polv/ko-grammar
1
0 Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
363a728fc3ad4e50905899204778653d37b523d5
ko-grammar/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md
T

1288 lines
62 KiB
Markdown
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
---
vocabulary:
nouns:
- ko: 설탕
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v2.mp3
en: sugar
examples:
- ko: 이 식품에는 **설탕**이 안 들어가요
en: There is a no **sugar** in this (food) product
- ko: 커피에 **설탕**을 안 넣어도 돼요
en: I/you don't need to put **sugar** in my/your coffee
- ko: 경찰관
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v1.mp3
en: policeman
examples:
- ko: "**경찰관**들이 그 장소에 파견되었어요"
en: "**Police officers** were dispatched to the area"
- ko: 저는 그 사람을 살리려고 **경찰관**을 불렀어요
en: I called the **policeman** in order to save that person
- ko: 경찰서
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v3.mp3
en: police station
examples:
- ko: 경찰관들은 **경찰서**에 돌아왔어요
en: The police officers returned to the **police station**
- ko: "**경찰서**에 가기 전에 그것에 대해 엄마랑 얘기했어요"
en: Before I went to the **police station**, I talked about that with my mom
- ko: 구름
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v4.mp3
en: cloud
examples:
- ko: "**구름**이 5분 전에 걷혔어요"
en: The **clouds** cleared up 5 minutes ago
- ko: 새는 **구름** 위에 날고 있어요
en: The bird is flying above the **clouds**
- ko: "**구름**이 걷힌 후에 날씨가 좋았어요"
en: After the **clouds** cleared up, the weather was nice
- ko: 경쟁
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v5.mp3
en: competition
examples:
- ko: 일자리가 하나만 있어서 **경쟁**은 심할 거예요
en: The **competition** will be extreme because there is only one job available
- ko: 경쟁자
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v6.mp3
en: competitors
examples:
- ko: 저는 **경쟁자**를 이겼어요
en: I beat the **competitor**
- ko: 피
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v7.mp3
en: blood
examples:
- ko: 저는 **피**를 휴지로 닦았어요
en: I wiped the **blood** with a tissue
- ko: 구두
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v8.mp3
en: shoes, boots
examples:
- ko: 그 여자의 **구두**가 예뻐요
en: That girl's **boots** are beautiful
- ko: 목욕
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v9.mp3
en: bath
examples:
- ko: 오늘 너무 힘들어서 저는 따뜻한 **목욕**을 하고 싶어요
en: Today was really difficult, so I want to take a warm **bath**
- ko: 번호
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabnumber.mp3
en: number
examples:
- ko: 각 자리에 **번호**가 쓰여 있어요
en: There is a **number** written on each seat
- ko: 전화번호
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v11.mp3
en: phone number
examples:
- ko: 새로운 핸드폰을 사고 **전화번호**를 바꿨어요
en: After buying a new phone, I changed my **phone number**
- ko: 열쇠
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v12.mp3
en: key
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "열쐬"
examples:
- ko: 저는 친구의 집에서 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요
en: I lost my **keys** at a friend's house
- ko: 저는 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요
en: I lost my **keys**
- ko: 저는 **열쇠**를 어딘가(에) 두었어요
en: I left my **keys** somewhere
- ko: 수박
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v13.mp3
en: watermelon
examples:
- ko: "**수박**은 한국에서 너무 비싸요"
en: "**Watermelons** in Korea are too expensive"
- ko: 과자
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v14.mp3
en: candy, cookies, snacks
examples:
- ko: 애기들은 **과자**를 많이 먹어요
en: Babies eat a lot of **candy/snacks**
- ko: 양복
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v15.mp3
en: suit
notes: Literally "Western clothes"
examples:
- ko: 저는 보통 까만 **양복**을 입어요
en: I usually wear black **suits**
- ko: "**양복**을 입은 후에 몸이 따뜻해졌어요"
en: After I put on a **suit**, my body got warm
verbs:
- ko: 날다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v16.mp3
en: to fly
notes: 날다 follows the ㄹ irregular
examples:
- ko: 새는 구름 위에 **날**고 있어요
en: The bird is **flying** above the clouds
- ko: 걷히다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v17.mp3
en: to clear up (in weather)
examples:
- ko: 구름은 5분 전에 **걷혔어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-2.mp3
en: The clouds **cleared up** 5 minutes ago
- ko: 구경하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v18.mp3
en: to sight see
examples:
- ko: 저는 유럽에서 **구경**을 많이 **했어요**
en: I did a lot of **sight-seeing** in Europe
- ko: 저는 이 가게에서 잠깐 **구경하고** 싶어요
en: I want to **look around** for a bit in this store
- ko: 그곳에서 **구경하는** 사람이 많아요
en: There are a lot of people **sightseeing** in that place
- ko: 뒤처지다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v19.mp3
en: to fall behind
examples:
- ko: 그 학생은 또래보다 영어실력이 **뒤처지**고 있어요
en: That student is **falling behind** his peers in English ability
- ko: 앞지르다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v20.mp3
en: to pass, to overtake
notes: 앞지르다 follows the 르 irregular
examples:
- ko: 경찰차는 우리를 빨리 **앞질렀어요**
en: The police car quickly **overtook (passed)** us
- ko: 감독하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v21.mp3
en: to supervise
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "감도카다"
examples:
- ko: 학생들이 시험을 보는 동안 저는 그들을 **감독했어요**
en: I **supervised** the students while they wrote an exam
- ko: 느끼다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v22.mp3
en: to feel
examples:
- ko: 저는 그녀가 저의 머리를 만지는 것을 **느꼈어요**
en: I **felt** her touch my hair
- ko: 치우다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v23.mp3
en: to remove, to clear away
examples:
- ko: 저는 집 앞에 있는 눈을 다 **치웠어요**
en: I **cleaned up** the snow in-front of the house
- ko: 엄마가 나한테 방을 좀 **치우**라고 했어
en: My mom told me to **clean up** my room a bit
- ko: 책상이 너무 복잡해서 책을 조금 **치워**야 돼요
en: I need to **clean up (organize)** the books a bit because my desk is very messy/unorganized
- ko: 지우다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Lesson24n1.mp3
en: to wipe off, to erase
examples:
- ko: 자기 전에 화장을 **지워야** 돼요
en: Before one sleeps, they should **remove** their makeup
- ko: 그 얼룩을 그 바지에 못 **지울** 것 같아요
en: You probably won't be able to **get rid** of that stain on those pants
- ko: 선생님이 수업을 시작하기 전에 전 선생님이 칠판에 쓴 글을 다 **지웠어요**
en: Before starting the class, the teacher **erased** the words/writing that the previous teacher wrote on the board
- ko: 두다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v24.mp3
en: to put, to set, to place something
examples:
- ko: 그 책을 아무데나 **두세요**
en: "**Put** that book **down** anywhere!"
- ko: 느껴지다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v25.mp3
en: to be felt
notes: Usually ~게 is attached to an adjective and then 느껴지다 follows that construction.
examples:
- ko: 저는 기숙사에서 외롭게 **느껴졌어요**
en: I **felt** lonely at the dorm
- ko: 그 여행은 길게 **느껴졌어요**
en: That trip **felt** like a long time
adjectives:
- ko: 달다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v26.mp3
en: to be sweet
notes: 달다 follows the ㄹ irregular
examples:
- ko: 스타벅스 커피가 너무 **달아요**
en: Starbucks coffee is too **sweet**
- ko: 깊다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v27.mp3
en: to be deep
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "깁따"
examples:
- ko: 애기 수영장은 **깊**지 않아요
en: Baby swimming pools are not **deep**
- ko: 조용하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v28.mp3
en: to be quiet
examples:
- ko: "**요즘에는** 길이 너무 조용해요"
en: These days the streets are very **quiet**
- ko: 학생들은 **조용히** 공부했어요
en: The students studied **quietly**
- ko: 뜨겁다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v29.mp3
en: to be hot (object)
notes: |
The pronunciation of this word is closer to "뜨겁따"
뜨겁다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Only used to describe objects when they are hot. Not when describing the weather and usually not when describing one's body temperature. It would only be used to describe a body temperature if somebody's body is hot to the touch.
examples:
- ko: 물이 매우 **뜨거워**서 만지지 마세요
en: Don't touch the water because it is very **hot**
- ko: 차갑다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v30.mp3
en: to be cold (object)
notes: |
The pronunciation of this word is closer to "차갑다"
차갑다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Only used to describe objects when they are cold. Not when describing the weather and usually not when describing one's body temperature. It would only be used to describe a body temperature if somebody's body is cold to the touch.
examples:
- ko: "**차가운** 물을 주세요"
en: Please give me **cold** water
- ko: 친절하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v31.mp3
en: to be nice, to be kind
examples:
- ko: 한국 사람들은 아주 **친절해요**
en: Korean people are very **nice**
adverbs:
- ko: 전
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v32.mp3
en: before/ago
notes: |
Used to indicate that something was done before a certain time, for example:
- "저는 2주 전에 남동생을 만났어요" = "I met my brother 2 weeks ago"
Also used to indicate that something happens before an action:
- "한국에 오기 전에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요" = "I learned Korean before I came to Korea"
examples:
- ko: 저는 2주 **전**에 남동생을 만났어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-1.mp3
en: I met my brother 2 weeks **ago**
- ko: 저는 그 **전**에 한국어를 잘 못 했어요
en: I couldn't speak Korean well **before** that
- ko: 한국에 오기 **전**에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-6.mp3
en: I learned Korean **before** I came to Korea
- ko: 직전
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v33.mp3
en: just before
examples:
- ko: 한국에 오기 **직전**에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요
en: I learned Korean **right before** I came to Korea
- ko: 후
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v34.mp3
en: after/later
notes: |
Used to indicate that something was done after a certain time, for example:
- "수업은 2분 후에 끝날 거예요" = "Class will finish 2 minutes from now"
Also used to indicate that something happens after an action:
- "밥을 먹은 후에 친구를 만났어요" = "After I ate, I met a friend"
examples:
- ko: 수업은 2분 **후**에 끝날 거예요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-13.mp3
en: Class will finish 2 minutes **from now**
- ko: 밥을 먹은 **후**에 친구를 만났어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-15.mp3
en: "**After** I ate, I met a friend"
- ko: 한국에 온 **후**에 한국어를 배우고 있어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-28.mp3
en: "**After** coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean"
- ko: 직후
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabrightafter.mp3
en: right after
examples:
- ko: 우리가 먹은 **직후**에 잠에 들었어요
en: We fell asleep **right after** eating
- ko: 이래
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v35.mp3
en: since
notes: 후에 is used much more commonly than 이래(로).
examples:
- ko: 한국에 온 **이래**로 한국어를 배우고 있어요
en: "**Since** coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean"
- ko: 잠시
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v36.mp3
en: a moment
examples:
- ko: 우리는 **잠시** 후에 나갈 거예요
en: We are going to go outside **shortly**
- ko: 잠깐
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v37.mp3
en: a short time
examples:
- ko: "**잠깐**만 기다려 주세요!"
en: Wait **just a moment**, please!
- ko: 저는 침대에 **잠깐** 눕고 싶어요
en: I want to lie down for just **a second**
- ko: 저는 신발을 신으러 **잠깐** 앉았어요
en: I sat down for **a minute** in order to put on my shoe
- ko: 그 문제를 해결하려고 우리는 **잠깐** 만났어요
en: In order to solve that problem, we met for **a little bit**
- ko: 죄송해요! 저는 **잠깐** 집에 들러야 돼요
en: Sorry! I need to pop into the house for **a second**
- ko: 이내
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v38.mp3
en: within
examples:
- ko: 저는 5년 **이내**에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요
en: I want to learn five languages **within** 5 years
---
# Lesson 24: Before, After, Since, Within (전/후/이래로/이내)
## Vocabulary
<VocabQuiz />
### Nouns
설탕 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">sugar</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>무설탕</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">sugar-free</span>
- 설탕이 들어가 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">to contain sugar</span>
Example:
- 이 식품에는 **설탕**이 안 들어가요 = <span class="md spoiler">There is a no **sugar** in this (food) product</span>
- 커피에 **설탕**을 안 넣어도 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">I/you don’t need to put **sugar** in my/your coffee</span>
</Details>
경찰관 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">policeman</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 경찰관이 되고 싶다 = <span class="md spoiler">to want to become a police officer</span>
Example:
- **경찰관**들이 그 장소에 파견되었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Police officers** were dispatched to the area</span>
- 저는 그 사람을 살리려고 **경찰관**을 불렀어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I called the **policeman** in order to save that person</span>
</Details>
경찰서 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">police station</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 경찰서로 연행하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to take somebody to the police station</span>
Example:
- 경찰관들은 **경찰서**에 돌아왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The police officers returned to the **police station**</span>
- **경찰서**에 가기 전에 그것에 대해 엄마랑 얘기했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before I went to the **police station**, I talked about that with my mom</span>
</Details>
구름 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">cloud</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 구름을 걷히다 = <span class="md spoiler">for clouds to clear up</span>
Example:
- **구름**이 5분 전에 걷혔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **clouds** cleared up 5 minutes ago</span>
- 새는 **구름** 위에 날고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The bird is flying above the **clouds**</span>
- **구름**이 걷힌 후에 날씨가 좋았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">After the **clouds** cleared up, the weather was nice</span>
</Details>
경쟁 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">competition</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 경쟁자 = <span class="md spoiler">competitor (competing person)</span>
- <TTS>경쟁사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">competitor (competing company)</span>
Example:
- 일자리가 하나만 있어서 **경쟁**은 심할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **competition** will be extreme because there is only one job available</span>
</Details>
경쟁자 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">competitors</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 저는 **경쟁자**를 이겼어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I beat the **competitor**</span>
</Details>
피 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">blood</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 피를 흘리다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be bleeding</span>
- 피를 뽑다 = <span class="md spoiler">to take blood</span>
- <TTS>코피</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">nosebleed</span>
Example:
- 저는 **피**를 휴지로 닦았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I wiped the **blood** with a tissue</span>
</Details>
구두 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">shoes, boots</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 구두를 신다 = <span class="md spoiler">to put on shoes/boots</span>
Example:
- 그 여자의 **구두**가 예뻐요 = <span class="md spoiler">That girl’s **boots** are beautiful</span>
</Details>
목욕 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">bath</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>목욕탕</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">public bath house</span>
- 목욕하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to take a bath</span>
Example:
- 오늘 너무 힘들어서 저는 따뜻한 **목욕**을 하고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Today was really difficult, so I want to take a warm **bath**</span>
</Details>
번호 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabnumber.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">number</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 전화번호 = <span class="md spoiler">phone number</span>
- <TTS>등록번호</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">registration number</span>
- <TTS>등번호</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the number on a player’s back (in sports)</span>
Example:
- 각 자리에 **번호**가 쓰여 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">There is a **number** written on each seat</span>
</Details>
전화번호 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">phone number</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>전화번호는 뭐에요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What is your phone number?</span>
- 전화번호가 기억 안 나다 = <span class="md spoiler">to not remember a phone number</span>
Example:
- 새로운 핸드폰을 사고 **전화번호**를 바꿨어요 = <span class="md spoiler">After buying a new phone, I changed my **phone number**</span>
</Details>
열쇠 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">key</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “열쐬”
Common Usages:
- 열쇠고리 = <span class="md spoiler">key chain</span>
Example:
- 저는 친구의 집에서 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I lost my **keys** at a friend’s house</span>
- 저는 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I lost my **keys**</span>
- 저는 **열쇠**를 어딘가(에) 두었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I left my **keys** somewhere</span>
</Details>
수박 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">watermelon</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>수박 겉 핥기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">an idiom that describes something “superficial”</span>
Example:
- **수박**은 한국에서 너무 비싸요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Watermelons** in Korea are too expensive</span>
</Details>
과자 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">candy, cookies, snacks</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>전통 과자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">traditional candy</span>
Example:
- 애기들은 **과자**를 많이 먹어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Babies eat a lot of **candy/snacks**</span>
</Details>
양복 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">suit</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 양복을 입다 = <span class="md spoiler">to wear a suit</span>
- 양복을 맞추다 = <span class="md spoiler">to get a suit tailored</span>
Notes:
Literally “Western clothes”
Example:
- 저는 보통 까만 **양복**을 입어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I usually wear black **suits**</span>
- **양복**을 입은 후에 몸이 따뜻해졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">After I put on a **suit**, my body got warm</span>
</Details>
### Verbs
날다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to fly</span>
<Details>
날다 follows the ㄹ irregular
Common Usages:
- <TTS>날개</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">wing</span>
- 날아가다 = <span class="md spoiler">to fly away</span>
Example:
- 새는 구름 위에 **날**고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The bird is **flying** above the clouds</span>
</Details>
걷히다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to clear up (in weather)</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 구름이 걷히다 = <span class="md spoiler">for clouds to clear up (go away)</span>
- 안개가 걷히다 = <span class="md spoiler">for fog to clear up (go away)</span>
Example:
- 구름은 5분 전에 **걷혔어요** <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The clouds **cleared up** 5 minutes ago</span>
</Details>
구경하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to sight see</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>구경할래?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Shall we look around?</span>
Example:
- 저는 유럽에서 **구경**을 많이 **했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I did a lot of **sight-seeing** in Europe</span>
- 저는 이 가게에서 잠깐 **구경하고** 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **look around** for a bit in this store</span>
- 그곳에서 **구경하는** 사람이 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">There are a lot of people **sightseeing** in that place</span>
</Details>
뒤처지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to fall behind</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 경기에서 뒤처지다 = <span class="md spoiler">to fall behind in a game</span>
Example:
- 그 학생은 또래보다 영어실력이 **뒤처지**고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That student is **falling behind** his peers in English ability</span>
</Details>
앞지르다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to pass, to overtake</span>
<Details>
앞지르다 follows the 르 irregular
Common Usages:
- 상대방을 앞지르다 = <span class="md spoiler">to pass/go ahead of an opponent</span>
Example:
- 경찰차는 우리를 빨리 **앞질렀어요** = <span class="md spoiler">The police car quickly **overtook (passed)** us</span>
</Details>
감독하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to supervise</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “감도카다”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>감독관</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">proctor</span>
- <TTS>시험감독</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">supervise/proctoring an exam</span>
Example:
- 학생들이 시험을 보는 동안 저는 그들을 **감독했어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **supervised** the students while they wrote an exam</span>
</Details>
느끼다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to feel</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>느낌</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">feeling</span>
- 느껴지다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be felt</span>
Example:
- 저는 그녀가 저의 머리를 만지는 것을 **느꼈어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **felt** her touch my hair</span>
</Details>
치우다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to remove, to clear away</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 방을 치우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to clean up/organize a room</span>
- 눈을 치우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to remove/clean up snow</span>
- 물건을 치우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to remove an object</span>
Example:
- 저는 집 앞에 있는 눈을 다 **치웠어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **cleaned up** the snow in-front of the house</span>
- 엄마가 나한테 방을 좀 **치우**라고 했어 = <span class="md spoiler">My mom told me to **clean up** my room a bit</span>
- 책상이 너무 복잡해서 책을 조금 **치워**야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">I need to **clean up (organize)** the books a bit because my desk is very messy/unorganized</span>
</Details>
지우다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Lesson24n1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to wipe off, to erase</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 화장을 지우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to wash one’s makeup off</span>
- 얼룩을 지우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to get rid of a stain</span>
Example:
- 자기 전에 화장을 **지워야** 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before one sleeps, they should **remove** their makeup</span>
- 그 얼룩을 그 바지에 못 **지울** 것 같아요 = <span class="md spoiler">You probably won’t be able to **get rid** of that stain on those pants</span>
- 선생님이 수업을 시작하기 전에 전 선생님이 칠판에 쓴 글을 다 **지웠어요** = <span class="md spoiler">Before starting the class, the teacher **erased** the words/writing that the previous teacher wrote on the board</span>
</Details>
두다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to put, to set, to place something</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 놔두다 = <span class="md spoiler">to put something down</span>
- 두고 가다 = <span class="md spoiler">to set something down, and then go</span>
Example:
- 그 책을 아무데나 **두세요** = <span class="md spoiler">**Put** that book **down** anywhere!</span>
</Details>
느껴지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be felt</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Usually \~게 is attached to an adjective and then 느껴지다 follows that construction.
Example:
- 저는 기숙사에서 외롭게 **느껴졌어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **felt** lonely at the dorm</span>
- 그 여행은 길게 **느껴졌어요** = <span class="md spoiler">That trip **felt** like a long time</span>
</Details>
### Adjectives
달다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be sweet</span>
<Details>
달다 follows the ㄹ irregular
Common Usages:
- <TTS>단 맛</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">sweet taste</span>
Example:
- 스타벅스 커피가 너무 **달아요** = <span class="md spoiler">Starbucks coffee is too **sweet**</span>
</Details>
깊다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be deep</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “깁따”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>깊은 의미</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">deep meaning</span>
Example:
- 애기 수영장은 **깊**지 않아요 = <span class="md spoiler">Baby swimming pools are not **deep**</span>
</Details>
조용하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be quiet</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>조용!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Shhh! Be quiet!</span>
- 쥐 죽은 듯이 조용하다 = <span class="md spoiler">To be as quiet as a mouse (literally, as if a mouse died)</span>
Examples:
- **요즘에는** 길이 너무 조용해요 = <span class="md spoiler">These days the streets are very **quiet**</span>
- 학생들은 **조용히** 공부했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The students studied **quietly**</span>
</Details>
뜨겁다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be hot (object)</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “뜨겁따”
뜨겁다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Common Usages:
- <TTS>뜨거운 물</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">hot water</span>
- <TTS>뜨거운 박수</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a warm applause</span>
Notes:
Only used to describe _objects when they are hot_. Not when describing the weather and usually not when describing one’s body temperature. It would only be used to describe a body temperature if somebody’s body is hot to the touch.
Example:
- 물이 매우 **뜨거워**서 만지지 마세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t touch the water because it is very **hot**</span>
</Details>
차갑다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be cold (object)</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “차갑다”
차갑다 follows the ㅂ irregular
Common Usages
- <TTS>차가운 물</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cold water</span>
- 차갑게 거절하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to reject coldly</span>
Notes:
Only used to describe _objects when they are cold_. Not when describing the weather and usually not when describing one’s body temperature. It would only be used to describe a body temperature if somebody’s body is cold to the touch.
Example:
- **차가운** 물을 주세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Please give me **cold** water</span>
</Details>
친절하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be nice, to be kind</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>친절한 사람</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a nice person</span>
- 친절하게 대우하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to treat somebody nicely</span>
Example:
- 한국 사람들은 아주 **친절해요** = <span class="md spoiler">Korean people are very **nice**</span>
</Details>
### Adverbs and Other Words
전 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">before/ago</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>그 전에</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">before that</span>
- 식전 = <span class="md spoiler">before eating/after a meal</span>
- <TTS>조금 전에</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">just a bit before/earlier</span>
Used to indicate that something was done before a certain time, for example:
- 저는 2주 **전**에 남동생을 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I met my brother 2 weeks **ago**</span>
- 저는 그 **전**에 한국어를 잘 못 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I couldn’t speak Korean well **before** that</span>
Also used to indicate that something happens before an action:
- 한국에 오기 **전**에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean **before** I came to Korea</span>
</Details>
직전 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">just before</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 한국에 오기 **직전**에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean **right before** I came to Korea</span>
</Details>
후 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">after/later</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>그 후에</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">after that</span>
- 식후 = <span class="md spoiler">after eating/after a meal</span>
Used to indicate that something was done after a certain time, for example:
- 수업은 2분 **후**에 끝날 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Class will finish 2 minutes **from now**</span>
Also used to indicate that something happens after an action:
- 밥을 먹은 **후**에 친구를 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">**After** I ate, I met a friend</span>
- 한국에 온 **후**에 한국어를 배우고 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">**After** coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean</span>
</Details>
직후 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabrightafter.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">right after</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 우리가 먹은 **직후**에 잠에 들었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We fell asleep **right after** eating</span>
</Details>
이래 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">since</span>
<Details>
Notes:
후에 is used much more commonly than 이래(로).
Example:
- 한국에 온 **이래**로 한국어를 배우고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Since** coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean</span>
</Details>
잠시 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a moment</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>잠시 후에</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a short time after, a moment after</span>
- <TTS>잠시만</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">just a moment</span>
Example:
- 우리는 **잠시** 후에 나갈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">We are going to go outside **shortly**</span>
</Details>
잠깐 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">a short time</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>잠깐만!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">just a moment</span>
Example:
- **잠깐**만 기다려 주세요! = <span class="md spoiler">Wait **just a moment**, please!</span>
- 저는 침대에 **잠깐** 눕고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to lie down for just **a second**</span>
- 저는 신발을 신으러 **잠깐** 앉았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I sat down for **a minute** in order to put on my shoe</span>
- 그 문제를 해결하려고 우리는 **잠깐** 만났어요 = <span class="md spoiler">In order to solve that problem, we met for **a little bit**</span>
- 죄송해요! 저는 **잠깐** 집에 들러야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">Sorry! I need to pop into the house for **a second**</span>
</Details>
이내 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">within</span>
<Details>
Example:
- 저는 5년 **이내**에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to learn five languages **within** 5 years</span>
</Details>
For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/app/).
## Introduction
In [Lesson 11](./11-time.md), you learned a wide variety of different “time” words that you can use in sentences. In that lesson, I said that there were two more words that were very important when talking about time (전 and 후). In that lesson, I said that I would teach you those two words sometime later. Well, this is now later.
In this lesson, you will learn how to use the words 전 and 후 as well as some other similar words. Let’s get started:
## Before/Ago (전)
The word ‘전’ translates to ‘before’ or ‘ago’ depending on where it is used. When placed after any indication of time (2 seconds, 5 minutes, 10 hours, 4 days, 3 weeks, 2 years, etc…) it has the meaning of “ago.” For example:
- 2 초 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">2 seconds ago</span>
- 5 분 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">5 minutes ago</span>
- 열 시간 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">10 hours ago</span>\*
- 4 일 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">4 days ago</span>
- 3 주 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">3 weeks ago</span>
- 2 년 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">2 years ago</span>
_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) and [11](./11-time.md)._
Notice that ‘에’ gets added to ‘전’ because it is referring to a time.
You can now use those words in sentences very intuitively:
- 저는 2주 전에 남동생을 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I met my brother 2 weeks ago</span>
- 구름은 5분 전에 걷혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The clouds cleared up 5 minutes ago</span>
When ‘전’ is placed after a verb, it translates to “before.” When you want to use 전 like this, you must add \~기 to the verb stem of the preceding verb:
- 제가 먹기 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">before I ate</span>
- 제가 가기 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">before I go</span>
- 제가 오기 전에 = <span class="md spoiler">before I come</span>
A few very important things before I say anything else:
There is a reason why \~기 is added to the stem of a verb. Adding \~기 to the stem of a verb is a topic I cover in detail in [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/).
Another thing. You can essentially add any sentence to the (verb-stem)\~기 전에 grammatical form and it will have the meaning of “before (this happened).” You could say something like “the country of Canada becomes a sovereign state기 전에” and it would have the meaning of “before Canada became a sovereign state”… Of course, that is a terrible example because in English the verb doesn’t come at the end of the sentence.
You are now ready to create two-clause sentences. Up to this point we have dealt with sentences having only one clause, meaning one subject, one object, and one predicating verb or adjective. To illustrate, in the following sentences subjects are colored red, objects are blue, and predicating verbs or adjectives are green. (Adverbs and other parts of the sentences are not colored):
- <mark>나는</mark> _너를_ <ins>사랑해</ins> = <span class="md spoiler">I love you</span>
- <mark>아버지는</mark> 언제 <ins>왔어요</ins>? = <span class="md spoiler">When did dad come?</span>
- <mark>저와 엄마는</mark> _밥을_ 같이 <ins>먹었어요</ins> = <span class="md spoiler">Mom and I ate (rice)</span>
- <mark>그 여자들은</mark> <ins>예뻐요</ins> = <span class="md spoiler">Those girls are pretty</span>
- <mark>저는</mark> *똑똑한 여자들*만 <ins>좋아해요</ins> = <span class="md spoiler">I only like smart girls</span>
However, there are grammatical principles (in English and Korean) that allow us to create more than one clause. Each clause is able to have a subject, object and also a verb/adjective. A sentence with more than one clause could therefore have more than one subject, object or verb/adjective. For example:
- When I go home, my mom will be waiting for me
- When my mother ate a hotdog, I ate a hamburger
- Before I eat, I want to wash my hands
- After I saw the movie, my friend called me
- I don’t want to meet him because he isn’t nice
The grammatical rules of a Korean sentence with two (or more) clauses are similar those with only one clause. However, when a sentence has two (or more) clauses, the particle \~는/은 cannot be placed on the subject of both clauses. Instead, it can only be attached to the subject of the main clause of the sentence.
The main clause of a sentence is the clause that is expressing the main idea of the sentence. One way to find the non-main clause (referred to as the “sub-clause” for the remainder of this lesson) is by looking for the part of the sentence that tells us when/where/why/how the main idea is happening. For example:
_When I go home,_ my mom will be waiting for me
- Main clause: My mom will be waiting for me
- _When_ will this happen: _When I go home_
_When my mother ate a hotdog,_ I ate a hamburger
- Main clause: I ate a hamburger
- _When_ did this happen: _When my mother ate a hotdog_
_Before I eat,_ I want to wash my hands
- Main clause: I want to wash my hands
- _When_ did this happen: _Before I eat_
_After I saw the movie,_ my friend called me
- Main clause: My friend called me
- _When_ did happen: _After I saw the movie_
I don’t want to meet him _because he isn’t nice_
- Main clause: I don’t want to meet him
- _Why_ does this happen: _because he isn’t nice_
Notice that if you eliminate the sub-clause, the main clause still makes sense. However, if you eliminate the main clause, you are left with an incomplete sentence.
Let’s go back to \~기 전에 and see how these rules apply. In the following sentence:
- “Before my mom came, I ate rice”
Which clause is the main clause? Which clause is the sub-clause?
- “I ate rice” is the main idea of the sentence. It is a perfect sentence by itself.
“Before my mom came” describes _when_ the action in the main clause takes place. It is also an incomplete sentence by itself.
Therefore, this sentence in Korean can be written as:
- 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my mom came, I ate (rice)</span>
I am going to talk about how the particles \~는/은 and \~이/가 can be used in these sentences. I’m going to separate this discussion with a line before and after it in an attempt to organize it a little bit.
———————————————————————-
Notice that \~는/은 is attached to the subject of the main clause of the sentence. The reverse would be incorrect. For example:
- ~~엄마는 오기 전에 내가 밥을 먹었어~~ – incorrect
Placing \~는/은 on _both_ subjects would also be incorrect:
- ~~엄마는 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어~~ – incorrect
However, placing \~이/가 on both subjects is acceptable. That is, it is not necessary to place \~는/은 on the subject of the main clause of the sentence, just like how (as you learned in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md)) it is not necessary to place \~은/는 on the subject of the following sentence:
- 고양이가 집 뒤에 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The cat is behind the house</span>
Placing \~는/은 on the subject of the main clause of a multi-clause sentence has the same effect of adding \~는/은 to the subject of a sentence with one clause. That is, it _could_ indicate that something is being compared with something else. It could also have the exact same meaning as a sentence with “\~이/가” used as the subject particles. In both situations, the context is the only thing that can determine if there is a subtle difference in meaning. For example:
- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my friend came, I went to the bank</span>, or
- 친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my friend came, I went to the bank</span>
There _could_ be a difference between these two sentences. If the context allowed for it, the feeling is that “I” is being compared to another noun. For example, “before your friend came, (maybe) your girlfriend stayed home but _you (I_) went to the bank.”
Sometimes, the use of “\~는/은” as the subject particle creates a different translation in English, although the end result of the sentence is the same. Notice the difference between the following possible English translations:
- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my friend came, I was the person who went to the bank (compared to my girlfriend who stayed home)</span>
- 친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my friend came, I went to the bank</span>
If you are unsure of this distinction between \~은/는 and \~이/가 I encourage you to re-read the distinction made in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md) and [Lesson 22](./22-how-which-what-how-many.md).
Almost all of the time, when you are making the sub-clause to go before “\~전에,” \~이/가 will be attached to the subject of that clause. The only time this isn’t the case is when the subject of _both_ clauses is the same. In these cases, it is acceptable to place “\~는/은” on the subject of the first clause, and eliminate it from the second clause. For example:
- 나는 오기 전에 밥을 먹었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before I came, I ate</span>
Instead of:
- ~~내가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어~~ = <span class="md spoiler">Before I came, I ate</span>
Remember that Korean people love shortening their sentences. Every chance they get, they want to eliminate something from their sentences. So, instead of saying “내가… 나는…” you only need to say “I” once.
———————————————————————-
Also notice that (like a lot of things in Korean), no indication of tense is made before \~기 전에. Instead, the tense is determined by the conjugation of the main clause:
- 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 먹었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before mom came, I ate</span>
- 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 먹을 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before mom comes, I will eat</span>
Many more examples of \~기 전에:
- 한국에 오기 전에 저는 한국어를 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean before I came to Korea</span>
- 수박을 먹기 전에 사과를 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson241.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before I ate a watermelon I ate an apple</span>
- 양복을 입기 전에 목욕을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson242.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before putting on the suit I took a bath</span>
- 구름이 걷히기 전에 비가 왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson243.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before the clouds cleared it rained</span>
- 집에서 나가기 전에 방을 치웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson244.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before leaving the house I cleaned my room</span>
- 제가 아내와 결혼하기 전에 우리는 2년 동안 사귀었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Before marrying my wife, we went out/dated for 2 years</span>
## After/Later (후)
The word ‘후’ translates to ‘after’ or ‘later/from now’ depending on how it is used in Korean sentences. When placed after any indication of time (2 seconds, 5 minutes, 10 hours, 4 days, 3 weeks, 2 years, etc…) it has the meaning of “later/from now:” For example:
- 2 초 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">2 seconds later/from now</span>
- 5 분 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">5 minutes later/from now</span>
- 열 시간 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">10 hours later/from now</span>\*
- 4 일 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">4 days later/from now</span>
- 3 주 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">3 weeks later/from now</span>
- 2 년 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">2 years later/from now</span>
_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) and [11](./11-time.md)._
You can use these sentences intuitively just like sentences with “전.” For example:
- 두 시간 후에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go 2 hours from now</span>
- 수업은 2분 후에 끝날 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Class will finish 2 minutes from now</span>
When ‘후’ is placed after a verb, it has the meaning of “after.” You learned earlier in this lesson that you must add \~기 to the stem of a verb to make “\~기 전에.” When using “후” after a verb, you do not add \~기 to the stem of the word. Instead, you must add \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the verb. \~은 gets added to a stem where the final syllable ends in a consonant. \~ㄴ gets added directly to stems ending in a vowel. For example:
- 내가 먹은 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">After I eat</span>
- 내가 간 후에 = <span class="md spoiler">After I go</span>
These can now go into sentences like “\~기 전에”
- 숙제가 끝난 후에 나는 집에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After my homework is finished, I will go home</span>
- 밥을 먹은 후에 친구를 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After I ate I met a friend</span>
- 과자를 많이 먹은 후에 배가 아팠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson245.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After eating a lot of candy/snacks, my stomach was sore</span>
- 구두를 신은 후에 의자에서 일어났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson246.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After putting on my boots, I got up from the chair</span>
- 방을 치운 후에 밖에 나갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson247.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After cleaning up my room, I went outside</span>
It is also possible to substitute the word <TTS>다음</TTS> (which you learned about in [Lesson 11](./11-time.md)) for 후 to create the same meaning. For example:
- 숙제가 끝난 다음에 나는 집에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson248.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After my homework is finished, I will go home</span>
- 밥을 먹은 다음에 친구를 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson249.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After I ate I met a friend</span>
- 과자를 많이 먹은 다음에 배가 아팠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2410.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After eating a lot of candy/snacks, my stomach was sore</span>
- 구두를 신은 다음에 의자에서 일어났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2411.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After putting on my boots, I got up from the chair</span>
- 방을 치운 다음에 밖에 나갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2412.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After cleaning up my room, I went outside</span>
You can see in the vocabulary list that there are also these words:
- 직전 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">just before</span>
- 직후 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabrightafter.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">right after</span>
These two can be used just like 전 and 후 respectively – the difference being that the addition of “직” emphasizes that something was done _immediately_ before or after the action or indication of time. For example:
- 아들이 저녁 먹기 직전에 과자를 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2413.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Right before having dinner, he (the son) ate candy/snacks</span>
- 경찰관이 오기 직전에 그 사람이 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2414.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person left right before the police came</span>
---
- 양복을 입은 직후에 밖에 나갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2415.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Right after I put on the suit, I went outside</span>
- 전화번호를 받은 직후에 잃어버렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2416.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Right after I got his phone number, I lost it</span>
One quick thing. In a lot of the example sentences above, I placed the \~기 전에 or \~ㄴ/은 후에 clauses before the main clause of the sentence. It is important to recognize something here – what we are essentially doing is creating a unit that gives us an indication of time. For example:
- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Before my friend came, I went to the bank</span>
“<TTS>친구가 오기 전에</TTS>” can just be seen as one unit that can be placed elsewhere in a sentence, just like other adverbs that give us an indication of time. For example:
- 저는 (at some time) 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the bank (at some time)</span>
- 저는 (어제) 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the bank (yesterday)</span>
- 저는 (친구가 오기 전에) 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the bank (before my friend came)</span>
Therefore, although I often place this indication of time before the clause, it doesn’t always need to be there, and it is the discretion of the speaker that will decide exactly where to place it. Being able to create a single unit from a clause like this is a quick introduction to what you will begin learning in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md) – where you will be able to manipulate entire clauses to describe nouns in the middle of sentences.
## Since: \~ㄴ/은 이래로
The word “since” in Korean (이래로) can be used in place of “후” in \~ㄴ/은 후에 to have the meaning of “since I…”:
- 한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 배우고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Since coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean</span>
- 열심히 공부한 이래로 실력은 빨리 늘었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Since studying hard, my skills have been quickly increasing</span>
Those two sentences are perfectly correct, but you should know that Korean people rarely use the word 이래로. You can use it, and everybody will understand what you mean (they will probably be impressed because 이래로 is a difficult word). Instead, it is more common for Korean people to use \~ㄴ/은 후에 to have the meaning of “since.” For example:
한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 배우고 있어요. is better said like this:
- 한국에 온 후에 한국어를 배우고 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean</span>
열심히 공부한 이래로 실력은 빨리 늘었어요… is better said like this:
- 열심히 공부한 후에 실력은 빨리 늘었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">After studying hard, my skills have been quickly increasing</span>
## Within/inside (안/이내)
Two other words that you can use in similar situations as 전 and 후 are 안 and 이내. You already know the word “안” can be used in sentences to mean “inside:”
- 나는 집 안에 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am inside the house</span>
If 안/이내 are placed after an indication of time, they have the meaning of “within” that time period. For example:
- 나는 5년 이내에 외국어 다섯 개를 배우고 싶어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to learn five languages within 5 years</span>
- 나는 5년 안에 외국어 다섯 개를 배우고 싶어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson24-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to learn five languages within 5 years</span>
---
- 우리는 1년 이내 결혼할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2417.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will get married within one year</span>
- 우리는 1년 안에 결혼할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lesson2418.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will get married within one year</span>
This was a bit of an easy lesson as well! This lesson and the one before it were pretty easy – but don’t worry – you are almost at Unit 2, and the lessons in that unit will be really hard!
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./25-anybody-everybody.md) Or,
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks/#Unit1725 "Workbooks")
## Summary
<YouTube id=_10xLl2qF08 />
Want to practice your listening skills?
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
Reference in new issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink