1368 lines
76 KiB
Markdown
1368 lines
76 KiB
Markdown
---
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vocabulary:
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nouns:
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- ko: 교수
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v1.mp3
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en: professor
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examples:
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- ko: 저의 남자친구는 **교수**님 같이 보여요
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en: My boyfriend looks like a **professor**
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- ko: 그 **교수**는 다른 **교수**들보다 수업을 더 잘해요
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en: That **professor** teaches classes better than other **professors**
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- ko: "**교수**님은 마지막 수업이 끝나고 학생들을 위해 식사를 샀어요"
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en: The **professor** bought a meal for the students after the last class
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- ko: 학생들이 너무 시끄러워서 저는 **교수님**의 말을 못 들었어요
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en: The students were too loud, so I couldn't hear the **professor**
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- ko: 주인
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v2.mp3
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en: master/owner/proprietor
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examples:
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- ko: 그 강아지의 **주인**은 누구예요?
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en: Who is the **owner** of that dog?
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- ko: 그 **주인**은 손님들을 잘 대우해요
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en: That **owner** treats the customers well
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- ko: 손님이 불행에 찬 눈으로 **주인**을 봤어요
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en: The customer looked at the **owner** with eyes "full of" unhappiness
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- ko: 경찰관은 강아지의 **주인**에게 십만 원의 벌금을 물었어요
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en: The police officers gave the **owner** of the dog a 100 000원 fine
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- ko: 잘못
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v3.mp3
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en: mistake/fault
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "잘몯"</p>
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<p>This word would normally be easy, however it is more difficult than it needs to be because 잘못 (without a space) and 잘 못 (with a space) have two different meanings. See Lesson 20 for more information.</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 그것은 제 **잘못**이었어요
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-19.mp3
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en: That was my **fault/mistake**
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- ko: 저는 그 순간에 교실에 **잘못** 들어온 것을 깨달았어요
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en: I realized at that moment that I came in the **wrong** class
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- ko: 네 친구를 네 **잘못**에 대해 탓해서는 안 돼
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en: You shouldn't blame your friends for your own **mistakes**
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- ko: 제가 무슨 **잘못**을 한 듯이 우리 엄마가 저에게 잔소리를 했어요
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en: My mom scolded/nagged at me as if I had done some sort of **mistake**
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- ko: 기온
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v4.mp3
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en: temperature
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notes: This is used for the temperature of the weather.
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examples:
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- ko: 내일 최고**기온**은 10도예요
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en: Tomorrow the high **temperature** is 10 degrees
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- ko: 지구 **기온**이 점점 오르면서 한국에서 사계절이 사라진대요
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en: As the global **temperatures** gradually increase, they say that the "four seasons" in Korea is disappearing
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- ko: 거울
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v5.mp3
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en: mirror
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examples:
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- ko: 여자는 자기의 모습을 **거울**에서 봤어요
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en: She looked at herself in the **mirror**
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- ko: 제 모습을 **거울**에서 보는 중이에요
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en: I'm looking at myself (my appearance) in the **mirror**
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- ko: 집주인이 부서진 **거울**을 찾아낼까 봐 걱정돼요
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en: I'm worried that the landlord will find the shattered **mirror**
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- ko: 뒤에 있는 차가 저의 시야에 있게 **거울**을 조금 움직였어요
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en: I moved the **mirror** a little bit so that the cars behind me would be in my field of vision
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- ko: 가루
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v6.mp3
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en: powder
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examples:
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- ko: 케이크 반죽에 밀**가루**를 넣으세요
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en: Put some **flour** into the cake batter, please
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- ko: 봄에는 꽃**가루** 알레르기를 조심해 야 해요
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en: You need to be careful about **pollen** allergies in the spring
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- ko: 한국의 주식이 쌀이에요. 그래서 밀**가루**보다는 쌀로 만든 음식이 더 많아요
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en: The staple food of Korea is rice. Therefore, there are more foods made from rice than **flour**
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- ko: 근육
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v7.mp3
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en: muscle
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notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "그뉵"
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examples:
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- ko: 목에는 **근육**이 많아요
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en: There are many **muscles** in your neck
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- ko: 남자는 자기 **근육**을 여자들에게 드러냈어요
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en: The man revealed his **muscles** to the girls
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- ko: 허벅지 **근육**은 균형을 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 해요
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en: The **muscles** of your inner-thigh play an important role in maintaining one's balance
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- ko: 어둠
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v8.mp3
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en: darkness
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notes: This is the noun form of 어둡다 (dark)
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examples:
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- ko: 부부는 **어둠**으로 사라졌어요
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en: The couple disappeared into the **darkness**
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- ko: 저의 돈을 훔치고 범죄자들은 **어둠**으로 사라졌어요
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en: The criminals disappeared into the **darkness** after stealing my money
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- ko: 기본
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v9.mp3
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en: basic/basics
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examples:
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- ko: 그 학생은 물리의 **기본**도 이해하지 못해요
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en: That student doesn't even understand **basic** physics
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- ko: 무역회사에서 일하고 싶으면 **기본적으로** 영어를 할 줄 알아야 해요
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en: If you want to work at a trade company, you need to know how to speak **basic** English (at a basic level)
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- ko: 사고
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v10.mp3
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en: accident
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examples:
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- ko: 집에 가는 동안 **사고**를 당했어요
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en: I got into an **accident** on my way home
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- ko: 한국 정부는 교통**사고**를 방지하려고 노력하고 있어요
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en: The Korean government is trying to prevent traffic **accidents**
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- ko: "**사고**가 났음에도 불구하고 경기가 계속되었어요"
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en: The game/match continued despite the **accident** that arose
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- ko: "**사고**가 났지만 저의 아버지가 많이 다치지 않았다니 다행이에요"
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en: Even though there was an **accident**, I am thankful to hear that my dad wasn't that hurt
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- ko: 교통
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v11.mp3
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en: traffic
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notes: |
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<p>This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 10]</p>
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<p><YouTube id="6LAJmf7Qqpc" /></p>
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examples:
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- ko: "**교통**카드가 있었나요?"
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en: Did you have your bus (**transportation**) card?
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- ko: 휘발유가 비쌀수록 **교통**비가 비싸져요
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en: The more expensive gasoline is, the more expensive **transportation** costs will be
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- ko: "**교통**사고에서 사람 다섯 명은 부상을 당했어요"
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en: Five people were injured in the **traffic** accident
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- ko: 사람이 너무 많아서 서울에서는 **교통**혼잡이 심해요
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en: The **traffic** jams in Seoul are severe because there are too many people
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- ko: "**교통**혼잡 때문에 약 한 시간 정도 더 걸릴 것 같아요"
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en: Because of the **traffic** jam, it will probably take about another hour
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- ko: 이상
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v39.mp3
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en: a noun to indicate that something is more than something else
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notes: |
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<p>It is hard to imagine this being a noun based on the translation about, but grammatically it is a noun. By putting 이상 after something, it can have the meaning of "more than." For example: "열여덟 살 이상" = "over 18 years of age", "두 명 이상" = "more than two people"</p>
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<p>It is common to use "더 이상" to indicate that one will not do something "anymore." For example: "저는 이 영화를 더 이상 보고 싶지 않아요" = "I don't want to watch this movie anymore"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 저는 이 영화를 **더 이상** 보고 싶지 않아요
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en: I don't want to watch this movie **anymore**
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- ko: 그 가게에 18세 **이상**만 들어가도 돼요
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en: Only people **older** than 18 years can enter that store
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verbs:
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- ko: 잘하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v12.mp3
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en: to do something well
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notes: |
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<p>The main meaning of 잘하다 is "to do something well." To use 잘하다, simply place a noun in a sentence with 잘하다 as the verb. For example: "나는 수영을 잘해" = "I swim well"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 나는 수영을 **잘해**
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-1.mp3
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en: I swim **well**
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- ko: 저 학생은 공부를 **잘해**
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-2.mp3
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en: That student studies **well**
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- ko: 우리 애기는 말을 **잘해요**
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en: Our baby speaks **well**
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- ko: 저는 야구를 **잘해요**
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en: I play baseball **well**
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- ko: 저 학생은 공부를 **잘해요**
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en: That student studies **well**
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- ko: 못하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v13.mp3
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en: to do something poorly
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "모타다"</p>
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<p>못하다 has the opposite meaning of 잘하다. For example: "나는 수영을 못해" = "I am bad at swimming"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 나는 수영을 못해
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en: I am **bad at** swimming
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- ko: 저 학생은 공부를 못해
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-10.mp3
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en: That student does **not** study **well**
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- ko: 제가 너무 부끄러워서 발표를 **못해요**
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en: I **can't do** presentations (**well**) because I am so shy
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- ko: 저는 수학을 **못해요**
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en: I am **bad at** math
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- ko: 수영하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v14.mp3
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en: to swim
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examples:
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- ko: 나는 **수영**을 잘해
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en: I am good at **swimming**
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- ko: 저는 **수영**을 작년보다 더 잘해요
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en: I am better at **swimming** than last year
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- ko: 저는 어렸을 때 **수영**을 많이 **했어요**
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en: I **swam** a lot when I was younger
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- ko: "**수영**장물이 다 넘쳤어요?"
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en: Did all the water overflow out of the **swimming** pool?
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- ko: 모두 호수에서 **수영해도** 저는 안 들어가요
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en: Regardless of if everyone goes **swimming** in the lake, I am not going in
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- ko: 키가 클 때까지 얕은 수영장에서만 **수영할 거예요**
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en: I'm only going to swim in shallow **swimming** pools until I am taller
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- ko: 대우하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v15.mp3
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en: to treat somebody
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notes: The noun form of this word translates to "treatment"
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examples:
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- ko: 그 주인은 손님들을 잘 **대우해요**
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en: That owner **treats** the customers well
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- ko: 저는 저의 여자 친구를 공주처럼 **대우해요**
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en: I **treat** my girlfriend like a princess
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- ko: 아이들을 성별에 따라 **대우하는** 것이 좋지 않아요
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en: It's not good to **treat** children based on their gender
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- ko: 퇴직하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v16.mp3
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en: to retire
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "퇴지카다"</p>
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<p>The noun form of this word translates to "retirement"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 사람들은 보통 65살이 되면 **퇴직해요**
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en: People usually **retire** when they are 65 years old
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- ko: 그 선생님은 지금 그만두거나 **퇴직**을 할 수 있어요
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en: That teacher could quit or **retire** now
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- ko: "**퇴직하자마자** 연금을 받을 수 있습니다"
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en: As soon as you **retire**, you can receive your pension
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- ko: 접수하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v17.mp3
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en: to receive (an application)
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "접쑤하다"</p>
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<p>접수하다 is a weird word. It technically means "to receive," but it usually used when the subject is giving something. It doesn't make much sense, but that is how it is used.</p>
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<p>This word is not said very often. You will see it written more commonly than you will hear it spoken.</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 저는 서울대학교에 원서를 **접수했어요**
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en: Seoul University **received my application**
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- ko: 씹다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v18.mp3
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en: to chew
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examples:
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- ko: 수업 시간 동안 껌을 **씹**지 마세요
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en: Don't **chew** gum during the class
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- ko: 통역하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v19.mp3
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en: to interpret
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "통여카다"</p>
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<p>The noun form of this word translates to "interpretation"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 저는 한국어를 못해서 **통역사**가 필요해요
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en: I need an **interpreter** because I can't speak Korean
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- ko: 번역하다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v20.mp3
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en: to translate
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "버녀카다"</p>
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<p>The noun form of this word translates to "translation"</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 그 영화가 일본어로도 **번역되었다**
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en: That movie was also **translated** to Japanese
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- ko: 학생들은 그 이야기를 한국어에서 영어로 **번역할** 거예요
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en: The students will **translate** that conversation (or story) from Korean to English
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- ko: 젓다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v21.mp3
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en: to stir
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notes: |
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<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "젇따"</p>
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<p>젓다 follows the ㅅ irregular</p>
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examples:
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- ko: 저는 반죽을 딱딱할 때까지 **저었어요**
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en: I **stirred** the batter until it was hard
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- ko: 늘리다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v22.mp3
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en: to gain, to improve, to increase
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examples:
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- ko: 저의 친구는 한국어 실력을 **늘렸어요**
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en: My friend **increased** his Korean skills
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- ko: 우리 사업규모를 내년에 **늘릴** 계획이 있어요
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en: We have plans to **increase** the scale of our business next year
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- ko: 1년에 재해방지훈련을 하는 횟수를 두 번에서 네 번으로 **늘릴까** 해요
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en: I am thinking about **raising** the number of times we do disaster prevention training per year from two times to four times
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- ko: 한국어실력을 **늘리고** 싶으면 선생님이 한국 사람들이랑 의사소통을 많이 하라고 그랬어요
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en: If I want to **expand** my Korean language ability, my teacher told me to communicate a lot with Korean people
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- ko: 빠지다
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audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v23.mp3
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en: to fall into
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examples:
|
||
- ko: 열심히 운동하고 지금 힘이 **빠졌어요**
|
||
en: After exercising, I now have no energy (my energy has all **fallen out**)
|
||
|
||
- ko: 빠져나오다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v25.mp3
|
||
en: to escape, to come out of
|
||
notes: This is a compound word with the meanings of 빠지다 and 나오다 combined.
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 회사장은 많은 시위자들로부터 드디어 **빠져나왔어요**
|
||
en: The CEO finally **escaped (came out of)** the crowd of protestors
|
||
|
||
- ko: 빠져나가다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v26.mp3
|
||
en: to escape, to go out of
|
||
notes: This is a compound word with the meanings of 빠지다 and 나가다 combined.
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 군인들은 적의 덫에서 못 **빠져나갔어요**
|
||
en: The soldiers could not **escape** the enemy's trap
|
||
|
||
- ko: 헷갈리다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v29.mp3
|
||
en: to be confused
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "헫깔리다"</p>
|
||
<p>Learners sometimes think that 헷갈리다 is an adjective that describes something as "confusing." However, 헷갈리다 is a verb which describes the mental struggle that goes on in one's head when confused (often when having to remember or choose from multiple choices).</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 이 문제 답이 A인지 B인지 **헷갈려요**
|
||
en: I'm **confused** if the answer to this question is A or B
|
||
- ko: 나는 엄마의 핸드폰 번호가 맨날 **헷갈려요**
|
||
en: I'm **confused** every day (always) of my mother's cell phone number
|
||
- ko: 이 음식에 소금을 넣는 건지 설탕을 넣는 건지 **헷갈려요**
|
||
en: I'm **confused** if I put salt or sugar in this food
|
||
|
||
passive_verbs:
|
||
- ko: 늘다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v27.mp3
|
||
en: to be gained, improved, increased
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>늘다 follows the ㄹ irregular</p>
|
||
<p>This is the passive form of the active verb "늘리다"</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 저의 친구의 한국어 실력이 많이 **늘었다**
|
||
en: My friend's Korean (skills) really **increased/got better**
|
||
- ko: 저의 친구는 한국어 실력을 **늘렸다**
|
||
en: My friend **increased** his Korean skills
|
||
|
||
adjectives:
|
||
- ko: 둥글다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v28.mp3
|
||
en: to be round, to be spherical
|
||
notes: 둥글다 follows the ㄹ irregular
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 미식축구공은 **둥글**지 않아요
|
||
en: The American football ball isn't **round**
|
||
|
||
- ko: 어둡다
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v30.mp3
|
||
en: to be dark
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "어둡따"</p>
|
||
<p>어둡다 follows the ㅂ irregular</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 교실이 너무 **어두워서** 학생들은 칠판을 볼 수 없어요
|
||
en: The students can't see the board because the classroom is too **dark**
|
||
- ko: 지금 점점 **어두워**지고 있어서 우리는 산에서 내려가야 돼요
|
||
en: We need to go down the mountain, because it is gradually getting **darker**
|
||
|
||
adverbs:
|
||
- ko: 잘
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v31.mp3
|
||
en: well
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>After you finish a meal, it is polite to say "잘 먹었습니다"</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 저는 어젯밤에 **잘** 잤어요
|
||
en: I slept **well** last night
|
||
- ko: 선생님은 우리를 너무 **잘** 가르치셨어요
|
||
en: Our teacher taught us really **well**
|
||
- ko: 저는 몇몇 한국사람들보다 한국어를 더 **잘** 말할 수 있어요
|
||
en: I can speak Korean **better** than some Korean people
|
||
|
||
- ko: 못
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v32.mp3
|
||
en: poorly
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "몯"</p>
|
||
<p>The usage of 못 is very complex. See below in this lesson for more information.</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 저는 어제 시험을 못 봤어요
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-12.mp3
|
||
en: I did **poorly** on the exam yesterday / I didn't write the exam yesterday
|
||
- ko: 이 셔츠가 너무 작아서 **못** 입어요
|
||
en: I **can't** put this shirt on because it is too small
|
||
- ko: 저는 그 동안 공부를 **못** 했어요
|
||
en: I **couldn't** study during that time
|
||
|
||
- ko: 님
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v33.mp3
|
||
en: adds respect to person's name or position
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>The specific words for father- and mother-in-law are 장인 and 장모님, respectively. However, it is common to politely refer to them as "father" and "mother" using ~님 as shown in the example below.</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 아버**님**과 어머**님**은 영어로 말씀을 못하셔요
|
||
en: My mother and father in law can't speak English
|
||
|
||
- ko: 또는
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v34.mp3
|
||
en: or
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>This is usually used between two nouns or certain adverbs (usually a place or time), not between two verbs or adjectives. In order to see how to say "or" with verbs and adjectives, see Lesson 55.</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 중학교 **또는** 고등학교를 다녀요?
|
||
en: Do you go to middle school **or** high school?
|
||
|
||
- ko: 세
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v35.mp3
|
||
en: a counter for years of age
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 그 가게에 18**세** 미만은 못 들어가요
|
||
en: Those under 18 **years of age** can't enter that store
|
||
|
||
- ko: 꼭
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v36.mp3
|
||
en: surely/definitely
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video 5.</p>
|
||
<p><YouTube id="wMRfpE9JdUo" /></p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: 우리는 이번에 **꼭** 이겨야 돼요
|
||
en: We **must** win this time!
|
||
- ko: 물이 넘치지 전에 **꼭** 불을 꺼야 해요
|
||
en: You **need** to turn off the flame before the water overflows
|
||
- ko: "**꼭** 저녁에 잠을 자기 전에 세수를 해야 해요"
|
||
en: Before you go to sleep at night, you **must** wash your face
|
||
- ko: 우리 둘 다 해리포터 좋아하니까, 해리포터 촬영 장소도 **꼭** 가보자!
|
||
en: We both like Harry Potter, so let's **definitely** also go to the place where the movie was filmed!
|
||
- ko: 아침에 눈을 뜨자마자 저는 **꼭** 커피를 마셔야 해요
|
||
en: As soon as I wake up in the morning (as soon as my eyes open), I **need** to have coffee right away
|
||
|
||
- ko: 물론
|
||
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v37.mp3
|
||
en: of course
|
||
notes: |
|
||
<p>Often used as an adverb, for example: "물론 와도 돼요!" = "Of course you can come!"</p>
|
||
<p>It can also be used as a noun (predicated with 이다). For example: "돈을 줄 것은 물론이죠" = "Of course I will give you the money"</p>
|
||
examples:
|
||
- ko: "**물론** 와도 돼요!"
|
||
en: "**Of course** you can come!"
|
||
- ko: "돈을 줄 것은 **물론**이죠"
|
||
en: "**Of course** I will give you the money"
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Lesson 20: Well and Poorly: 잘 and 못
|
||
|
||
## Vocabulary
|
||
|
||
<VocabQuiz />
|
||
|
||
### Nouns
|
||
|
||
교수 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">professor</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>교수님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">polite way to say “professor”</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 저의 남자친구는 **교수**님 같이 보여요 = <span class="md spoiler">My boyfriend looks like a **professor**</span>
|
||
- 그 **교수**는 다른 **교수**들보다 수업을 더 잘해요 = <span class="md spoiler">That **professor** teaches classes better than other **professors**</span>
|
||
- **교수**님은 마지막 수업이 끝나고 학생들을 위해 식사를 샀어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **professor** bought a meal for the students after the last class</span>
|
||
- 학생들이 너무 시끄러워서 저는 **교수님**의 말을 못 들었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The students were too loud, so I couldn’t hear the **professor**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
주인 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">master/owner/proprietor</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>집주인</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">landlord</span>
|
||
- <TTS>주인공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the main character in a movie, story</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 그 강아지의 **주인**은 누구예요? = <span class="md spoiler">Who is the **owner** of that dog?</span>
|
||
- 그 **주인**은 손님들을 잘 대우해요 = <span class="md spoiler">That **owner** treats the customers well</span>
|
||
- 손님이 불행에 찬 눈으로 **주인**을 봤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The customer looked at the **owner** with eyes “full of” unhappiness</span>
|
||
- 경찰관은 강아지의 **주인**에게 십만 원의 벌금을 물었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The police officers gave the **owner** of the dog a 100 000원 fine</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
잘못 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">mistake/fault</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “잘몯”
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This word would normally be easy, however it is more difficult than it needs to be because 잘못 (<span class="md spoiler">without a space</span>) and 잘 못 (<span class="md spoiler">with a space</span>) have _two different meanings. See Lesson 20 for more information_.
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 그것은 제 **잘못**이었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That was my **fault/mistake**</span>
|
||
- 저는 그 순간에 교실에 **잘못** 들어온 것을 깨달았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I realized at that moment that I came in the **wrong** class</span>
|
||
- 네 친구를 네 **잘못**에 대해 탓해서는 안 돼 = <span class="md spoiler">You shouldn’t blame your friends for your own **mistakes**</span>
|
||
- 제가 무슨 **잘못**을 한 듯이 우리 엄마가 저에게 잔소리를 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">My mom scolded/nagged at me as if I had done some sort of **mistake**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
기온 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">temperature</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>최고기온</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the highest temperature</span>
|
||
- <TTS>최저기온</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the lowest temperature</span>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is used for the temperature of <span class="md spoiler">the weather</span>.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 내일 최고**기온**은 10도예요 = <span class="md spoiler">Tomorrow the high **temperature** is 10 degrees</span>
|
||
- 지구 **기온**이 점점 오르면서 한국에서 사계절이 사라진대요 = <span class="md spoiler">As the global **temperatures** gradually increase, they say that the “four seasons” in Korea is disappearing</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
거울 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">mirror</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 여자는 자기의 모습을 **거울**에서 봤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">She looked at herself in the **mirror**</span>
|
||
- 제 모습을 **거울**에서 보는 중이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">I’m looking at myself (my appearance) in the **mirror**</span>
|
||
- 집주인이 부서진 **거울**을 찾아낼까 봐 걱정돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">I’m worried that the landlord will find the shattered **mirror**</span>
|
||
- 뒤에 있는 차가 저의 시야에 있게 **거울**을 조금 움직였어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I moved the **mirror** a little bit so that the cars behind me would be in my field of vision</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
가루 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">powder</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>밀가루</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">flour</span>
|
||
- <TTS>꽃가루</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pollen</span>
|
||
- <TTS>고춧가루</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">hot pepper powder</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 케이크 반죽에 **밀가루**를 넣으세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Put some **flour** into the cake batter, please</span>
|
||
- 봄에는 꽃**가루** 알레르기를 조심해 야 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">You need to be careful about **pollen** allergies in the spring</span>
|
||
- 한국의 주식이 쌀이에요. 그래서 밀**가루**보다는 쌀로 만든 음식이 더 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">The staple food of Korea is rice. Therefore, there are more foods made from rice than **flour**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
근육 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">muscle</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “그뉵”
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>근육질이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be muscular</span>
|
||
- <TTS>근육통</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">muscle pain</span>
|
||
- <TTS>근육을 키우다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to build muscles</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 목에는 **근육**이 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">There are many **muscles** in your neck</span>
|
||
- 남자는 자기 **근육**을 여자들에게 드러냈어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The man revealed his **muscles** to the girls</span>
|
||
- 허벅지 **근육**은 균형을 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **muscles** of your inner-thigh play an important role in maintaining one’s balance</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
어둠 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">darkness</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>어둠이 무섭다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be afraid of the dark</span>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is the noun form of <TTS>어둡다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">dark</span>)
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 부부는 **어둠**으로 사라졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The couple disappeared into the **darkness**</span>
|
||
- 저의 돈을 훔치고 범죄자들은 **어둠**으로 사라졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The criminals disappeared into the **darkness** after stealing my money</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
기본 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">basic/basics</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>기본요금</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">basic fare</span>
|
||
- <TTS>기본적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">basically</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 그 학생은 물리의 **기본**도 이해하지 못해요 = <span class="md spoiler">That student doesn’t even understand **basic** physics</span>
|
||
- 무역회사에서 일하고 싶으면 **기본적으로** 영어를 할 줄 알아야 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">If you want to work at a trade company, you need to know how to speak **basic** English (at a basic level)</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
사고 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">accident</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>교통사고</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">car/traffic accident</span>
|
||
- <TTS>사고가 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for an accident to happen</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 집에 가는 동안 **사고**를 당했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I got into an **accident** on my way home</span>
|
||
- 한국 정부는 교통**사고**를 방지하려고 노력하고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The Korean government is trying to prevent traffic **accidents**</span>
|
||
- **사고**가 났음에도 불구하고 경기가 계속되었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The game/match continued despite the **accident** that arose</span>
|
||
- **사고**가 났지만 저의 아버지가 많이 다치지 않았다니 다행이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">Even though there was an **accident**, I am thankful to hear that my dad wasn’t that hurt</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
교통 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">traffic</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 10]
|
||
|
||
<YouTube id=6LAJmf7Qqpc />
|
||
|
||
Common Usages
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>교통사고</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">car/traffic accident</span>
|
||
- <TTS>교통카드</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">bus card</span>
|
||
- <TTS>대중교통</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">mass transportation</span>
|
||
- <TTS>교통혼잡</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">traffic jam/congestion</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- **교통**카드가 있었나요? = <span class="md spoiler">Did you have your bus (**transportation**) card?</span>
|
||
- 휘발유가 비쌀수록 **교통**비가 비싸져요 = <span class="md spoiler">The more expensive gasoline is, the more expensive **transportation** costs will be</span>
|
||
- **교통**사고에서 사람 다섯 명은 부상을 당했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Five people were injured in the **traffic** accident</span>
|
||
- 사람이 너무 많아서 서울에서는 **교통**혼잡이 심해요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **traffic** jams in Seoul are severe because there are too many people</span>
|
||
- **교통**혼잡 때문에 약 한 시간 정도 더 걸릴 것 같아요 = <span class="md spoiler">Because of the **traffic** jam, it will probably take about another hour</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
이상 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a noun to indicate that something is more than something else</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
It is hard to imagine this being a noun based on the translation about, but grammatically it is a noun. By putting 이상 <span class="md spoiler">after something</span>, it can have the meaning of “more than.” For example:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>열여덟 살 이상</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">over 18 years of age</span>
|
||
- <TTS>두 명 이상</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">more than two people</span>
|
||
- <TTS>이 년 이상</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">more than two years</span>
|
||
- 그 가게에 18세 **이상**만 들어가도 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">Only people **older** than 18 years can enter that store</span>
|
||
|
||
It is common to use “더 이상” to indicate that one will not do something “anymore.” For example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 이 영화를 **더 이상** 보고 싶지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t want to watch this movie **anymore**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
### Verbs
|
||
|
||
잘하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to do something well</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The main meaning of 잘하다 is “to do something well.” To use 잘하다, simply place a noun in a sentence with 잘하다 as the verb. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 수영을 **잘해** <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I swim **well**</span>
|
||
- 저 학생은 공부를 **잘해** <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That student studies **well**</span>
|
||
- 우리 애기는 말을 **잘해요** = <span class="md spoiler">Our baby speaks **well**</span>
|
||
- 저는 야구를 **잘해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I play baseball **well**</span>
|
||
- 저 학생은 공부를 **잘해요** = <span class="md spoiler">That student studies **well**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
못하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to do something poorly</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “모타다”
|
||
|
||
못하다 has the opposite meaning of 잘하다. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 수영을 못해 = <span class="md spoiler">I am **bad at** swimming</span>
|
||
- 저 학생은 공부를 못해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That student does **not** study **well**</span>
|
||
- 제가 너무 부끄러워서 발표를 **못해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **can’t do** presentations (**well**) because I am so shy</span>
|
||
- 저는 수학을 **못해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I am **bad at** math</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
수영하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to swim</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>수영복</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">swimming suit</span>
|
||
- <TTS>수영장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">swimming pool</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 **수영**을 잘해 = <span class="md spoiler">I am good at **swimming**</span>
|
||
- 저는 **수영**을 작년보다 더 잘해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am better at **swimming** than last year</span>
|
||
- 저는 어렸을 때 **수영**을 많이 **했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **swam** a lot when I was younger</span>
|
||
- **수영**장물이 다 넘쳤어요? = <span class="md spoiler">Did all the water overflow out of the **swimming** pool?</span>
|
||
- 모두 호수에서 **수영해도** 저는 안 들어가요 = <span class="md spoiler">Regardless of if everyone goes **swimming** in the lake, I am not going in</span>
|
||
- 키가 클 때까지 얕은 수영장에서만 **수영할 거예요** = <span class="md spoiler">I’m only going to swim in shallow **swimming** pools until I am taller</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
대우하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to treat somebody</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The noun form of this word translates to “<span class="md spoiler">treatment</span>”
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
대하다 is a common word with a similar meaning
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>친절하게 대우하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to treat nicely</span>
|
||
- <TTS>함부로 대우하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to treat badly</span>
|
||
- <TTS>동등하게 대우하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to treat evenly</span>
|
||
- <TTS>공평하게 대우하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to treat fairly</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 그 주인은 손님들을 잘 **대우해요** = <span class="md spoiler">That owner **treats** the customers well</span>
|
||
- 저는 저의 여자 친구를 공주처럼 **대우해요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **treat** my girlfriend like a princess</span>
|
||
- 아이들을 성별에 따라 **대우하는** 것이 좋지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">It’s not good to **treat** children based on their gender</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
퇴직하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to retire</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “퇴지카다”
|
||
|
||
The noun form of this word translates to “retirement”
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>퇴직금</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">severance pay</span>
|
||
|
||
(you get this when you leave a company, not when you retire. Usually, each year a person works at a company, they will accrue money into their <TTS>퇴직금</TTS>. Whenever they leave, they can get it all in a lump sum).
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>명예퇴직</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">“retiring with honor”</span>
|
||
|
||
(usually used when somebody retires before the regular retiring age. The opposite of this \[to retire at the regular retiring age\] is <TTS>정년퇴직</TTS>)
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 사람들은 보통 65살이 되면 **퇴직해요** = <span class="md spoiler">People usually **retire** when they are 65 years old</span>
|
||
- 그 선생님은 지금 그만두거나 **퇴직**을 할 수 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher could quit or **retire** now</span>
|
||
- **퇴직하자마자** 연금을 받을 수 있습니다 = <span class="md spoiler">As soon as you **retire**, you can receive your pension</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
접수하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to receive (an application)</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “접쑤하다”
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>접수 마감일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the final date to receive something</span>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
접수하다 is a weird word. It technically means “to receive,” but it usually used when the subject is _giving_ something. It doesn’t make much sense, but that is how it is used.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 서울대학교에 원서를 **접수했어요** = Seoul University **received my application**
|
||
|
||
This should translate to “I gave my application to Seoul University” or “I applied to Seoul University,” but it also technically means "Seoul University received my application." This word is not said very often. You will see it written more commonly than you will hear it spoken.
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
씹다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to chew</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>음식을 씹다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to chew food</span>
|
||
- <TTS>꼭꼭 씹다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to chew thoroughly</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 수업 시간 동안 껌을 **씹**지 마세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t **chew** gum during the class</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
통역하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to interpret</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “통여카다”
|
||
|
||
The noun form of this word translates to “<span class="md spoiler">interpretation</span>”
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>통역사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">interpreter</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 한국어를 못해서 **통역사**가 필요해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I need an **interpreter** because I can’t speak Korean</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
번역하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to translate</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “버녀카다”
|
||
|
||
The noun form of this word translates to “<span class="md spoiler">translation</span>”
|
||
|
||
Common Usage:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>직접 번역하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to translate directly</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 그 영화가 일본어로도 **번역되었다** = <span class="md spoiler">That movie was also **translated** to Japanese</span>
|
||
- 학생들은 그 이야기를 한국어에서 영어로 **번역할** 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">The students will **translate** that conversation (or story) from Korean to English</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
젓다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to stir</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “젇따”
|
||
|
||
젓다 follows the ㅅ irregular
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>커피를 젓다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to stir coffee</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 반죽을 딱딱할 때까지 **저었어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **stirred** the batter until it was hard</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
늘리다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to gain, to improve, to increase</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>실력을 늘리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to improve one skills</span>
|
||
- <TTS>길이를 늘리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to increase the length</span>
|
||
- … 수를 늘리다 = <span class="md spoiler">to increase the number of something</span>
|
||
- … 시간을 늘리다 = <span class="md spoiler">to increase the time of something</span>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 저의 친구는 한국어 실력을 **늘렸어요** = <span class="md spoiler">My friend **increased** his Korean skills</span>
|
||
- 우리 사업규모를 내년에 **늘릴** 계획이 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We have plans to **increase** the scale of our business next year</span>
|
||
- 1년에 재해방지훈련을 하는 횟수를 두 번에서 네 번으로 **늘릴까** 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am thinking about **raising** the number of times we do disaster prevention training per year from two times to four times</span>
|
||
- 한국어실력을 **늘리고** 싶으면 선생님이 한국 사람들이랑 의사소통을 많이 하라고 그랬어요 = <span class="md spoiler">If I want to **expand** my Korean language ability, my teacher told me to communicate a lot with Korean people</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
빠지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to fall into</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>늪에 빠지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">an idiom for being stuck in something (literally, “to fall into a swamp”)</span>
|
||
- <TTS>사랑에 빠지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to fall in love</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 열심히 운동하고 지금 힘이 **빠졌어요** = <span class="md spoiler">After exercising, I now have no energy (my energy has all **fallen out**)</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
빠져나오다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to escape, to come out of</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is a compound word with the meanings of <TTS>빠지다</TTS> and <TTS>나오다</TTS> combined.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 회사장은 많은 시위자들로부터 드디어 **빠져나왔어요** = <span class="md spoiler">The CEO finally **escaped (came out of)** the crowd of protestors</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
빠져나가다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to escape, to go out of</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is a compound word with the meanings of <TTS>빠지다</TTS> and <TTS>나가다</TTS> combined.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 군인들은 적의 덫에서 못 **빠져나갔어요** = <span class="md spoiler">The soldiers could not **escape** the enemy’s trap</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
헷갈리다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be confused</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “헫깔리다”
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
Learners sometimes think that 헷갈리다 is an adjective that describes something as “confusing.” However, 헷갈리다 is a verb which describes the <span class="md spoiler">mental struggle</span> that goes on in one’s head when confused (often when having to remember or choose from multiple choices).
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 이 문제 답이 A인지 B인지 **헷갈려요** = <span class="md spoiler">I’m **confused** if the answer to this question is A or B</span>
|
||
- 나는 엄마의 핸드폰 번호가 맨날 **헷갈려요** = <span class="md spoiler">I’m **confused** every day (always) of my mother’s cell phone number</span>
|
||
- 이 음식에 소금을 넣는 건지 설탕을 넣는 건지 **헷갈려요** = <span class="md spoiler">I’m **confused** if I put salt or sugar in this food</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
### Passive Verbs
|
||
|
||
늘다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be gained, improved, increased</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
늘다 follows the ㄹ irregular
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is the passive form of the active verb “늘리다”
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- ⁠<TTS class="md">저의 친구의 한국어 실력이 많이 **늘었다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend’s Korean (skills) really **increased/got better**</span>
|
||
- ⁠<TTS class="md">저의 친구는 한국어 실력을 **늘렸다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend **increased** his Korean skills</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
### Adjectives
|
||
|
||
둥글다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be round, to be spherical</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
둥글다 follows the ㄹ irregular
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 미식축구공은 **둥글**지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">The American football ball isn’t **round**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
어둡다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be dark</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “어둡따”
|
||
|
||
어둡다 follows the ㅂ irregular
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 교실이 너무 **어두워서** 학생들은 칠판을 볼 수 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The students can’t see the board because the classroom is too **dark**</span>
|
||
- 지금 점점 **어두워**지고 있어서 우리는 산에서 내려가야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">We need to go down the mountain, because it is gradually getting **darker**</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
### Adverbs and Other Words
|
||
|
||
잘 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">well</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>잘 자다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to sleep well</span>
|
||
- <TTS>잘 먹다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to eat well (this is usually said when somebody eats a lot)</span>
|
||
|
||
After you finish a meal, it is polite to say “<TTS>잘 먹었습니다</TTS>”
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어젯밤에 **잘** 잤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I slept **well** last night</span>
|
||
- 선생님은 우리를 너무 **잘** 가르치셨어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Our teacher taught us really **well**</span>
|
||
- 저는 몇몇 한국사람들보다 한국어를 더 **잘** 말할 수 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I can speak Korean **better** than some Korean people</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
못 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">poorly</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “몯”
|
||
|
||
The usage of 못 is very complex. See below in this lesson for more information.
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 시험을 못 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I did **poorly** on the exam yesterday / I didn’t write the exam yesterday</span>
|
||
- 이 셔츠가 너무 작아서 **못** 입어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I **can’t** put this shirt on because it is too small</span>
|
||
- 저는 그 동안 공부를 **못** 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I **couldn’t** study during that time</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
님 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">adds respect to person’s name or position</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- <TTS>교수님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">professor</span>
|
||
- <TTS>아버님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a polite way to refer to one’s father</span>
|
||
- <TTS>어머님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a polite way to refer to one’s mother</span>
|
||
- <TTS>따님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a polite way to refer to one’s daughter</span>
|
||
- <TTS>아드님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a polite way to refer to one’s son</span>
|
||
- <TTS>고객님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">customer</span>
|
||
- <TTS>부모님</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">parents</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 아버**님**과 어머**님**은 영어로 말씀을 못하셔요 = <span class="md spoiler">My mother and father in law can’t speak English</span>
|
||
|
||
The specific words for father- and mother-in-law are <TTS>장인</TTS> and <TTS>장모님</TTS>, respectively. However, it is common to politely refer to them as “father” and “mother” using \~님 as shown in the example above.
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
또는 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">or</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Notes:
|
||
|
||
This is usually used between two <span class="md spoiler">nouns or certain adverbs</span> (usually a place or time), not between two verbs or adjectives. In order to see how to say “or” with verbs and adjectives, see [Lesson 55](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-55/ "Lesson 55: Or ~(이)나, ~거나, 아니면").
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 중학교 **또는** 고등학교를 다녀요? = <span class="md spoiler">Do you go to middle school **or** high school?</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
세 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a counter for years of age</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Common Usages:
|
||
|
||
- 18세 미만 = <span class="md spoiler">under 18 years of age</span>
|
||
- 18세 이상 = <span class="md spoiler">over 18 years of age</span>
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
- 그 가게에 18**세** 미만은 못 들어가요 = <span class="md spoiler">Those under 18 **years of age** can’t enter that store</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
꼭 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">surely/definitely</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
|
||
- 우리는 이번에 **꼭** 이겨야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">We **must** win this time!</span>
|
||
- 물이 넘치지 전에 **꼭** 불을 꺼야 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">You **need** to turn off the flame before the water overflows</span>
|
||
- **꼭** 저녁에 잠을 자기 전에 세수를 해야 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before you go to sleep at night, you **must** wash your face</span>
|
||
- 우리 둘 다 해리포터 좋아하니까, 해리포터 촬영 장소도 **꼭** 가보자! = <span class="md spoiler">We both like Harry Potter, so let’s **definitely** also go to the place where the movie was filmed!</span>
|
||
- 아침에 눈을 뜨자마자 저는 **꼭** 커피를 마셔야 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">As soon as I wake up in the morning (as soon as my eyes open), I **need** to have coffee right away</span>
|
||
|
||
[This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video 5.]
|
||
|
||
<YouTube id=wMRfpE9JdUo />
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
물론 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson20v37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">of course</span>
|
||
|
||
<Details>
|
||
|
||
Often used as an adverb, for example:
|
||
|
||
- **물론** 와도 돼요! = <span class="md spoiler">**Of course** you can come!</span>
|
||
|
||
It can also be used as a noun (predicated with 이다). For example:
|
||
|
||
- 돈을 줄 것은 **물론**이죠 = <span class="md spoiler">**Of course** I will give you the money</span>
|
||
|
||
</Details>
|
||
|
||
For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/app/).
|
||
|
||
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video]
|
||
|
||
<YouTube id=SvxB04LnQbg />
|
||
|
||
## Introduction
|
||
|
||
Until now, you have not learned how to say “I am good at something/I do something well” or “I am bad at something/I do something poorly.” In this lesson, you will learn about the words 잘하다 (<span class="md spoiler">to do something well</span>) and 못하다 (<span class="md spoiler">to do something poorly</span>). 못하다 is very hard to understand perfectly, so I will ease you in by introducing you to 잘하다 first.
|
||
|
||
## 잘하다: To do something well
|
||
|
||
The main meaning of 잘하다 is “<span class="md spoiler">to do something well</span>.” To use 잘하다, simply place a noun in a sentence with 잘하다 as the verb.
|
||
|
||
This is easy to do with 하다 verbs (for example, 수영하다 and 공부하다) because to make a noun all you need to do is remove 하다 from those words. I discuss making non-하다 verbs into nouns in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs"), but the principal is the same for any noun form of a verb. All you need to do is:
|
||
|
||
나는 (noun form of verb)을/를 잘하다. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 수영을 잘해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am good at swimming</span>
|
||
- 저 학생은 공부를 잘해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That student studies well</span>
|
||
- 우리 애기는 말을 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our baby speaks well</span>
|
||
- 저는 야구를 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I play baseball well</span>
|
||
|
||
잘하다 is a verb, but now we need to talk about “잘,” which is <span class="md spoiler">an adverb</span>.
|
||
|
||
## 잘: Well
|
||
|
||
Just like 잘하다, you can use the word 잘 in sentences to indicate that one does something well. Usually, when you remove 하다 from a word, the word without 하다 becomes a noun. In this case, removing 하다 from 잘 does not make 잘 a noun. Instead, it is an adverb. The only reason this is important is so that you know that you can use 잘 in sentences just like other adverbs, in this case to mean “<span class="md spoiler">(to do something) well</span>.” It is essentially the same as “잘하다,” but used slightly different. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 그 주인은 고객님들을 잘 대우해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That owner treats the customers well</span>
|
||
- 나는 어젯밤에 잘 잤어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I slept well last night</span>
|
||
|
||
When I first learned about 잘하다 and 잘, I was trying to understand if these two sentences were the same:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 공부를 잘해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>
|
||
- 나는 잘 공부해 = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>
|
||
|
||
The answer: essentially, but not entirely.
|
||
|
||
The difference is so subtle that you don’t really need to worry about it. However, when I learned this, I worried about it, so I think maybe you should worry about it too. The reason I say “don’t worry about it” is because now when I speak I can’t really distinguish the difference in meaning. The only way I could tell the difference is referring back to my old notes from 5 years ago. Nonetheless, there is a subtle difference:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 공부를 잘한다 = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>, or
|
||
|
||
“나는 (noun)을 잘한다” means that, in general, <span class="md spoiler">your ability to do something is good</span>. However,
|
||
|
||
- 나는 잘 공부한다 = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>, or
|
||
|
||
“나는 잘 (verb)다” means that <span class="md spoiler">you can study well because of some situation</span> (for example, maybe you have a test coming up and you are studying really hard because of that situation).
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
But really, don’t get too caught up on the difference between the two. Especially since sometimes they look and sound almost exactly the same. If you separated 공부 and 하다 in the second example, you would get:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 공부를 잘 해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>
|
||
|
||
which sounds (and almost looks) exactly the same as:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 공부를 잘해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I study well</span>
|
||
|
||
Anyways, don’t worry about it too much.
|
||
|
||
You already know the word 잘생기다 means “<span class="md spoiler">handsome</span>.” That word is actually 잘 and 생기다 put together. 생기다 has a lot of meanings, but putting 잘 and 생기다 together, it sort of means “<span class="md spoiler">to come out well</span>.” The opposite is true for 못생기다 (<span class="md spoiler">to be ugly</span>).
|
||
|
||
Always remember to not translate directly from English to Korean, as there are so many things that are not 100% the same in both languages. For example, in English, we would never say “I don’t know well,” but in Korean, it is very common to say:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 잘 모르겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t know (well)</span>
|
||
|
||
_\*Also notice that the **future tense**_ 모르다 _is used here. Even though it is in the present,_ 모르겠다 _is used very commonly to indicate that you don’t know something – Even though it directly translates to “I will not know.”_
|
||
|
||
## 못하다: To do something poorly
|
||
|
||
Alright, this is where it gets hard. 잘하다 was easy. Let’s do this step by step.
|
||
|
||
First of all, 못하다 has the opposite meaning of 잘하다 – so it can be used to indicate that one generally is poor at something. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 나는 수영을 못해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am bad at swimming</span>
|
||
- 저 학생은 공부를 못해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That student does not study well</span>
|
||
|
||
The difference between 못하다 and 못 is the same as the difference between 잘하다 and 잘. When you say a sentence like “나는 수영을 못해” it means that <span class="md spoiler">in general your ability to swim is bad</span>. Because of this, you need to be careful about the type of verb you are using in this situation. For example, you couldn’t really use the verb “to eat” in this situation, because that would mean that “in general, my ability to eat is bad.” Instead, what you would probably want to say is that “I CAN eat, but because of some situation, I can’t really eat right now.” That is when you need to _use 못 instead of 못하다_.
|
||
|
||
## 못: Poorly
|
||
|
||
Using 못하다 and understanding the meaning it creates is quite simple, especially if you can understand how 잘하다 is used. If you use the adverb 못, the meaning depends on the situation. Here are two simple examples we can look at:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 못 잤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-20-s1.mp3" />
|
||
- 저는 어제 시험을 못 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-12.mp3" />
|
||
|
||
This is where it gets unnecessarily confusing. Both of those sentences could have two meanings.
|
||
|
||
The first example:
|
||
|
||
저는 어제 못 잤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-20-s1.mp3" /> could mean either of the following:
|
||
|
||
- <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t sleep _well_ last night</span> because of some situation, or
|
||
- <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t sleep last night</span> because something prevented me from sleeping
|
||
|
||
The second example:
|
||
|
||
저는 어제 시험을 못 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-12.mp3" /> could mean either of the following:
|
||
|
||
- <span class="md spoiler">I did _poorly_ on the exam yesterday</span> because of some situation, or
|
||
- <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t write the exam yesterday</span> because something prevented me from doing so
|
||
|
||
_(My translations of “… One didn’t … because something prevented him/her from …” is often simply translated to <span class="md spoiler">“One couldn’t” or “One can’t.”</span> These English terms are complex, and might be related to one not doing something because something prevented them or related to one’s ability. Another way to say “one couldn’t” or “one can’t” in Korean is by using_ \~ㄹ/을 수 없다 _, which I discuss in [Lesson 45](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-45/))._
|
||
|
||
Confusing? Let me say this again. When you put 못 in a sentence, it can indicate that one does something poorly (or not well) OR that one does not do something because something prevented him/her from doing it. When it has the second meaning (“I didn’t do”) it is the result of some situation preventing you.
|
||
|
||
I want to take a minute to distinguish this from other negative sentences – specifically using 안 or \~지 않다 which you learned in [Lesson 8](./08-adverbs.md). When you use 안 or \~지 않다, there is no deeper meaning that “something prevented you from doing the action.” For example, if I said:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 시험을 안 봤어요, or
|
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- 저는 어제 시험을 보지 않았어요
|
||
|
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I am just saying that I didn’t write the exam yesterday – as if yesterday specifically was _not_ <span class="md spoiler">the day that I was supposed to write the exam anyway</span> (or something like that). Why would I write the exam when it is not the exam day? Of course I wouldn’t. Nothing is _preventing_ me from writing the exam. It’s just not the day to write the exam. It’s also possible that I just didn’t do the exam because I didn’t want to. Either way, nothing is preventing me from doing it, I just didn’t do it.
|
||
|
||
However, if I say:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 시험을 못 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-12.mp3" />
|
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|
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It probably _was_ <span class="md spoiler">the day to write the exam, but something prevented me from writing it</span>. The thing that prevented me from writing it could be anything – it could have been that I had to go to a party with my wife, or it could of been that I had explosive diarrhea. Either way, both of those things (especially the latter) would prevent me from writing the exam.
|
||
|
||
——————–
|
||
|
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In order to explain this further, I can explain a _very_ common mistake that English speakers make when speaking Korean.
|
||
|
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You don’t know how to ask questions yet (you’ll learn that in the next lesson), but imagine if somebody asks you
|
||
|
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“<span class="md spoiler">Did you hear what I say?</span>” (<TTS>내 말을 들었어?</TTS>)
|
||
|
||
English speakers learning Korean often respond with:
|
||
|
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- 아니. 안 들었어.
|
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|
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However, if you say that, it’s kind of like you are specifically/purposely trying not to hear what the person said. Instead, you obviously _can_ hear, but something prevented you from hearing the person. Maybe it was the loud TV, maybe it was the motorcycle driving by, or maybe it was your explosive diarrhea. Either way, <span class="md spoiler">something prevented you from hearing the person</span>, so you should say:
|
||
|
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- <TTS>아니. 못 들었어.</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">No, I didn’t (couldn’t) hear (you)</span>
|
||
|
||
——————–
|
||
|
||
But, how can you distinguish the difference between somebody saying “I did something poorly” and “I didn’t do something”? There are three ways I can teach you:
|
||
|
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- 잘 못
|
||
|
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If you really want to stress that you do something poorly, you can include 잘 before 못. This specifically indicates that you “don’t do something **well**” and removes the ambiguity of “I didn’t”:
|
||
|
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- 저는 어제 시험을 잘 못 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t do good on the exam yesterday</span>
|
||
|
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Sometimes, the word being used makes it clear which meaning you are trying to express. For example, if I said:
|
||
|
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저는 어제 학교에 못 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-14.mp3" />, This could have two meanings:
|
||
|
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1. <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t go to school yesterday</span> because of some situation
|
||
2. <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t go to school well yesterday</span>
|
||
|
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Which one of those two makes sense? In situations like this, it is easy to figure out which meaning is being used. Is it possible to “go somewhere well?” I don’t think so.
|
||
|
||
A perfect real-world example of this is something that my co-worker said to me once. The school I work at was in the process of buying my plane ticket back home, and it happened to be really expensive (like, really expensive). My co-worker always wanted to go to Canada, but when she heard how much my plane ticket was, she said to herself “<TTS>캐나다에 못 가겠다</TTS>” The meaning of this sentence is not “she will go to Canada poorly” but rather “<span class="md spoiler">she can’t/won’t go to Canada because of some situation</span>” (the ticket being too expensive).
|
||
|
||
Situation
|
||
Sometimes you just need to think about the context of the sentence to understand the meaning completely. For example, if you already knew for sure that a friend wrote the exam, and they later said “시험을 못 봤어요” – the sentence could only have one meaning (because you already knew that he/she wrote the exam).
|
||
|
||
Let’s look at some examples. If somebody said:
|
||
<TTS>저는 밥을 못 먹어요</TTS>
|
||
|
||
This could technically mean two things. It could mean:
|
||
|
||
1. <span class="md spoiler">That the person can’t eat (well)</span>
|
||
2. <span class="md spoiler">That the person won’t eat</span> because of some situation (most likely because he/she is full/doesn’t like that particular food, etc…)
|
||
|
||
In this case, the first possibility does not make sense because everybody (99.9% of the time) has the ability to eat. Therefore, this person is expressing that he/she is not going to eat because of some situation that is causing him/her to not want to eat.
|
||
|
||
Another example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 답을 잘 못 썼어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-5.mp3" />
|
||
|
||
This sentence could really only mean one thing. Because of the use of “잘,” we know that the speaker is expressing that he/she did not do something **well.** Therefore, the sentence above translates to "<span class="md spoiler">I didn’t answer well.</span>"
|
||
|
||
There is still another way that 못/못하다 can be used to have yet another similar meaning to what has been described so far.
|
||
|
||
## \~지 못하다
|
||
|
||
One more thing about 못하다. Similar in structure to \~지 않다, you can also write \~지 못하다 to have the same meaning as 못. For example:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 못 잤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-20-s1.mp3" /> AND
|
||
- <TTS>저는 어제 자지 못했어요</TTS>
|
||
|
||
have the same meaning (<span class="md spoiler">I didn’t sleep \[well\] last night</span>)
|
||
|
||
Remember that 못 and \~지 못하다 have the same meaning, which is subtly different than 를 못하다:
|
||
|
||
- 저는 어제 못 공부했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t study well yesterday; I couldn’t study yesterday</span>
|
||
- 저는 어제 공부하지 못했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t study well yesterday; I couldn’t study yesterday</span>
|
||
- 저는 공부를 못해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am bad at studying</span>
|
||
|
||
## 잘못
|
||
|
||
To make all of this even more confusing, the word 잘못 (with no space between 잘 and 못) has a different meaning. 잘못 means “mistake.” This word would normally be an easy word to deal with. However, it is more difficult than it needs to be because 잘못 and 잘 못 have two different meanings. 잘못 can be used like this:
|
||
|
||
- 그것은 제 잘못이었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson20-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That was my fault/my mistake</span>
|
||
|
||
_Normally when you say “my \_\_\_\_\_” you use_ 저의 _or_ 나의. _However, some nouns prefer to have_ 제 _and_ 내 _before them instead of_ 저의/나의. 잘못 _is one of these nouns. Another example is_ 제/내 생각 _(instead of_ 저의/나의 생각) _meaning “my thought/my opinion/what I think.”_
|
||
|
||
## 잘 and 못 with Comparatives and Superlatives
|
||
|
||
One final thing before I finish. In the previous lesson, you learned about using \~보다 and 가장/제일 to make comparative and superlative sentences. The concepts you learned in this lesson are very commonly used alongside \~보다 or 가장/제일 in sentences to say that somebody can do something better/worse, or do something the best/worst. Some examples:
|
||
|
||
Comparative Sentences:
|
||
|
||
- 우리 아들은 친구들보다 축구를 더 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our (my) son is better than (his) friends at soccer</span>
|
||
- 그 교수는 다른 교수들보다 수업을 더 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That professor teaches classes better than other professors</span>
|
||
- 저는 수영을 작년보다 더 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am better at swimming than last year</span>
|
||
|
||
Superlative Sentences:
|
||
|
||
- 우리 아들은 축구를 가장 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Our (my) son is the best at soccer</span>
|
||
- 그 교수는 수업을 제일 잘해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That professor teaches classes the best (is the best at teaching classes)</span>
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
- 저는 축구를 제일 못해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I play soccer the worst</span>
|
||
- 저는 수영을 제일 못해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-20-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I swim the worst</span>
|
||
|
||
_Again, in most situations, these sentences would sound more natural with the use of other grammatical principles. For example, to say “I am the one who plays soccer the worst” or “Of all people, I play soccer the worst.” To be able to wrap your head around those sentences, you’ll need to read/understand the grammar taught in [Lessons 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs") and [33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-33/ "Lesson 33: ~중 (하는 중), (~중에)") respectively._
|
||
|
||
That’s it for this lesson!
|
||
|
||
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./21-why-when-where-who.md) Or,
|
||
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks/#Unit1725 "Workbooks")
|
||
|
||
## Summary
|
||
|
||
<YouTube id=tyUs-tuFXpI />
|
||
|
||
Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson?
|
||
|
||
This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson.
|
||
|
||
<YouTube id=QcYpBf0BOTc />
|
||
|
||
Want to practice your listening skills?
|
||
|
||
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
|