 반</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">our class</span>
- <TTS>2학년 3반</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">class 2-3</span>
- <TTS>반장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">class president</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">몇 **반**이에요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What **class** are you in?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자는 우리 **반**에서 제일 못생긴 여자예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is the ugliest in our **class**</span>

</Details>

직장 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">location of work</span>

<Details>

Notes:

In English, we say “work” to refer to _what_ is being done and _where_ it is being done. For example “I am doing work at work.” 직장 refers to the location in which you work.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그는 **직장**에서 일찍 퇴근했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He left **work** early</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**직장**에서 더 멀리 이사하게 되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ended up moving farther away from **work**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">학업을 진행하면서 **직장**도 다녀요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">As I progress/continue my studies, I also go to **work**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 일반적으로 그 사람을 **직장**에서 보지 못해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I generally don’t see that person at **work**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">자신감에 찬 표정으로 새로운 **직장**에 들어갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He went into a new **workplace** with a face full of confidence</span>

</Details>

벽 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">wall</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>벽지</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">wallpaper</span>
- <TTS>절벽</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cliff</span>
- <TTS>벽에 기대다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lean against a wall</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 사진을 **벽**에 걸었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I hung a picture on a **wall**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그림은 **벽**에 걸려 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The picture is hanging on the **wall**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**벽**에 붙어 있는 광고를 봤어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Did you see the advertisement that is attached to the **wall**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">노동자들이 무너질 것 같은 **벽**을 안정시켰어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The workers stabilized the **wall** that was probably going to collapse</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">사람들이 모두 볼 수 있게 안내문을 **벽**에 붙였다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(I) posted (attached) an information sign on the **wall** so that all the people (can) see it</span>

</Details>

털 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">hair (not on head), fur</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>코털</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">nose hair</span>
- <TTS>깃털</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">feathers</span>
- <TTS>솜털</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">soft, fine hair (“peach fuzz”)</span>

Notes:

In English, we say “hair” for all of the hair on our body. However, in Korean, 털 is used to refer to any hair that is not on your head. It is also used to refer to the fur of an animal.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 팔에 **털**이 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a lot of **hair** on my arms</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국사람들이 가슴에 **털**이 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Korean people don’t have **hair** on their chest</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">내일 해변에 갈 거라서 겨드랑이 **털**을 면도할 수밖에 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am going to the beach tomorrow, so I have no choice but to shave my **armpit hair**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">기린의 **털** 때문에 기린이 노란색 옷을 입은 것 같이 보였다. 나는 기린이 목이 길어서 무서울 줄 알았는데 오히려 귀여웠다.</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Because of their **fur**, it looked like the giraffes were wearing yellow clothes. Giraffes have long necks, therefore I thought they would be scary, rather, they were cute.</span>

</Details>

머리카락 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">hair (on head)</span>

<Details>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자의 **머리카락**은 길어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s **hair** is long</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **머리카락**을 꼬지 말아 달라고 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I told her to please stop twisting my **hair**</span>

</Details>

저녁 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-7-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">dinner, evening</span>

<Details>

Notes:

The word “저녁” can refer to the evening time, or the meal that is eaten at that time (dinner). To distinguish between them, 저녁식사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-6.mp3" /> (dinner) and 저녁시간 (the evening) can also be used.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**저녁**으로 뭐 먹었어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What did you eat for **dinner**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">엄마가 온 후에 저는 **저녁식사**를 먹을 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">After mom comes home, I will eat **dinner**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">요리사들은 **저녁**을 부엌에서 준비했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The chefs prepared the **dinner** in the kitchen</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **저녁**에 공부했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied in the **evening**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 일요일에 **저녁**을 안 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat **dinner** on Sunday</span>

</Details>

점심 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson7-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">lunch, noonish</span>

<Details>

Notes:

The word “점심” can refer to the time around noon, or the meal that is eaten at that time (lunch). To distinguish between them, 점심식사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-8.mp3" /> (lunch) and 점심시간 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-9.mp3" /> (noonish) can also be used.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**점심**으로 뭐 먹고 싶어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What do you want to eat for **lunch**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 보통 **점심식사**로 과일만 먹어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I usually only eat fruit for **lunch**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**점심**은 어땠어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">How was **lunch**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**점심**을 먹었어?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Did you eat **lunch**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오빠는 바닥에 앉아서 **점심**을 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My brother ate **lunch** sitting on the floor</span>

</Details>

옷 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-v1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">clothes</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>옷을 입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to put on clothes</span>
- <TTS>옷을 벗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>
- <TTS>옷을 벗기다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take clothes off of another person</span>
- <TTS>옷을 갈아입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to change clothes</span>
- <TTS>비옷</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">rain clothes</span>
- <TTS>겉옷</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">some kind of outer clothing</span>

Notes:

One way and one form of telling somebody to put on clothes is to say “<TTS>옷 입어.</TTS>” This sounds like “온 이버”

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **옷**을 벗었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my **clothes**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 자주 **옷**을 충동적으로 사요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I often buy **clothes** impulsively</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 따뜻한 **옷**을 입고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to wear (put on) warm **clothes**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**옷**을 갈아입으러 탈의실에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He went to the change-room to change his **clothes**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">여행할 때 **옷**을 많이 챙길 필요가 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I/you don’t need to pack a lot of **clothes** when you travel</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리가 똑같은 **옷**을 입고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We are wearing exactly the same **clothes**</span>

</Details>

오전 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">morning</span>

<Details>

Notes:

This generally refers to any time before noon, but to refer to specifically refer to something early in the morning “<TTS>새벽</TTS>” can be used. “아침” refers to the time from breakfast until around noon.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 내일 **오전**에 교회에 가야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have to go to church tomorrow in the **morning**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 영업시간은 **오전** 8시부터 오후 5시까지입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our business hours are from 8 **am** to 5 pm</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오늘 일대일 면접이 오후에 있어서 **오전** 내내 면접 준비를 해야 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Today I have a one on one interview in the afternoon, so all **morning** I need to prepare for it</span>

</Details>

오후 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">afternoon</span>

<Details>

Notes:

To refer to a time later than 5:00 or so “밤” or “저녁” would more commonly be used

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오후**에 뭐 할 거예요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What are you doing in the **afternoon**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 오늘 **오후**에 낮잠을 잤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a nap in the **afternoon** today</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오후**에 비가 올지 모르겠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It might rain in the **afternoon** tomorrow</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오후**가 되면 햇살이 강해져요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In the **afternoon**, the sun gets stronger</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 부장님께서 오늘 **오후**에 출발할 예정이십니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our boss is scheduled to depart this **afternoon**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 의견에 동의하지 않는 사람은 제 사무실로 **오후**에 찾아오세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">People who don’t agree with this opinion, please come and see (“find”) me in my office this **afternoon**</span>

</Details>

여름 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">summer</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>여름 방학</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">summer vacation</span>

Notes:

For more information, words and sentences about seasons check out our [Weather Theme Lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/theme/weather/).

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이번 **여름**은 너무 더워요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This **summer** is too hot</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**여름**에 저는 공부하겠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will study in the **summer**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">논문을 **여름**까지 끝낼 수 없을까 봐 걱정돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m worried that I won’t finish my thesis by **summer**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">놀이동산에 **여름**에는 사람이 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">There are many people at the amusement park in the **summer**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">매년 **여름**, 이 지역에는 홍수가 나요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">A flood occurs every **summer** in this area</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국에서는 겨울 방학이 **여름** 방학보다 더 길어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In Korea, winter vacation is longer than **summer** vacation</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 **여름**을 제일 좋아하는 이유는 긴 휴가가 있기 때문이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The reason I like **summer** the most is because there is a long holiday</span>

</Details>

가을 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">fall</span>

<Details>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**가을**이 시원해서 좋아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Fall** is nice because it is cool</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**가을**에 잎의 색깔은 변해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The color of the leaves changes in the **fall**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**가을**에는 낙엽이 많이 떨어져요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In the **fall**, a lot of leaves fall to the ground</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**가을**에는 단풍놀이를 가는 많은 사람들을 볼 수 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In the **fall**, you can see many people who go out to see the autumn colors</span>

</Details>

겨울 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">winter</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>겨울 방학</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">winter vacation</span>
- <TTS>겨울잠</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">hibernation</span>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너무 추워서 저는 **겨울**이 싫어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t like **winter** because it is too cold</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">캐나다는 **겨울**이 추운 나라예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada is a country of/with cold **winters**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**겨울**에 한국 사람들이 문을 왜 안 닫는지 이해가 안 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t understand why Korean people don’t close the door in the **winter**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">피부가 너무 약해서 **겨울**에도 로션을 발라야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I even need to out on lotion in the **winter** because my skin is weak</span>

</Details>

봄 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">spring</span>

<Details>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나무는 **봄**에 예뻐요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The trees are pretty in **spring**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국에는 황사가 중국에서 **봄**마다 와요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Yellow dust comes to Korea every **spring** from China</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**봄**에는 꽃가루 알레르기를 조심해 야 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">You need to be careful about pollen allergies in the **spring**</span>

</Details>

### Verbs

찾다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to search for, find</span>

<Details>

Notes:

In English, the words “looking for/searching” and “find” have a similar meaning but are used differently. We use “find” _after_ something is found. However, before something is found we use “look for/search.” In Korean, the 찾다 is used for both of these usages. This confusion often leads Korean people to incorrectly say things like “I am finding my brother.”

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 지갑을 **찾**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am **looking** for my wallet</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">누군가(는) 너를 **찾**고 있어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Somebody is **looking** for you</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 사실을 백과사전에 **찾았어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **looked** up that fact in an encyclopedia</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 회사는 새로운 회사원을 **찾**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our company is **looking** for new workers</span>

</Details>

가르치다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to teach</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>수업을 가르치다</TTS> = <span class="spoiler">to teach a class</span>
- <TTS>학생을 가르치다</TTS> = <span class="spoiler">to teach a student</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 고등학교에서 10년 동안 영어를 **가르쳤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **taught** English at a high school for 10 years</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 학생들한테 한국어를 **가르쳤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **taught** Korean to the students</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">어제 학생들한테 뭐 **가르쳤어요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What did you **teach** the students yesterday?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 선생님이 그것을 언제 **가르쳤는**지 기억 안 나요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t remember when the teacher **taught** that</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님은 우리를 너무 잘 **가르치셨어**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our teacher **taught** us really well</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이것을 **가르쳐** 줘서 감사합니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Thanks for **teaching** that to me</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 선생님은 한국어를 저에게 **가르쳐** 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher **taught** me Korean</span>

</Details>

일하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to work</span>

<Details>

Notes:

The noun form of 일하다 (일) literally means “work” (as in, something you need to do). However, it is often used to refer to a task or anything that needs to be done. For example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 내일 할 **일**이 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have **something I need to do** tomorrow</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 회사에서 **일해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **work** at/for that company</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 지난 월요일에 **일했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **worked** last Monday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 2주 동안 열심히 **일했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **worked** hard for 2 weeks</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 **일할** **거예요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **work** at that company until May</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 회사를 위해 열심히 **일할** **거예요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **work** hard for the company</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">아버지는 지금 **일하**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Dad is **working** now</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 사람은 10년 동안 열심히 **일하**고 부자가 되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That person **worked** hard for 10 years and then became a rich person</span>

</Details>

짓다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to build</span>

<Details>

짓다 follows the ㅅ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>집을 짓다</TTS> = <span class="spoiler">to build a house</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 집을 언제 **지었어요** ?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When did you **build** that house?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 집을 **지었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **built** a house</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 우리 집을 나무로 **지었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **built** our house out of wood</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">새로 **지어진** 건물이 멋있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The newly **built** building is really cool/stylish</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 건물은 유명한 건축가의 건축설계도에 기초해서 **지어졌어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This building was **built** based on the blueprints of a famous architect</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">새로 **지어진** 공원에 운동 시설이 매우 좋아서 많은 사람들이 거기에서 운동을 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The newly **built** park has very good exercise facilities so many people exercise there</span>

</Details>

가지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to own, to possess</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>가지고 있다</TTS> = <span class="spoiler">to have</span>

Notes: When you use “있다” to indicate that you have something, you must put the particle ~이/가 on the object you have. For example: 저는 펜이 있어요

However, you can attach ~을/을 to that object if you use ~가지고 있다.

갖다 is a shortened version of this word. See [Lesson 97](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-92-100/lesson-97/ "Lesson 97: Abbreviated Conjugations: 갖다 and 머물다") for more information.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 펜을 **가지**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **have** a pen</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 지금 돈을 **가지**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **have** money now</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자는 자연스러운 머리를 **가지**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That **girl** has natural hair</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그는 항상 사진기를 **가지**고 다녀요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He always **carries** his camera with him (while walking around)</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">열쇠를 **가지**고 나왔어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Did you **bring** your keys (did you come out while possessing your keys?)</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">작은 입으로 큰 생선을 먹을 수 있다는 게 너무 신기했다. 나는 펭귄에게 먹이를 주기 위해 천천히 다가갔다. 펭귄들은 내가 먹이를 **가지고** 있자 내 주위로 다가왔다.</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was really amazed they could eat a big fish with their little mouth. I approached the penguins slowly with food, and as soon as I **had** food, the penguins drew close around me.</span>

</Details>

잠그다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>

<Details>

잠그다 follows the ㅡ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>수도꼭지를 잠그다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to turn the water (from a tap) off</span>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 문을 **잠갔어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **locked** the door</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">아버지는 창문을 **잠갔어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Dad **locked** the window</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">문을 **잠가야** 되었는데 깜박했어요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was supposed to **lock** the door, but I forgot!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">수압이 너무 세서 수도꼭지를 **잠가** 놓으세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The water pressure is too strong, so **turned off (“lock”)** the faucet</span>

</Details>

잊다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to forget</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>잊어버리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to forget</span>

Notes: ~아/어버리다 is added to some verbs to express the emotion that something was done and “thrown away” at the same time. It is commonly attached to 잊다 to express that something was “forgotten and thrown away.”

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저를 **잊**지 마세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t **forget** me!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 아빠의 죽음을 **잊**지 않았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t **forget** the death of my father</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">열쇠를 어디 둔지 **잊**어버렸어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **forget** where I put my keys</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 사막에서 살았을 때를 **잊**어버리고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **forget** the time I lived in the desert</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">바쁘게 살다 보면 가끔 중요한 일을 **잊어버려요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you (continue to) live a busy life, sometimes you will **forget** important things/tasks/jobs</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">미술대회에 참가하는 신입생들은 **잊지** 말고 꼭 10시까지 모여주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Freshmen participating in the art competition, don’t **forget**, and be sure to gather by 10 o’clock</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 오빠는 나에게 **잊지** 말고 영국에서 유명한 기념품을 사서 한국에 보내 달라고 했다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My brother told me not to **forget** to buy some famous souvenirs in England and send them to Korea</span>

</Details>

돕다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Lesson3Vocab-help.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to help</span>

<Details>

돕다 is an irregular ㅂ irregular. ㅂ changes to 오 when ~아/어 is added. However, ㅂ changes to 우 when any other vowel is added.

Common usages:

- <TTS>도와주다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to give help</span>

Notes:

~아/어주다 is commonly added to this word, because usually when one helps somebody, it is a form of “giving”

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**도와**주세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**help** me please!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 선생님이 아니라 학생을 **도와**주는 사람이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a teacher, I’m a student **helper**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">곤경에 처한 사람을 **도와주느라고** 제시간에 학교에 가지 못했다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I wasn’t able to go to school on time because I was **helping** a person going through some trouble</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">과학을 배우는 것은 중요해, 왜냐하면 내가 살고 있는 곳을 더욱 잘 이해할 수 있게 **도와주기** 때문이야</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It is important to learn science, because it **helps** me understand the place/environment that I live (in) better</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나는 엄마를 **도와** 정리를 했다. 거실을 깨끗하게 정리하고 엄마한테 진심으로 감사하다는 말을 전했다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **helped** mom clean-up/organize. We organized the living room (cleanly), and thanked mom from the bottom of our hearts</span>

</Details>

주다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to give</span>

<Details>

When giving something _to_ a person who deserves respect, <TTS>드리다</TTS> is used.

Notes: Often conjugated in the imperative voice (for example, ~세요) to ask for something. For example:

- <TTS>밥을 많이 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Give me lots of rice</span>

Often gets placed after a verb if somebody does an action for somebody. For example:

- <TTS>이것을 만들어 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Please, make this for me</span>

See [Lesson 41](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-41/ "Lesson 41: To Give: 주다, 아/어 주다") for more information.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 그릇을 **주**세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Give** me that bowl, please</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">밥을 사 **주**세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Buy me food, please</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">어머님은 너에게 돈을 **줬어**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Did your mother **give** you money?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 친구에게 돈을 **줬어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **gave** my friend money</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">아빠는 나에게 음식을 **줬어**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Dad **gave** me food</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 선생님은 한국어를 저에게 가르쳐 **줬어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher taught me Korean</span>

</Details>

맞다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be correct</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>입맛에 맞다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to fit one’s taste in food</span>

Notes: In every way, 맞다looks, feels and sounds like an adjective. However, in Korean 맞다 is a verb. In most cases this is irrelevant, but keep this in mind when conjugating.

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님! 이 거 **맞아요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Teacher! Is this **correct**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">고객님들은 항상 **맞아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The customer is (customers are) always **right**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 자세 **맞아요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Is this posture **right/correct**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 학설은 **맞을** 리가 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That theory cannot be **right**</span>

</Details>

### Adjectives

쉽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>

<Details>

쉽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 일은 너무 **쉬웠어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">that task was very **easy**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **쉬운** 일을 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I did **easy** work</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">누구나 그 **쉬운** 일을 잘 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Anybody can do that **easy** job well</span>

</Details>

덥다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be hot</span>

<Details>

덥다 follows this ㅂ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>날씨가 덥다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the weather is hot</span>

Notes: 덥다 is only used to talk about the weather or one’s body, not the temperature of objects.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오늘 날씨가 너무 **더워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Today the weather is too **hot**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오늘은 어제보다 더 **더워**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Today is **hot**ter than yesterday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너무 **더워서** 창문을 열었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I opened a window because it is too **hot**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">날씨가 춥다가 갑자기 **더워졌어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The weather was cold, and then suddenly became **hot**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오늘 날씨가 너무 **더워** 가지고 약속을 취소했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Because the weather is so **hot** today, I cancelled my plans</span>

</Details>

그립다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to miss (a thing)</span>

<Details>

그립다 follows this ㅂ irregular

Notes:

“<TTS>보고 싶다</TTS>” can is used when one misses a person.

In English “to miss” is a verb. 그립다 is an adjective in Korean that describes the feeling that is felt when one misses something. It is more commonly used when one misses a non-person. As an adjective, it must get treated as one. Therefore, in order to say that one misses something, it is commonly used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form that is taught in Lesson 15.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 우리 학교가 **그리워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **miss** our school</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 한국 음식이 **그리워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **miss** Korean food</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 결혼한 게 좋지만 한편으로 결혼 전 생활도 **그리워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I like being married, but, on the other hand, I also **miss** my life before I got married</span>

</Details>

귀엽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be cute</span>

<Details>

귀엽다 follows this ㅂ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>귀여운 여자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cute girl</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 여자 친구는 너무 **귀여워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My girlfriend is very **cute**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자는 **귀여워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is **cute**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **귀여운** 여자를 좋아해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I like **cute** girls</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 강아지의 꼬리는 아주 **귀여워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That puppy’s tail is very **cute**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">동생이 너무 **귀여워서** 가끔씩 동생의 볼을 꼬집어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My younger sibling is so **cute** that sometimes I pinch his/her cheeks</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">슬기의 볼이 통통하고 **귀여워서** 매일 뽀뽀해주고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Seulgi’s cheeks are very chubby and **cute**, so I want kiss them everyday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">길을 걷다가 시선이 느껴져서 쳐다보니 **귀여운** 남자가 저를 보며 서 있었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was walking down the street and I felt somebody looking at me, so I looked and saw a **cute** man standing there looking at me</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">기린의 털 때문에 기린이 노란색 옷을 입은 것 같이 보였다. 나는 기린이 목이 길어서 무서울 줄 알았는데 오히려 **귀여웠다**.</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Because of their fur, it looked like the giraffes were wearing yellow clothes. Giraffes have long necks, therefore I thought they would be scary, rather, they were **cute**.</span>

</Details>

춥다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be cold</span>

<Details>

춥다 follows this ㅂ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS class="md">날씨가 춥다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the weather is cold</span>

Notes:

- 춥다 is only used to talk about the weather or one’s body, not the temperature of objects.

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">캐나다는 겨울이 **추운** 나라예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada is a **cold** country in the winter</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">날씨는 주말에 **추워졌어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The weather **got** **cold** over the weekend</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너무 **추워**서 저는 겨울이 싫어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t like winter because it is too **cold**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">현재 날씨는 평소보다 조금 **추워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The present/recent weather is **colder** than normal</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">요즘에 날씨가 점점 **추워**져요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Lately, the weather is getting gradually **colder**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">날씨가 **추워**서 따뜻한 옷을 입었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The weather is **cold,** so I put on warm clothes</span>

</Details>

어렵다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be difficult</span>

<Details>

어렵다 follows the ㅂ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>어려운 문제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difficult problem</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">수학은 너무 **어려워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Math is too **difficult**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국에서 대학교는 고등학교보다 덜 **어려워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In Korea, University is not as **hard** as high school</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어려운** 내용을 천천히 설명했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I explained the **difficult** content slowly</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">부장님을 만족시키는 것은 **어려워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Is it is **difficult** to satisfy our boss</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">고등학교는 한국에서 **어려워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">High school is **difficult** in Korea</span>

</Details>

더럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be dirty</span>

<Details>

더럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 집은 지금 매우 **더러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our house is really **dirty** right now</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">쥐는 너무 **더러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Rats are very **dirty**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">바다는 춥고 **더러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The ocean is cold and **dirty**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 세수를 하지 않았기 때문에 얼굴이 **더러워** 보여요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My face looks **dirty** because I didn’t wash it</span>

</Details>

바쁘다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be busy</span>

<Details>

바쁘다 follows the ㅡ irregular

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 너무 **바빠**서 내일 못 가요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I can’t go tomorrow because I am so **busy**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**저는** 어제 너무 **바빴어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I was very/too **busy** yesterday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이달 초에 친구들과 모임이 많을 거여서 매우 **바쁠** 것 같아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will probably be very **busy** at the beginning of this month because I have a lot of meetings with friends</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리가 원래 내일 만나기로 했는데 우리 둘 다 너무 **바빠서** 다음 주로 연기했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We originally decided to meet tomorrow, but we delayed it to next week because we were both so **busy**</span>

</Details>

같다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be the same</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- ~ㄹ 것 같다 grammatical principle (Introduced in [Lesson 35](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-35/ "Lesson 35: It seems to be/might be (~ㄹ 것 같다)"))
- <TTS>똑같다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">exactly the same</span>

Notes:

See [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/ "Lesson 15: Miscellaneous Words and Grammar: 들다, Korean Homonyms, Being Sick, Different/Similar/Same") for more information

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **같은** 바지가 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have the **same** pants</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">캐나다 사람들은 한국 사람들과 **같아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Canadian people are the **same** as Korean people</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 학교는 우리 학교와 **같아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This school and our school are the **same**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저 식당은 이 식당과 **같아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That restaurant is the **same** as this one</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 아빠는 저것을 싫어할 것 **같아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Dad will probably not like **that**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님이 그 수업을 하지 않을 것 **같아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher probably won’t (teach) **that** lesson</span>

</Details>

안전하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be safe</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS class="md">안전띠</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">safety belt, seat belt</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 직업은 **안전해**서 좋아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This job is good because it is **safe**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 거리를 **안전하게** 건넜어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I crossed the street **safely**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 아버지는 차를 항상 **안전하게** 운전해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad always drives his car **safely**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">주위가 **안전하지** 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This area/surrounding area isn’t **safe**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 아파트가 경비 아저씨가 있지만 **안전하지** 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Even though that apartment (complex) has a security guard, it isn’t **safe**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">사람들이 운전을 할 때 신호를 준수해야 **안전해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When people drive, only when they obey the traffic signals is it **safe**</span>

</Details>

딱딱하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be hard, to be rigid</span>

<Details>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 빵은 너무 **딱딱해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This bread is too **hard**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">다이아몬드는 **딱딱하다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Diamonds are **hard**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 반죽을 딱딱할 때까지 **저었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **stirred** the batter until it was hard</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">바나나가 초록색일수록 **딱딱해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The greener bananas are, the **harder** they are</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 디스크가 있어서 **딱딱한** 바닥에서 자야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a herniated disk, so I need to sleep on a **hard** floor</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너무 **딱딱한** 음식을 많이 먹으면 턱에 무리가 가서 좋지 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you eat a lot of **hard** food, it puts too much stress on your chin so it is not good</span>

</Details>

부드럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be soft</span>

<Details>

부드럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그녀의 손은 **부드러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Her hands are very **soft**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자의 피부가 너무 **부드러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s skin is very **smooth/soft**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">손이 **부드럽지** 않아서 로션을 발랐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I put lotion on my hands because they weren’t **soft**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">매우 **부드럽고도** 이상한 느낌이었다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It had a very **soft**, but also a very strange feel</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 베개를 저것과 비교하면 이 베개가 훨씬 **부드러워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you compare this pillow with that one, this pillow is much **softer**</span>

</Details>

가능하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be possible</span>

<Details>

Common Usages:

- <TTS>가능성</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">possibility</span>
- <TTS>환불 가능</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">refunds are possible (you would see this on a sign in a store)</span>
- <TTS>교환 가능</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">exchanges are possible (usually seen on a sign at a store)</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그것이 **가능하다**고 생각해요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Do you think that is **possible**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그것은 경제적으로 **가능하지** 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That isn’t economically **possible**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">교환은 1주일 이내 **가능합니다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Exchanges are **possible** within one week</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">정부는 지진 **가능성** 때문에 적색 경보를 내렸어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The government issued a red alert because of the **possibility** of an earthquake</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">북한 사람들이 북한에서 탈출할 때도 잡혀서 죽을 **가능성이** 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It is **possible** for North Korean people to be captured and killed even when they are trying to escape the country</span>

</Details>

불가능하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be impossible</span>

<Details>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그것을 움직이는 것이 **불가능해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It is **impossible** to move that</span>

</Details>

예쁘다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be pretty</span>

<Details>

예쁘다 follows the ㅡ irregular

Common Usages:

- <TTS>예쁜 여자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pretty girl</span>

Example:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자가 너무 **예뻐요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is very **pretty**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 여자 친구는 귀엽고 **예뻐요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My girlfriend is cute and **pretty**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자의 구두가 **예뻐요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s boots are **pretty**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">여자 친구는 얼마나 **예뻐요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">How **pretty** is your girlfriend?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 여자들은 **예뻐요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Those girls are **pretty**</span>

</Details>

### Adverbs

일찍 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">early</span>

<Details>

Notes:

일찍 is an adverb. The opposite of “early” is typically 늦다 which is an adjective. <TTS>늦게</TTS> can be used as the adverb to have the meaning of “late.” For example:

- <TTS class="md">우리는 일찍 도착했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We arrived early</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리는 늦게 도착했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We arrived late (it would be awkward to say “lately” in English)</span>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리는 내일 **일찍** 일어나야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We need to wake up **early** tomorrow morning</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">왜 이렇게 **일찍** 가요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Why are you going so **early** (like this)?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 **일찍** 가도 돼요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">May I go **early**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 아침에 **일찍** 일어났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I woke up **early** in the morning</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그는 직장에서 **일찍** 퇴근했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He left work **early**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">밖에 **일찍** 나가려고 숙제를 빨리 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I did my homework fast in order to go out **early**</span>

</Details>

매일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">everyday</span>

<Details>

Examples:

- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **매일** 운동하겠습니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will exercise **everyday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **매일** 운동해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercise **everyday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**매일** 같은 운동을 하지 말고 많이 쉬세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t do the same exercise **every day**, and get lots of rest</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 남자는 **매일** 까만색 옷을 입어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That man wears black clothes **everyday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 공휴일을 빼고 **매일** 일해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I work **every day** except for public holidays</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 엄마는 **매일** 운동해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My mother exercises **every day**</span>

</Details>

You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video].

<YouTube id="gwXJVRSyVGI" />

## Irregulars

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" />

As with all languages, there are some irregular conjugations that you need to know. Irregulars are applied to certain verbs or adjectives when adding something to the stem of the word. Korean grammar is based on these “additions” that are added to stems. I mentioned this in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), but I want to reiterate it here.

There are hundreds of additions that you can add to the stem of a verb or adjective. Some of these additions are conjugations and some of them are grammatical principles that have meaning in a sentence.

You have learned about some of these additions now. For example:

- ~ㄴ/는다 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the plain form</span>
- ~아/어 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal low respect form</span>
- ~아/어요 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal high respect form</span>
- ~ㅂ/습니다 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the formal high respect form</span>
- ~았/었어 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal low respect form in the past tense</span>
- ~ㄴ/은 added to an adjective to <span class="md spoiler">describe an upcoming noun</span>

In future lessons, you will learn about many more of these additions. For example, some of them are:

- ~ㄴ/은 후에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“after”</span>
- ~기 전에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“before”</span>
- ~기 때문에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“because”</span>
- ~아/어서 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“because”</span>
- ~(으)면 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“when”</span>
- ~아/어야 하다 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“one must”</span>
- ~아/어서는 안 되다 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“one should not”</span>

Notice that some of these additions start with a vowel, and some of them start with a consonant. Most of the irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. The ㄹ irregular that is introduced at the end of the lesson is the only irregular that applies when adding a consonant to a stem.

Let’s look at one example before I introduce each irregular one by one. Let’s say we want to conjugate the word “어렵다” into the past tense using the informal low respect form. The following would happen:

어렵다 + ~았/었어 = <TTS>어려웠어</TTS>

Here, you can see that the actual _stem_ of the word changed. This is referred to as the “ㅂ irregular” because the same phenomenon happens with many (but not all) words whose stem ends in “ㅂ”.

As I mentioned previously, most of these irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. There are many additions that start with a vowel, and you got a start on learning some of those conjugations in [Lessons 5](./05-tenses.md) and [6](./06-honorifics.md):

- ~아/어
- ~아/어요
- ~았/었어
- ~았/었어요
- ~았/었습니다
- ~았/었다

As such, this lesson will present the Korean irregulars and how they change as a result of adding these conjugations. In later lessons when you learn about other additions, you can apply what you learned in this lesson to those concepts. For now, let’s get started.

### ㅅ Irregular

---

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㅅ" />

If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build</span>), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating:

짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make/build</span>

- 짓 + 어 = <TTS>지어</TTS>
  - 나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I build a house</span>
- 짓 + 었어요 = <TTS>지었어요</TTS>
  - 저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built a house</span>

Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:

<TTS>집을 짓는다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>

The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.

- Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
- Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
- Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’

The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’) Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done.

Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too difficult for you right now, but I’m just showing you):

- <TTS>낫다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">better (adjective)</span> – You will learn more about this word in [Lesson 19](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-19/#comp31)
- <TTS>잇다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to continue (verb)</span>

Common words that this does not apply to are:

- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>)
  - 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>)
  - 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>)
  - 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>

Here is a table with the word “짓다 (<span class="md spoiler">to build</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">build</span> | Past           | Present    | Future     |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                 | **지었어**     | **지어**   | 짓겠어     |
| Informal high                                | **지었어요**   | **지어요** | 짓겠어요   |
| Plain form                                   | **지었다**     | 짓는다     | 짓겠다     |
| Formal high                                  | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다   | 짓겠습니다 |

_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ <TTS>없다</TTS>_, which you will learn about in the next lesson._

### ㄷ irregular

---

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㄷ" />

If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. For example:

<TTS>걷다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>

- 걷 + 어 = <TTS>걸어</TTS>
  - 저는 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I walk</span>
- 걷 + 었어요 = <TTS>걸었어요</TTS>
  - 저는 걸었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I walked</span>

I don’t mean to confuse you, but I will:

걷다 means “<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it changes to <TTS>걸어</TTS>

Another meaning of 걷다 is “<span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>.” But this meaning of 걷다 does not follow the irregular rule. So when conjugating by adding a vowel, it simply stays as <TTS>걷어</TTS>.

걸다 means “<span class="md spoiler">to hang</span>.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it stays as <TTS>걸어</TTS>

Confusing enough? Let’s look at all three:

|                         | 걷다<br><span class="md spoiler">To walk</span> | 걷다<br><span class="md spoiler">To tuck</span> | 걸다<br><span class="md spoiler">To hang</span> |
| ----------------------- | :---------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------: |
| Past (Informal High)    |                    걸었어요                     |                    걷었어요                     |                    걸었어요                     |
| Present (Informal High) |                     걸어요                      |                     걷어요                      |                     걸어요                      |
| Future (Informal High)  |                    걷겠어요                     |                    걷겠어요                     |                    걸겠어요                     |

Honestly, though, the whole 걷다/걷다/걸다 thing is probably the most confusing part of this conjugation, and don’t worry too much about it. “Walk” is a word that is used much more frequently than “tuck,” so it is not something that comes up a lot.

The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your tongue better. It is similar to pronouncing the word “butter” in English. When pronouncing “butter” we don’t say “butt-tter,” we just say “bud-er.” Like the ㄷ irregular, it is simply to avoid saying a hard consonant.

This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>) are:

- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>)
  - 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>)
  - 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>)
  - 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>

Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">walk</span> | Past           | Present    | Future     |
| ------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                | **걸었어**     | **걸어**   | 걷겠어     |
| Informal high                               | **걸었어요**   | **걸어요** | 걷겠어요   |
| Plain form                                  | **걸었다**     | 걷는다     | 걷겠다     |
| Formal high                                 | **걸었습니다** | 걷습니다   | 걷겠습니다 |

### ㅂ Irregular

---

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㅂ" />

If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.

This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs. (Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>, <TTS>눕다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>.) For example:

쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>

- 쉽 + 어 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = <TTS>쉬워</TTS>
- 그것은 쉬워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That is easy</span>

어렵다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be difficult</span>

- 어렵 + 어요 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>어려워요</TTS>
- 그것은 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That is difficult</span>

귀엽다 = <span class="md spoiler">cute</span>

- 귀엽 + 어요 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>귀여워요</TTS>
- 그 여자는 귀여워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is cute</span>

In the words “돕다” (<span class="md spoiler">to help</span>) and “<TTS>곱다</TTS>” (<span class="md spoiler">an uncommon way to say “beautiful”</span>) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우. For example:

돕다 = <span class="md spoiler">to help</span>

- 돕 + 았어요 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = <TTS>도왔어요</TTS>
- 저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I helped my mother</span>

_Note: The_ ㅂ _in_ 돕다 _and_ 곱다 _changes to_ 오 _only when_ ~아/어 _(or any derivative like_ ~았/었다 _or_ ~아/어요*) is added. When adding any other vowel,* ㅂ _changes to_ 우*. As of now, you haven’t learned when you would need to add a different vowel. For example, in future lessons you will learn about adding ~*ㄹ/을 _to verbs. When this gets added to_ 돕다*, it changes to* 도울*. This isn’t immediately pressing to you now, but you should make a mental note of it.*

Because the ㅂ irregular is found in adjectives, you will be conjugating it not only at the end of a sentence, but also in the middle of a sentence (before a noun). Remember the difference between these two sentences.

- 사과는 크다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-4-Apples-are-big.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Apples are big</span>
- 나는 큰 사과를 좋아한다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-5-I-like-big-apples.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like big apples</span>

In the first sentence, ‘big’ is an adjective that describes the noun (apple) at the end of the sentence.
In the second, ‘big’ _describes_ the apple (as ‘a big apple’) and then “like” acts on the noun. In Lesson 4, you learned how to describe a noun by placing an adjective with ~ㄴ/은 before it. Adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives where the stem ends in “ㅂ” causes this irregular to come into play.

When placing an adjective (who’s stem ends in “ㅂ”) before a noun to describe it, you add ~ㄴ to the newly formed 우/오 syllable:

- 귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>귀여운</TTS>
- 저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like cute girls</span>

More examples:

쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>

- 쉽 + ㄴ = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>쉬운</TTS>
- 저는 쉬운 일을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I did easy work</span>

부드럽다 = <span class="md spoiler">soft</span>

- 부드럽 + ㄴ = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>부드러운</TTS>
- 나는 부드러운 손이 있어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3" />= <span class="md spoiler">I have soft hands</span>

춥다 = <span class="md spoiler">cold</span>

- 춥 + ㄴ = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>추운</TTS>
- 저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like cold weather</span>

Note that in most irregulars, the word changes differently if the last vowel in the stem is ㅗ OR ㅏ. However, in the ㅂ irregular, except for 돕다 and 곱다, all applicable words are changed by adding 우. Therefore, even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: <TTS>아름답다</TTS>) or ㅗ (ex: <TTS>새롭다</TTS>), 우 is added. For example:

아름답다 = <span class="md spoiler">beautiful</span>

- 아름답 + 어요 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>아름다워요</TTS>
- 그 여자는 아름다워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is beautiful</span>

새롭다 = <span class="md spoiler">new</span>

- 새롭 + 어요 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>새로워요</TTS>
- 그 학교는 새로워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That school is new</span>
- 그것은 새로운 학교예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is a new school</span>

Probably the most confusing of all irregulars, mainly because it seems strange that ㅂ can change to 우/오. The reason this happens is similar to the ㅅ irregular. As you know already, when pronouncing a syllable with the last letter ㅂ, you don’t really pronounce the ‘B’ sound. If you don’t know what I mean, check out the [Pronunciation guide](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=197). But, if you add a vowel after ㅂ the sound of ‘B’ would be pronounced. The purpose of the irregular is to eliminate the ‘B’ sound which isn’t actually in the word. Confusing? Yes, I know, but again, you don’t really need to care about _why_ it is done.

This is done to some words ending in ㅂ. Some common words in which this does not apply:

<TTS>좁다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">narrow</span>

- 이 방은 좁아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This room is narrow</span>

잡다 = <span class="md spoiler">to catch/grab</span>

- 저는 공을 잡았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I caught the ball</span>

<TTS>넓다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">wide</span>

- 이 방은 넓어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This room is wide</span>
- <span class="md spoiler">(Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”)</span>

Here is a table with the word “춥다 (<span class="md spoiler">cold</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 춥다 = <span class="md spoiler">cold</span> | Past                                                         | Present    | Future     |
| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                | **추웠어**                                                   | **추워**   | 춥겠어     |
| Informal high                               | **추웠어요**                                                 | **추워요** | 춥겠어요   |
| Plain form                                  | **추웠다**                                                   | 춥다       | 춥겠다     |
| Formal high                                 | **추웠습니다**                                               | 춥습니다   | 춥겠습니다 |
| Adjective form                              | **추운** 날씨 = <span class="md spoiler">cold weather</span> |

### ㅡ Irregular

---

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㅡ" />

If the final letter in a stem is ㅡ (for example: 잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>), when adding ~아/어, you can not determine whether you need to add ~어 or ~아 to the stem by looking at ㅡ. Instead, you must look at the vowel in the second last syllable. For example, in the word 잠그다, the second last syllable in the stem is 잠, and the vowel here is ㅏ. We use the same rules as above to determine whether 아 or 어 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added. For example:

Where the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ:

- 잠그다 + ~아/어 = <TTS>잠그아</TTS>

Where the vowel in the second last syllable is anything butㅏ or ㅗ:

- 슬프다 + ~아/어 = <TTS>슬프어</TTS>

Unfortunately, that is not all that happens. When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated. That is quite confusing, so let’s look at examples of how this is done.

잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>

- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 잠. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
  - 잠그 + 아
- ~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
  - 잠그 + 아 = <TTS>잠가</TTS>

바쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be busy</span>

- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 바. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
  - 바쁘 + 아
- ~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
  - 바쁘 + 아 = <TTS>바빠</TTS>

예쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">pretty</span>

- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 예. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ - or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
  - 예쁘 + 어
- ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
  - 예쁘 + 어 = <TTS>예뻐</TTS>

<TTS>슬프다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be sad</span>

- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 슬. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
  - 슬프 + 어
- ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
  - 슬프 + 어 = <TTS>슬퍼</TTS>

This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요. For example:

- 저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I locked the door</span>
- 저는 바빠요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am busy</span>
- 그 여자는 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is pretty</span>
- 저는 아주 슬퍼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am very sad</span>

Some stems only have one syllable. For example, the stem of 크다 is just 크. In this case, we know that we need to use the ㅡ irregular, but there is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem. For example:

크다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be big</span>

- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, but there is none, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
  - 크 + 어
- ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
  - 크 + 어 = <TTS>커</TTS>
- 그 집은 커요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That house is big</span>

Sometimes the last _vowel_ of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is always chosen instead of ~아. For example:

<TTS>긁다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to scratch</span>

- The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
  - 긁 + 어요 = <TTS>긁어요</TTS>
- 저는 머리를 긁었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I scratched my head</span>

듣다 = <span class="md spoiler">to hear</span>

- The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
  - 듣 + 었어요 = <TTS>듣었어요</TTS>
- But wait! Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular.
  - 듣 + 었다 = <TTS>들었다</TTS>
- 저는 쥐를 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I heard a mouse</span>

만들다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make</span>

- The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added. Regardless of what the vowel in the previous stem is, because the stem ends in a consonant, 어 is added.
  - 만들다 + ~아/어요 = <TTS>만들어요</TTS>

Here is a table with the word “잠그다 (<span class="md spoiler">to lock</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">lock</span> | Past           | Present    | Future       |
| --------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low                                  | **잠갔어**     | **잠가**   | 잠그겠어     |
| Informal high                                 | **잠갔어요**   | **잠가요** | 잠그겠어요   |
| Plain form                                    | **잠갔다**     | 잠근다     | 잠그겠다     |
| Formal high                                   | **잠갔습니다** | 잠급니다   | 잠그겠습니다 |

And here is a table with the word “예쁘다 (<span class="md spoiler">pretty</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 예쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">pretty</span> | Past           | Present    | Future       |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low                                    | **예뻤어**     | **예뻐**   | 예쁘겠어     |
| Informal high                                   | **예뻤어요**   | **예뻐요** | 예쁘겠어요   |
| Plain form                                      | **예뻤다**     | 예쁘다     | 예쁘겠다     |
| Formal high                                     | **예뻤습니다** | 예쁩니다   | 예쁘겠습니다 |

Finally, here is a table with the word “만들다 (<span class="md spoiler">to make</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far.

| 만들다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make</span> | Past                  | Present      | Future       |
| ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- | ------------ | ------------ |
| Informal low                                     | **만들었어**          | **만들어**   | 만들겠어     |
| Informal high                                    | **만들었어요**        | **만들어요** | 만들겠어요   |
| Plain form                                       | **만들었다**          | 만든다       | 만들겠다     |
| Formal high                                      | **만들었** **습니다** | 만듭니다     | 만들겠습니다 |

_You will learn how_ <TTS>만든다</TTS> _and_ <TTS>만듭니다</TTS> _are formed later in the lesson when you learn about the_ ㄹ _irregular._

### 르 Irregular

---

<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="르" />

If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (<TTS>마르다</TTS>), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much.

When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are <TTS>따르다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to follow/to pour</span>; and <TTS>푸르다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be calming blue</span>). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples:

다르다 = <span class="md spoiler">different</span>

- 다르 + 아요 = 다 + ㄹ + 라요 = <TTS>달라요</TTS>
- 그것은 달라요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-thing-is-different.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing is different</span>

빠르다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be fast</span>

- 빠르 + 아요 = 빠 + ㄹ + 라요 = <TTS>빨라요</TTS>
- 그 남자는 빨라요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-man-is-fast.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That man is fast</span>

<TTS>부르다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to call somebody’s name</span>

- 부르 + 었어요 = 부 + ㄹ + 렀어요 = <TTS>불렀어요</TTS>
- 저는 저의 누나를 불렀어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/19-I-called-my-sister.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I called my sister</span>

Here is a table with the word “<TTS>고르다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to choose</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 고르다 = <span class="md spoiler">choose</span> | Past           | Present    | Future       |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low                                    | **골랐어**     | **골라**   | 고르겠어     |
| Informal high                                   | **골랐어요**   | **골라요** | 고르겠어요   |
| Plain form                                      | **골랐다**     | 고른다     | 고르겠다     |
| Formal high                                     | **골랐습니다** | 고릅니다   | 고르겠습니다 |

And here is a table with the word “<TTS>마르다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">thin</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.

| 마르다 = <span class="md spoiler">thin</span> | Past                  | Present    | Future       |
| --------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low                                  | **말랐어**            | **말라**   | 마르겠어     |
| Informal high                                 | **말랐어요**          | **말라요** | 마르겠어요   |
| Plain form                                    | **말랐다**            | 마르다     | 마르겠다     |
| Formal high                                   | **말랐습니다**        | 마릅니다   | 마르겠습니다 |
| Adjective form                                | 마른 여자 = thin girl |

### ㄹ Irregular

Okay, last one, I promise.

As you know, there are times when you must choose between two things to add to a stem. For example:

- ~아/어 means you must choose between adding ~아 or ~어
- ~ㄴ/은 means you must choose between adding ~ㄴ or ~은
- ~ㅂ/습 means you must choose between adding ~ㅂ or ~습
- ~ㄹ/을 means you must choose between adding ~ㄹ or ~을

As you know, you choose the correct addition based on the stem.

If the final letter of a stem is ㄹ AND you add any of the following:

- ~ㄴ/은
- ~ㄴ/는
- ~ㅂ/습
- ~ㄹ/을

The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem. Let’s look at each one individually.

#### Adding ~ㄴ/은 to words

You have learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjective stems when describing nouns. Usually, you add ~ㄴ directly to the stem of an adjective ending in a vowel, and ~은 to the stem of an adjective ending in a consonant, for example:

- 크다 = <TTS>큰 남자</TTS>
- 작다 = <TTS>작은 남자</TTS>

When adding ~ㄴ/은 to a stem which ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and ㄴ is added to the stem:

길다 = <span class="md spoiler">long</span>

- 길 + ㄴ = <TTS>긴</TTS>
- 저는 긴 거리를 건넜어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/20-I-crossed-the-long-street.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I crossed the long street</span>

멀다 = <span class="md spoiler">far away</span>

- 멀 + ㄴ = <TTS>먼</TTS>
- 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/21-I-went-to-a-far-away-hospital.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away)</span>

There will be times when you have to add ~ㄴ/은 to verbs stems as well, but you haven’t learned about this yet. I introduce this concept in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), and then talk about the irregular being applied in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). I don’t want you to think about this too much until those lessons, but just so you know, the concept is the same as adding ~ㄴ/은 to an adjective. For example:

- 열다 = <span class="md spoiler">to open</span>
  - 열 + ㄴ = <TTS>연</TTS>

Although you haven’t learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to stems, you _have_ learned about adding ~ㄴ/는다 to verb stems. Normally, you add ~ㄴ다 to the stem of a verb ending in a vowel, and ~는다 to the stem of a verb ending in a consonant. For example:

- <TTS>나는 집에 간다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I go home</span>
- <TTS>나는 밥을 먹는다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I eat rice</span>

But when adding ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㄴ다 to the verb stem:

- 나는 문을 연다 = <span class="md spoiler">I open the door</span>
- 나는 케이크를 만든다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-25-I-make-a-cake.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I make a cake</span>

#### Adding ~ㅂ/습 to words

You have also learned about adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to verb and adjective stems when conjugating in the Formal high respect form: Normally, you add ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word ending in a vowel, and ~습니다 to the stem of a word ending in a consonant. For example:

Verbs:

- 저는 집에 갑니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I go home</span>
- 저는 밥을 먹습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I eat rice</span>

Adjectives:

- 그 여자는 예쁩니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is pretty</span>
- 이 방은 넓습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This room is big/wide</span>

But when adding ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㅂ directly to the stem. For example:

Verbs:

- 저는 문을 엽니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24-I-open-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I open the door</span>
- 저는 케이크를 만듭니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I make a cake</span>

Adjectives:

- 그 병원은 멉니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-That-hospital-is-far.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That hospital is far</span>
- 그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-27-That-girls-hair-is-long.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girls hair is long</span>

_머리 can mean <span class="md spoiler">‘head’</span> or <span class="md spoiler">‘hair’</span> depending on the context. If you want to specifically mention your hair, you can say <span class="md spoiler">머리카락</span>, which always means the hair on one’s head. 머리 or <span class="md spoiler">머리카락</span> does not refer to the hair on an animal, or the body hair of a human. This hair is referred to as <span class="md spoiler">“털”</span> and extends to most of the hair that can be found on animals (fur, the wool on a sheep, etc)._

The addition of ~ㅂ/습니다 only affects words that end in ㄹ. There is no irregular that occurs if adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to any other type of stem. For example, notice how only the stem of 길다 changes as a result of adding this:

| Irregular    | Example Word | + ~ㅂ/습니다 |
| ------------ | ------------ | ------------ |
| ㅅ Irregular | 짓다         | 짓습니다     |
| ㄷ Irregular | 걷다         | 걷습니다     |
| ㅂ Irregular | 쉽다         | 쉽습니다     |
| ㅡ Irregular | 예쁘다       | 예쁩니다     |
| 르 Irregular | 마르다       | 마릅니다     |
| ㄹ Irregular | 길다         | **깁니다**   |

Here is a table with the word “열다 (<span class="md spoiler">to open</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem.

| 열다 = <span class="md spoiler">open</span> | Past       | Present    | Future     |
| ------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                | 열었어     | 열어       | 열겠어     |
| Informal high                               | 열었어요   | 열어요     | 열겠어요   |
| Plain form                                  | 열었다     | **연다**   | 열겠다     |
| Formal high                                 | 열었습니다 | **엽니다** | 열겠습니다 |

And here is a table with the word “길다 (<span class="md spoiler">long</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between.

| 길다 = <span class="md spoiler">long</span> | Past                    | Present    | Future     |
| ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                | 길었어                  | 길어       | 길겠어     |
| Informal high                               | 길었어요                | 길어요     | 길겠어요   |
| Plain form                                  | 길었다                  | 길다       | 길겠다     |
| Formal high                                 | 길었습니다              | **깁니다** | 길겠습니다 |
| Adjective form                              | **긴** 거리 = long road |

I don’t want to confuse you too much more because I am sure you are already really confused. Just the amount of content on this page alone is enough to make somebody cry. That being said, I think it is a very good exercise to try to compare how the words 듣다 and 들다 differ in their conjugations. Don’t worry about the meaning of 들다 yet (it is a very complex word that has many meanings), but just assume it is a verb in this case. For now, let’s just focus on how they are conjugated.

Notice that when conjugating 듣다, you need to consider the following irregular patterns:

- ㄷ irregular (because it ends in ㄷ)
- ㅡ irregular (because the final vowel is ㅡ)

The following table shows how 듣다 should be conjugated across the honorifics and tenses you have learned so far: _(Irregular conjugations are in bold)_

| 듣다 = <span class="md spoiler">to hear</span> | Past           | Present    | Future     |
| ---------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low                                   | **들었어**     | **들어**   | 듣겠어     |
| Informal high                                  | **들었어요**   | **들어요** | 듣겠어요   |
| Plain form                                     | **들었다**     | 듣는다     | 듣겠다     |
| Formal high                                    | **들었습니다** | 듣습니다   | 듣겠습니다 |

Notice when conjugating 들다, you need to consider the following irregular patterns:

- ㄹ irregular (because it ends in ㄹ)
- ㅡ irregular (because the final vowel is ㅡ)

The following table shows how 들다 should be conjugated across the honorifics and tenses you have learned so far: _(Irregular conjugations are in bold)_

| 들다          | Past       | Present    | Future     |
| ------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low  | 들었어     | 들어       | 들겠어     |
| Informal high | 들었어요   | 들어요     | 들겠어요   |
| Plain form    | 들었다     | **든다**   | 들겠다     |
| Formal high   | 들었습니다 | **듭니다** | 들겠습니다 |

I feel that comparing these two is a very good exercise because you can see that sometimes, because of the irregular conjugations, 듣다 might look exactly like 들다. For example, in all of the past tense conjugations, there is no way to distinguish between the two based on sound, and the only way to distinguish them is by context in a sentence.

There is no easy way around memorizing stuff like this. The only words of encouragement I can give you is that – as you become more and more familiar with the language, and as you expose yourself to it more and more, it _does_ become second nature. I know you can’t believe that now, but it does.

## Adding ~ㄴ/은 to Adjectives

I mentioned this in some of the sections above, but I would like to organize it all here. In [Lesson 4](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-4/), you learned how to add ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives to describe an upcoming noun. Some irregulars will come into play when doing this because of the possibility of adding a vowel to a stem. Let’s look at the word “어렵다” as an example. 어렵다 has a consonant as its final letter, which means that ~은 must be added (instead of ~ㄴ). Therefore, we end up with:

어렵은

Because of this, we now have the final consonant “ㅂ” followed by a vowel, which causes the ㅂ irregular to be applied. The correct conjugation of 어렵다 + ~ㄴ/은 is therefore “어려운.”

Below is a table that shows how irregular adjectives can change because of adding ~ㄴ/은:

| Irregular    | Example Word                               | Does this apply? | Application |
| ------------ | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------- | ----------- |
| ㅅ Irregular | 낫다 (<span class="spoiler">better</span>) | YES              | 나은        |
| ㄷ Irregular | NA                                         | NA               | NA          |
| ㅂ Irregular | 쉽다 (<span class="spoiler">easy</span>)   | YES              | 쉬운        |
| ㅡ Irregular | 바쁘다 (<span class="spoiler">busy</span>) | NO               | 바쁜        |
| 르 Irregular | 빠르다 (<span class="spoiler">fast</span>) | NO               | 빠른        |
| ㄹ Irregular | 길다 (<span class="spoiler">long</span>)   | YES              | 긴          |

---

## Looking Ahead to Grammatical Principles that you will Learn in Future Lessons

There are many additions that you will learn in future lessons. You will learn the meaning and usage of all of these when they become important for your level of study. When you learn about a new addition in a future lesson, I will explain how it causes irregular words to change.

The good thing is – if you learn how one format of addition causes irregulars to change, every addition with the same initial letters will cause the same change. For example, adding ~아/어 causes ㅅ to be eliminated in words that follow the ㅅ irregular. Likewise, any other addition that _starts_ with ~아/어 causes the same change. For example, if I add ~아/어 or ~았/었다 to 짓다, we see the same change to the word stem – that is 짓다 changes to 지어 and 지었다 respectively.

This same idea can be applied to grammatical additions that will be introduced in later lessons. For example, in Lesson 43 you will learn how ~(으)면 causes irregular words to change. The change that results from adding ~(으)면 is exactly the same as the change that results from adding similar additions like ~(으)며 and ~(으)면서. Therefore, you don’t need to memorize how each one affects irregulars, but rather how the general format of adding ~(으)ㅁ… will affect irregulars. I know the road ahead to memorizing these new additions and their effects on irregulars looks daunting, but this grouping of formats will allow your brain to compartmentalize the information.

Each time a new format/style of addition is introduced in my lessons, I will explain how irregulars adapt to it. This only needs to be done once for each format, because each successive addition with the same format will create the same change to irregulars. Below is a list of grammatical principles you will learn in future lessons. Each one follows a particular style. In each of these lessons, I will explain how they cause irregular words to change. Furthermore, I will explain the other grammatical principles that follow the same format that will create the same change:

- ~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/))
- ~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/))
- ~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
- ~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/))
- ~(으)시다 ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/))
- ~(으)면 ([Lesson 43](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-43/))
- ~(으)니까 ([Lesson 81](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-81/))

For now, focus on the concepts that were introduced in this lesson. When you reach each of the lessons above, I will bring up the discussion of irregulars again. At that point, we can talk about how that grammatical principle causes irregular words to change.

[Check out our Irregular Guide if you are confused (I’m sure you are!).](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=448)

Everybody is confused when they learn these irregulars. Eventually you will reach a point where all of these will come natural to you. Whenever you learn a new word where the stem ends in ㅅ/ㄹ/ㅂ/ㄷ/르/ㅡ just make a mental note about how you should conjugate that word in the future. I don’t even have to think about these irregulars anymore because they just flow out naturally. If you can’t memorize them all right now, just try to understand them, which will allow you to recognize them later. Eventually, you will memorize them simply from using and hearing them so much.

[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./08-adverbs.md)

## Summary

These videos are available to reinforce this lesson:

[Sentence Practice]

<YouTube id="nU_N2kZZmEU" />

[Conjugation Practice]

<YouTube id="nq42Ak6m_cE" />

[Dictation]

<YouTube id="gVa2UTUBQIo" />

[Lesson Recap]

<YouTube id="FCn6SLVfruA" />

[Click here for a free PDF of this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/HowtoStudyKorean-Unit-1-Lesson-7.pdf)