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polv fe01d84777 lesson 22
2026-08-24 15:02:33 +07:00

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---
vocabulary:
nouns:
- ko: 동생
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s1.mp3
en: younger sibling
notes: |
<p>While technically this word means "younger sibling" Korean will refer to a close friend (who is younger than them) using this word. This often leads to dialogues like this:</p>
<ul>
<li>Korean person: "Hey! This is my 동생!"</li>
<li>Me: "Really?"</li>
<li>Korean person: "No, not really."</li>
</ul>
<p>To distinguish that somebody is actually related to you by blood, they use the word "친동생"</p>
examples:
- ko: 저 사람은 저의 **동생**이에요
en: That person is my **younger sibling**
- ko: "**동생**은 왜 울었어요?"
en: Why did your **brother/sister** cry?
- ko: 남동생
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s2.mp3
en: younger brother
examples:
- ko: 저는 **남동생**보다 키가 더 커요
en: I am taller than my **(younger) brother**
- ko: 나는 **남동생**보다 밥을 더 먹었어
en: I ate more than my **(younger) brother**
- ko: "너의 **남동생**은 몇 살이야?"
en: How old is your **(younger) brother?**
- ko: 저의 게으른 **남동생**은 하루 종일 아무것도 안 해요
en: My lazy **brother** doesn't do anything all day
- ko: 저는 2주 전에 **남동생**을 만났어요
en: I met my **brother** 2 weeks ago
- ko: "**남동생**은 울었어요?"
en: Did your **brother** cry?
- ko: 여동생
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s3.mp3
en: younger sister
examples:
- ko: 저의 **여동생**은 지난 주에 책 두 권을 읽었어요
en: My **sister** read two books last week
- ko: 너의 **여동생**은 예뻐요
en: Your **younger sister** is pretty
- ko: 형
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-1.mp3
en: older brother
notes: This word is only used if the younger person is also a man
examples:
- ko: 그 사람은 저의 **형**입니다
en: That person is my **brother**
- ko: "**형**을 왜 때렸어요?"
en: Why did you hit your **brother**?
- ko: 저의 **형**은 똑똑한 남자입니다
en: My **brother** is a smart man
- ko: 오빠
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-2.mp3
en: older brother
notes: This word is only used if the younger person is a female
examples:
- ko: 저는 공을 **오빠**한테 던졌어요
en: I threw the ball to my **brother**
- ko: "**오빠**는 바닥에 앉아서 점심을 먹었어요"
en: My **brother** ate lunch sitting on the floor
- ko: "**오빠**는 밤 늦게 밥을 먹는 것을 좋아해요"
en: My **brother** likes eating food late at night
- ko: "**오빤** (**오빠**는) 강남스타일"
en: "**older brother** (I am) is Gangnam style"
- ko: 누나
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-3.mp3
en: older sister
notes: This word is only used if the younger person is a male
examples:
- ko: 저의 **누나**는 대학생이에요
en: My **older sister** is a University student
- ko: 저는 저의 **누나**를 불렀어요
en: I called my **sister**
- ko: 이 사람은 저의 **누나**예요
en: This (person) is my **sister**
- ko: 저는 저의 **누나**한테 돈만 줄 거예요
en: To my **older sister**, I'll just give money
- ko: 저의 **누나**는 충동적인 여자예요
en: My **older sister** is an impulsive girl
- ko: 언니
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-4.mp3
en: older sister
notes: This word is only used if the younger person is a female
examples:
- ko: 저는 **언니**랑 밥을 먹었어요
en: I ate with my **sister**
- ko: 삼촌
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-5.mp3
en: uncle
notes: Korean people often pronounce this word as "삼춘"
examples:
- ko: 저의 **삼촌**은 선생님이에요
en: My **uncle** is a teacher
- ko: 이모
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-6.mp3
en: aunt (on mother's side)
notes: This word is only used to refer to the sister(s) of one's mother
examples:
- ko: 우리 엄마는 **이모**와 닮았어요
en: My mom looks like our **aunt**
- ko: 고모
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-7.mp3
en: aunt (on father's side)
notes: This word is only used to refer to the sister(s) of one's father
examples:
- ko: 우리 아버지는 **고모**와 살고 있어요
en: Our father lives with our **aunt**
- ko: 아저씨
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-8.mp3
en: older man not related to you
notes: |
<p>This word is used to refer to an older man whom you don't know. More broadly, it can be applied to the position that men have, for example "버스 아저씨" for "bus driver" or "택시 아저씨" for "taxi driver."</p>
examples:
- ko: "**아저씨**! 앉으세요!"
en: "**Sir**, please sit down"
- ko: "**아저씨**! 맥주 두 잔 주세요!"
en: "**Sir**! Two glasses of beer, please!"
- ko: 아주머니
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-9.mp3
en: older woman not related to you
examples:
- ko: "**아주머니**! 소주 두 병 주세요!"
en: "**Miss**! Two bottles of soju please!"
- ko: 동대문시장에서 **아주머니**가 많아요
en: There are a lot of **older women** in Dongdaemun market
- ko: 할아버지
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-10.mp3
en: grandfather
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "하라버지"</p>
<p>You can use this word to refer to anybody who looks the age of a grandfather, not just your own grandfather.</p>
examples:
- ko: 우리 **할아버지**는 한국전쟁에서 싸웠어요
en: Our **grandfather** fought in the Korean war
- ko: "**할아버지**와 **할아버지** 친구는 옛날 이야기를 나눴어요"
en: "**Grandpa** and his friend shared old stories (with each other)"
- ko: 아들은 **할아버지**께 선물을 줬어요
en: The son gave a present to his **grandfather**
- ko: 그 **할아버지**는 주름이 하나도 없어요
en: That **grandfather** doesn't even have one wrinkle
- ko: "**할아버지**께 선물을 드리고 싶어요"
en: I want to give my **grandfather** a present
- ko: "**할아버지**가 여기에 계신지 몰랐어요"
en: I didn't know you were here, **grandpa**
- ko: "**할아버**지는 우리 아들에게 돈을 주었어요"
en: "**Grandpa** gave money to our son"
- ko: 우리 **할아버지**가 죽어서 저는 너무 슬퍼요
en: I am very sad because my **grandfather** died
- ko: 할머니
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-11.mp3
en: grandmother
notes: You can use this word to refer to anybody who looks the age of a grandmother, not just your own grandmother.
examples:
- ko: 저의 **할머니**는 요리를 너무 잘해요
en: My **grandmother** cooks very well
- ko: 저의 **할머니**가 여기에 자주 안 오셔요
en: My **grandmother** doesn't come here often
- ko: 저는 **할머니**를 위해 식사를 준비했어요
en: I prepared a meal for **grandmother**
- ko: "**할머니**는 어제 아파서 입원했어요"
en: "**Grandma** checked into the hospital yesterday because she was sick"
- ko: 친구
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-12.mp3
en: friend
examples:
- ko: 저는 어제 **친구**를 만났어요
en: I met a **friend** yesterday
- ko: 저는 저의 **친구**를 자주 만나요
en: I meet my **friend** often
- ko: 저는 **친구**랑 같이 있어요
en: I'm with my **friend**
- ko: 저는 저의 **친구**에게 돈을 줬어요
en: I gave my **friend** money
- ko: 저는 **친구**와 집에 갔어요
en: I went home with my **friend**
- ko: 저는 그것을 **친구**한테서 들었어요
en: I heard that from my **friend**
- ko: 저의 **친구**는 저 쪽으로 갔어요
en: My **friend** went that way
- ko: 저는 **친구**와 비슷해요
en: I am similar to my **friend**
- ko: 저의 **친구**는 (여기) 근처에 살아요
en: My **friend** lives close (to here)
- ko: 사진
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-13.mp3
en: picture
notes: The word "그림" is used to refer to a picture that somebody painted.
examples:
- ko: 여행했을 때 **사진**을 많이 찍었어요
en: When I travelled, I took a lot of **pictures**
- ko: "이 **사진** 어때?"
en: How about this **picture**?
- ko: 이것은 나쁜 **사진**입니다
en: This is a bad **picture**
- ko: 저의 **사진**은 침대 위에 걸려 있어요
en: My **picture** is hanging above my bed
- ko: 저는 **사진**을 하나도 안 찍었어요
en: I didn't even take one **picture**
- ko: 저는 **사진**을 벽에 걸었어요
en: I hung a **picture** on a wall
- ko: 안경
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-14.mp3
en: glasses
examples:
- ko: 저는 새로운 **안경**을 샀어요
en: I bought new **glasses**
- ko: 비밀
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-15.mp3
en: secret
examples:
- ko: 그것이 **비밀**이라서 말하지 마세요
en: Don't say anything because it is a **secret**!
- ko: 그것은 큰 **비밀**이었어요
en: That was a big **secret**
- ko: 그의 과거는 큰 **비밀**이에요
en: His past is a big **secret**
- ko: 비
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-16.mp3
en: rain
examples:
- ko: 어제 **비**가 많이 왔어요
en: Yesterday it **rained** a lot
- ko: "**비**가 아직 와요"
en: It is still **raining**
- ko: "**비**가 왔어요?"
en: Is it **raining**?
- ko: 내일 **비**가 올지 모르겠어요
en: I don't know if it will **rain** tomorrow
- ko: 가게
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-17.mp3
en: store/shop
examples:
- ko: 저는 **가게**에서 사과를 샀어요
en: I bought apples at the **store**
- ko: 저는 이 **가게**에서 잠깐 구경하고 싶어요
en: I want to look around for a bit in this **store**
- ko: 이 **가게**는 싼 음식을 팔아요
en: this **store** sells cheap/inexpensive food
- ko: 그 **가게**에 18세 미만은 못 들어가요
en: Those under 18 years of age can't enter that **store**
- ko: 박물관
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-18.mp3
en: museum
notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "방물관"
examples:
- ko: 그 **박물관**은 특별해요
en: That **museum** is special
- ko: 저는 **박물관**에 다음 번에 갈 거예요
en: I will go to the **museum** next time
- ko: 병원은 **박물관** 뒤에 있어요
en: The hospital is behind the **museum**
- ko: 선생님은 학생들과 **박물관**에 갔다
en: The teacher went to the **museum** with the students
- ko: 가스 레인지
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-19.mp3
en: stove (gas range)
notes: Literally the English pronunciation of "gas range" in Korean.
examples:
- ko: 이 집은 **가스 레인지**가 없어요
en: This house doesn't have a **stove**
- ko: 오리
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-20.mp3
en: duck (animal)
examples:
- ko: 우리는 급식으로 **오리**고기를 먹었어요
en: We had **duck** for the school lunch
- ko: 꼬리
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-21.mp3
en: tail
examples:
- ko: 그 강아지의 **꼬리**는 아주 귀여워요
en: That puppy's **tail** is very cute
- ko: 공
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson18v18.mp3
en: ball
examples:
- ko: 야구선수는 **공**을 세게 던졌어요
en: The baseball player threw the **ball** hard
verbs:
- ko: 기대하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-23.mp3
en: to expect
notes: |
<p>The noun form of this word translates to "expectation"</p>
<p>The passive version of this word (기대되다) is commonly used to say that one is excited for something to happen. For more information on passive verbs, see Lesson 14.</p>
examples:
- ko: 선생님이 3시에 올 것을 **기대했어요**
en: I **expected** the teacher to come at 3:00
- ko: 건너다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-24.mp3
en: to cross (a road/etc)
notes: |
<p>~아/어: 건너, ~ㄴ/은: 건넌, ~ㄴ/는다: 건넌다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 건넙니다, ~ㄹ/을: 건널, ~니: 건너니, ~ㅁ/음: 건넘, ~(으)려고: 건너려고, ~(으)시: 건너시, ~(으)면: 건너면, ~(으)니: 건너니</p>
examples:
- ko: 빨리 **건너자**!
en: Quick! Let's **cross**!
- ko: 저는 거리를 안전하게 **건넜어요**
en: I **crossed** the street safely
- ko: 던지다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-25.mp3
en: to throw
notes: |
<p>This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1.</p>
<p><YouTube id="5oqbDZymdBM" /></p>
<p>~아/어: 던져, ~ㄴ/은: 던진, ~ㄴ/는다: 던진다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 던집니다, ~ㄹ/을: 던질, ~니: 던지니, ~ㅁ/음: 던짐, ~(으)려고: 던지려고, ~(으)시: 던지시, ~(으)면: 던지면, ~(으)니: 던지니</p>
examples:
- ko: 수업시간 동안 종이를 **던지**지 마세요
en: During class, don't **throw** paper please
- ko: 야구선수는 공을 세게 **던졌어요**
en: The baseball player **threw** the ball hard
- ko: 싫어하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-27.mp3
en: to not like
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "시러하다"</p>
<p>싫다 is an adjective that means "not good." 싫어하다 is a verb. Therefore, ~을/를 should be attached to the object in the sentence that one does not like.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 그 사람을 **싫어해요**
en: I **don't like** that person
- ko: 저는 과일을 **싫어해요**
en: I **dislike** fruit
- ko: 처음에 그 여자를 **싫어했어요**
en: I **didn't like** that girl at first
- ko: 그들은 저를 처음부터 **싫어했어요**
en: They **didn't like** me from the start
- ko: 저는 사람들이 지하철을 급히 타는 것을 **싫어해요**
en: I **don't like** people getting on the subway in a rush
- ko: 제가 그 여자를 **싫어해**도 그녀를 위해 선물을 사야 되었어요
en: Regardless of how much I **dislike** that girl, I still had to buy her a present
- ko: 떠나다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-28.mp3
en: to leave somewhere
notes: |
<p>This word is usually only used if you are leaving something forever or for a very long time. If you want to say that you left your house (and are returning), you should use the words "출발하다" (to depart) or "나가다" (to go out).</p>
<p>~아/어: 떠나, ~ㄴ/은: 떠난, ~ㄴ/는다: 떠난다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 떠납니다, ~ㄹ/을: 떠날, ~니: 떠나니, ~ㅁ/음: 떠남, ~(으)려고: 떠나려고, ~(으)시: 떠나시, ~(으)면: 떠나면, ~(으)니: 떠나니</p>
examples:
- ko: "한국은 언제 **떠났어요**?"
en: When did you **leave** Korea?
- ko: 아버지가 벌써 **떠났다**는 것을 몰랐어요
en: I didn't know (the fact) that dad already **left**
- ko: 농담하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-29.mp3
en: to joke
notes: The noun form of this word translates to "a joke"
examples:
- ko: 나의 남자친구는 나에게 **농담**을 많이 해
en: My boyfriend tells me a lot of **jokes**
- ko: 공부하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-14.mp3
en: to study
examples:
- ko: 저는 한국어를 4년 동안 **공부했어요**
en: I **studied** Korean for 4 years
- ko: 저는 저녁에 **공부했어요**
en: I **studied** in the evening
- ko: 여름에 저는 **공부하겠어요**
en: I will **study** in the summer
- ko: 저는 30분 동안 **공부했어요**
en: I **studied** for 30 minutes
- ko: 저는 내일부터 한국어를 **공부할** **거예요**
en: I'm going to **study** Korean from tomorrow
- ko: 저는 아침부터 밤까지 **공부**만 **했어요**
en: From morning to night I only **studied**
adjectives:
- ko: 지루하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-30.mp3
en: to be boring
notes: |
<p>In English we use similar words to describe that one is bored, and that something is boring. However, in Korean, these are separate words. If you are bored, you can use "심심하다." If something is boring (and thus, making you bored), you can use "지루하다"</p>
examples:
- ko: 수업은 매우 **지루해요**
en: Class is so **boring**
- ko: 마르다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-31.mp3
en: for a person to be too thin
notes: |
<p>마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.</p>
<p>This is usually used in a negative way.</p>
<p>If you are telling somebody that they look (too) thin, this is usually used in the past tense. For example: 형! 너무 말랐어! = (Brother!) You look so thin!</p>
<p>~아/어: 말라, ~ㄴ/은: 마른, ~ㅂ/습니다: 마릅니다, ~ㄹ/을: 마를, ~니: 마르니, ~ㅁ/음: 마름, ~(으)려고: 마르려고, ~(으)시: 마르시, ~(으)면: 마르면, ~(으)니: 마르니</p>
examples:
- ko: 보통 모델들은 **말라요**
en: Models are usually **thin**
- ko: 멀다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-33.mp3
en: to be far away
notes: |
<p>멀다 follows the ㄹ Irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.</p>
<p>~아/어: 멀어, ~ㄴ/은: 먼, ~ㅂ/습니다: 멉니다, ~ㄹ/을: 멀, ~니: 머니, ~ㅁ/음: 멂, ~(으)려고: 멀려고, ~(으)시: 머시, ~(으)면: 멀면, ~(으)니: 머니</p>
examples:
- ko: 우리 집은 너무 **멀어요**
en: Our home is very **far**
- ko: 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요
en: I went to a **far away** hospital (a hospital that is **far away**)
- ko: 마르다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-31.mp3
en: to be dry
notes: |
<p>마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.</p>
<p>Most commonly used as "목 마르다" (literally: dry throat) to indicate that one is thirsty.</p>
<p>~아/어: 말라, ~ㄴ/은: 마른, ~ㅂ/습니다: 마릅니다, ~ㄹ/을: 마를, ~니: 마르니, ~ㅁ/음: 마름, ~(으)려고: 마르려고, ~(으)시: 마르시, ~(으)면: 마르면, ~(으)니: 마르니</p>
examples:
- ko: 그 강은 완전히 **말랐어요**
en: That river has completely **dried** up
- ko: 비슷하다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-35.mp3
en: to be similar
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "비스타다"</p>
<p>~해: 비슷해, ~ㄴ/은: 비슷한, ~ㅂ/습니다: 비슷합니다, ~ㄹ/을: 비슷할, ~니: 비슷하니, ~ㅁ/음: 비슷함, ~(으)려고: 비슷하려고, ~(으)시: 비슷하시, ~(으)면: 비슷하면, ~(으)니: 비슷하니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저와 저의 아버지는 너무 **비슷해요**
en: My father and I are very **similar**
- ko: 저는 친구와 **비슷해요**
en: I am **similar** to my friend
- ko: 싫다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-36.mp3
en: to not be good
notes: |
<p>The pronunciation of this word is closer to "실타"</p>
<p>싫다 can be used to say "one does not like" by attaching ~이/가 to an object. For more information, see Lesson 15.</p>
<p>~아/어: 싫어, ~ㄴ/은: 싫은, ~ㅂ/습니다: 싫습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 싫을, ~니: 싫으니, ~ㅁ/음: 싫음, ~(으)려고: 싫으려고, ~(으)시: 싫으시, ~(으)면: 싫으면, ~(으)니: 싫으니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 그 사람이 **싫어요**
en: I **don't like** that person
- ko: 학교가 **싫어요**
en: I **don't like** school
- ko: 맥주가 **싫어요**
en: I **don't like** beer
- ko: 오래되다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-32.mp3
en: for an object to be old
notes: |
<p>Like 낡다, 오래되다 can only be used to describe objects – but 낡다 implies that the object in question is also damaged/rugged in some form. Using 오래되다 simply implies that it has been a long time since something was built/released/bought, etc...</p>
<p>~아/어: 오래돼, ~ㄴ/은: 오래된, ~ㅂ/습니다: 오래됐다 (most common past tense form), ~ㄹ/을: 오래될, ~니: 오래되니, ~ㅁ/음: 오래됨, ~(으)려고: 오래되려고, ~(으)시: 오래되시, ~(으)면: 오래되면, ~(으)니: 오래되니</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 저의 **오래된** 핸드폰을 팔았어요
en: I sold my **old** phone
- ko: 그 식당이 **오래되었다**
en: That restaurant is **old**
- ko: 우리는 **오래된** 집에 갔다
en: We went to the **old** house
- ko: 한국문화는 **오래됐**고 흥미로워요
en: Korean culture is **long/old** and interesting
- ko: 오늘 새로운 복사기가 올 거라서 이 **오래된** 것을 버려야 돼요
en: The new photocopier will come today, so we have to throw out this **old** one
- ko: 배고프다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Lesson27v45.mp3
en: to be hungry
notes: |
<p>This is sometimes as "배가 고프다"</p>
<p>~아/어: 배고파, ~ㄴ/은: 배고픈, ~ㅂ/습니다: 배고픕니다, ~ㄹ/을: 배고플, ~니: 배고프니, ~ㅁ/음: 배고픔, ~(으)려고: 배고프려고, ~(으)시: 배고프시, ~(으)면: 배고프면, ~(으)니: 배고프니</p>
examples:
- ko: 나는 별로 **배고프지 않아**
en: I'm not really **hungry**
- ko: 저는 먹고 싶지만 **배고프지 않아요**
en: Even though I want to eat, I am not **hungry**
- ko: 밥을 안 먹으면 **배고플 거야**
en: If you don't eat, you will be **hungry**
adverbs:
- ko: 오늘
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-37.mp3
en: today
notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 오늘 as it can be assumed
examples:
- ko: 저는 **오늘**에 시험을 봐 야 돼요
en: I need to write an exam **today**
- ko: 저는 **오늘** 두 번 운동할 것입니다
en: I will exercise twice (two times) **today**
- ko: 저는 **오늘** 아침식사를 못 먹었어요
en: I didn't eat breakfast **today**
- ko: "**오늘** 날씨가 너무 더워요"
en: "**Today** the weather is too hot"
- ko: 어제 운동을 해서 **오늘** 저의 팔이 아파요
en: My arms are sore **today** because I exercised yesterday
- ko: 저는 **오늘** 네 개의 수업을 가르쳤어요
en: I taught four classes **today**
- ko: 이 수업은 **오늘** 저의 열 번째 수업입니다
en: This is my tenth class **today**
- ko: 저는 **오늘** 오후에 낮잠을 잤어요
en: I took a nap in the afternoon **today**
- ko: 어제
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-45.mp3
en: yesterday
notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 어제 as it can be assumed
examples:
- ko: 저는 **어제** 학교에 못 갔어요
en: I couldn't go to school **yesterday**
- ko: 저는 **어제**부터 아팠어요
en: I have been sick since (from) **yesterday**
- ko: 그 건물은 **어제**와 달라요
en: That building is different from **yesterday**
- ko: 나는 **어제** 친구 다섯 명을 만났어
en: I met five friends **yesterday**
- ko: 저는 **어제** 선생님을 처음 만났어요
en: I met my teacher for the first time **yesterday**
- ko: 저는 **어제** 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요
en: I played baseball for an hour **yesterday**
- ko: 저는 **어제** 여자친구랑 이야기했어요
en: I talked with my girlfriend **yesterday**
- ko: 저는 **어제** 학교에 세 번 갔어요
en: I went to school three times **yesterday**
- ko: 내일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-46.mp3
en: tomorrow
notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 내일 as it can be assumed
examples:
- ko: 저는 **내일** 공원에 갈 거예요
en: I am going to the park **tomorrow**
- ko: "**내일** 뭐 하고 싶어요?"
en: What do you want to do **tomorrow**?
- ko: 선생님은 **내일** 학생들을 만날 거예요
en: The teacher will meet the students **tomorrow**
- ko: 저는 **내일** 사람 두 명 더 만날 거예요
en: I will meet two more people **tomorrow**
- ko: "**내일** 학교에 갈 것입니까?"
en: Are you going to school **tomorrow**?
- ko: "너는 **내일** 누구(를) 만날 거야?"
en: Who will you meet **tomorrow**?
- ko: 저는 **내일**부터 건강한 음식만 먹을 거예요
en: From **tomorrow**, I am going to eat only healthy food
- ko: 모레
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-47.mp3
en: the day after tomorrow
notes: |
<p>Often said as "내일모레"</p>
<p>This word is commonly misspelled as "모래" (which actually means "sand")</p>
examples:
- ko: 학교가 **모레** 닫혀 있을 거예요
en: The school will be closed **two days from now**
- ko: 년
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-48.mp3
en: year
notes: This word is more commonly used in compilation with other words rather than by itself.
examples:
- ko: 저는 작**년**에 한국에 갔어요
en: I went to Korea last **year**
- ko: 저는 5**년** 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요
en: I want to learn 5 languages within five **years**
- ko: 우리는 1**년** 안에 결혼할 거예요
en: We will get married within one **year**
- ko: 제가 한국에서 산 지 1**년** 됐어요
en: I have been living in Korea for a **year**
- ko: 그 선생님은 영어를 가르친 지 20 **년** 됐어요
en: That teacher has been teaching English for 20 **years**
- ko: 저는 7**년** 동안 한국에서 살았어요
en: I lived in Korea for seven **years**
- ko: 저는 내**년**에 한국에 갈 거예요
en: I will go to Korea next **year**
- ko: 일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-49.mp3
en: day
notes: |
<p>When talking about a day, "날" should be used. For more information, see Lesson 11.</p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 토요**일**에 학교에 안 가요
en: I don't go to school on Satur**day**
- ko: 저는 3**일** 동안 학교에 안 갔어요
en: I didn't go to school for 3 **days**
- ko: 시간
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-50.mp3
en: time
notes: |
<p>You can use this word to indicate that something was done for a certain amount of hours. In addition, it can mean "time" as in "last time" or "this time." For more information, visit Lesson 11.</p>
<p>This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1.</p>
<p><YouTube id="5oqbDZymdBM" /></p>
examples:
- ko: 저는 두 **시간** 동안 공부했어요
en: I studied for two **hours**
- ko: 저는 세 **시간** 동안 잤어요
en: I slept for three **hours**
- ko: 저는 어제 두 **시간** 동안 TV를 봤어요
en: I watched TV for two **hours** yesterday
- ko: 우리는 다음 **시간**에 더 배울 거예요
en: We will learn more next **time**
- ko: "**시간**이 있으시면 술을 마시러 술집에 갑시다"
en: If you have **time**, let's go to a bar to drink alcohol!
- ko: 저는 그것을 지난 **시간**에 배웠어요
en: I learned that (thing) last **time**
- ko: 수업**시간** 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요
en: During class (**time**), don't throw paper please
days_of_the_week:
- ko: 월요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-38.mp3
en: Monday
- ko: 화요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-39.mp3
en: Tuesday
- ko: 수요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-40.mp3
en: Wednesday
- ko: 목요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-41.mp3
en: Thursday
- ko: 금요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-42.mp3
en: Friday
- ko: 토요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-43.mp3
en: Saturday
- ko: 일요일
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-44.mp3
en: Sunday
---
# Lesson 5: Conjugation: Past, Present, Future
## Vocabulary
<VocabQuiz />
### Nouns
동생 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">younger sibling</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 남동생 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">younger brother</span>
- 여동생 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">younger sister</span>
- <TTS>친동생</TTS> = biological younger sibling
Notes:
While technically this word means “<span class="md spoiler">younger sibling</span>” Korean will refer to <span class="md spoiler">a close friend (who is younger than them)</span> using this word. This often leads to dialogues like this:
- Korean person: “Hey! This is my 동생!”
- Me: “Really?”
- Korean person: “No, not really.”
To distinguish that somebody is actually related to you by blood, they use the word “<TTS>친동생</TTS>”
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저 사람은 저의 **동생**이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That person is my **younger sibling**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**동생**은 왜 울었어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Why did your **brother/sister** cry?</span>
</Details>
남동생 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">younger brother</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **남동생**보다 키가 더 커요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am taller than my **(younger) brother**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나는 **남동생**보다 밥을 더 먹었어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate more than my **(younger) brother**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너의 **남동생**은 몇 살이야?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">How old is your **(younger) brother?**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 게으른 **남동생**은 하루 종일 아무것도 안 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My lazy **brother** doesn’t do anything all day</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 2주 전에 **남동생**을 만났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I met my **brother** 2 weeks ago</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**남동생**은 울었어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Did your **brother** cry?</span>
</Details>
여동생 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">younger sister</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **여동생**은 지난 주에 책 두 권을 읽었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **sister** read two books last week</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너의 **여동생**은 예뻐요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Your **younger sister** is pretty</span>
</Details>
형 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older brother</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used if the younger person is also a man
Common Usages:
- <TTS>형님</TTS> = formal version of 형
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 사람은 저의 **형**입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That person is my **brother**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**형**을 왜 때렸어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Why did you hit your **brother**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **형**은 똑똑한 남자입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **brother** is a smart man</span>
</Details>
오빠 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older brother</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used if the younger person is a female
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 공을 **오빠**한테 던졌어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I threw the ball to my **brother**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오빠**는 바닥에 앉아서 점심을 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **brother** ate lunch sitting on the floor</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오빠**는 밤 늦게 밥을 먹는 것을 좋아해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **brother** likes eating food late at night</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오빤** (**오빠**는) 강남스타일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**older brother** (I am) is Gangnam style</span>
</Details>
누나 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older sister</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used if the younger person is a male
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **누나**는 대학생이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **older sister** is a University student</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **누나**를 불렀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I called my **sister**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 사람은 저의 **누나**예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This (person) is my **sister**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **누나**한테 돈만 줄 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">To my **older sister**, I’ll just give money</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **누나**는 충동적인 여자예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **older sister** is an impulsive girl</span>
</Details>
언니 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older sister</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used if the younger person is a female
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **언니**랑 밥을 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate with my **sister**</span>
</Details>
삼촌 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">uncle</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Korean people often pronounce this word as “삼춘”
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **삼촌**은 선생님이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **uncle** is a teacher</span>
</Details>
이모 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">aunt (on mother’s side)</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used to refer to the sister(s) of one’s mother
Common Usages:
- <TTS>큰 이모</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the oldest sister of one’s mother</span>
- <TTS>둘째 이모</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the second oldest sister of one’s mother</span>
- <TTS>막내 이모</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the youngest sister of one’s mother</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 엄마는 **이모**와 닮았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My mom looks like our **aunt**</span>
</Details>
고모 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">aunt (on father’s side)</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is only used to refer to the sister(s) of one’s father
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 아버지는 **고모**와 살고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our father lives with our **aunt**</span>
</Details>
아저씨 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older man not related to you</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This word is used to refer to an older man whom you don’t know. More broadly, it can be applied to the position that men have, for example “버스 아저씨” for “<span class="md spoiler">bus driver</span>” or “택시 아저씨” for “<span class="md spoiler">taxi driver</span>.”
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**아저씨**! 앉으세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Sir**, please sit down</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**아저씨**! 맥주 두 잔 주세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Sir**! Two glasses of beer, please!</span>
</Details>
아주머니 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">older woman not related to you</span>
<Details>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**아주머니**! 소주 두 병 주세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Miss**! Two bottles of soju please!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">동대문시장에서 **아주머니**가 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">There are a lot of **older women** in Dongdaemun market</span>
</Details>
할아버지 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">grandfather</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “하라버지”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>산타할아버지</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Santa Clause (Santa Grandpa)</span>
Notes:
You can use this word to refer to anybody who looks the age of a grandfather, not just your own grandfather.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 **할아버지**는 한국전쟁에서 싸웠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our **grandfather** fought in the Korean war</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**할아버지**와 **할아버지** 친구는 옛날 이야기를 나눴어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Grandpa** and his friend shared old stories (with each other)</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">아들은 **할아버지**께 선물을 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The son gave a present to his **grandfather**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 **할아버지**는 주름이 하나도 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That **grandfather** doesn’t even have one wrinkle</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**할아버지**께 선물을 드리고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to give my **grandfather** a present</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**할아버지**가 여기에 계신지 몰랐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t know you were here, **grandpa**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**할아버**지는 우리 아들에게 돈을 주었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Grandpa** gave money to our son</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 **할아버지**가 죽어서 저는 너무 슬퍼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am very sad because my **grandfather** died</span>
</Details>
할머니 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">grandmother</span>
<Details>
Notes:
You can use this word to refer to anybody who looks the age of a grandmother, not just your own grandmother.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **할머니**는 요리를 너무 잘해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **grandmother** cooks very well</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **할머니**가 여기에 자주 안 오셔요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **grandmother** doesn’t come here often</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **할머니**를 위해 식사를 준비했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I prepared a meal for **grandmother**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**할머니**는 어제 아파서 입원했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Grandma** checked into the hospital yesterday because she was sick</span>
</Details>
친구 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">friend</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS class="md">여자 친구</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">girlfriend</span>
- <TTS class="md">남자 친구</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">boyfriend</span>
- <TTS class="md">친구를 만나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to meet a friend</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 어제 **친구**를 만났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I met a **friend** yesterday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **친구**를 자주 만나요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I meet my **friend** often</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **친구**랑 같이 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m with my **friend**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **친구**에게 돈을 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I gave my **friend** money</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **친구**와 집에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went home with my **friend**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그것을 **친구**한테서 들었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I heard that from my **friend**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **친구**는 저 쪽으로 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **friend** went that way</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **친구**와 비슷해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am similar to my **friend**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **친구**는 (여기) 근처에 살아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **friend** lives close (to here)</span>
</Details>
사진 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">picture</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>사진기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">camera</span>
- <TTS>사진을 찍다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take a picture</span>
Notes:
The word “<TTS>그림</TTS>” is used to refer to a picture that somebody painted.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">여행했을 때 **사진**을 많이 찍었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When I travelled, I took a lot of **pictures**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 **사진** 어때?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">How about this **picture**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이것은 나쁜 **사진**입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This is a bad **picture**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 **사진**은 침대 위에 걸려 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My **picture** is hanging above my bed</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **사진**을 하나도 안 찍었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t even take one **picture**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **사진**을 벽에 걸었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I hung a **picture** on a wall</span>
</Details>
안경 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">glasses</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>안경을 쓰다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to wear glasses</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 새로운 **안경**을 샀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought new **glasses**</span>
</Details>
비밀 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">secret</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>비밀을 밝히다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to let a secret go/tell somebody else about a secret</span>
- <TTS>비밀을 지키다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to protect a secret/not tell somebody else about a secret</span>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그것이 **비밀**이라서 말하지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Don’t say anything because it is a **secret**!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그것은 큰 **비밀**이었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That was a big **secret**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그의 과거는 큰 **비밀**이에요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">His past is a big **secret**</span>
</Details>
비 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">rain</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>비가 오다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to rain</span>
- <TTS>이슬비</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">drizzle</span>
- <TTS>산성비</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">acid rain</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">어제 **비**가 많이 왔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Yesterday it **rained** a lot</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**비**가 아직 와요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It is still **raining**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**비**가 왔어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Is it **raining**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">내일 **비**가 올지 모르겠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t know if it will **rain** tomorrow</span>
</Details>
가게 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">store/shop</span>
<Details>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **가게**에서 사과를 샀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought apples at the **store**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 이 **가게**에서 잠깐 구경하고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to look around for a bit in this **store**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 **가게**는 싼 음식을 팔아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">this **store** sells cheap/inexpensive food</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 **가게**에 18세 미만은 못 들어가요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Those under 18 years of age can’t enter that **store**</span>
</Details>
박물관 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">museum</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “방물관”
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 **박물관**은 특별해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That **museum** is special</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **박물관**에 다음 번에 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to the **museum** next time</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">병원은 **박물관** 뒤에 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The hospital is behind the **museum**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님은 학생들과 **박물관**에 갔다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher went to the **museum** with the students</span>
</Details>
가스 레인지 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">stove (gas range)</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Literally the English pronunciation of “gas range” in Korean.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 집은 **가스 레인지**가 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This house doesn’t have a **stove**</span>
</Details>
오리 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">duck (animal)</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS class="md">오리고기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">duck meat</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리는 급식으로 **오리**고기를 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We had **duck** for the school lunch</span>
</Details>
꼬리 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">tail</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS class="md">꼬리뼈</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">tailbone</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 강아지의 **꼬리**는 아주 귀여워요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That puppy’s **tail** is very cute</span>
</Details>
공 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson18v18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">ball</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>공을 던지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to throw a ball</span>
- <TTS>공을 잡다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to catch a ball</span>
- <TTS>야구공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">baseball</span>
- <TTS>축구공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">soccer ball</span>
- <TTS>농구공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">basketball</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">야구선수는 **공**을 세게 던졌어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The baseball player threw the **ball** hard</span>
</Details>
### Verbs
기대하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to expect</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word translates to “expectation”
Notes:
The passive version of this word (<TTS>기대되다</TTS>) is commonly used to say that <span class="md spoiler">one is excited for something to happen</span>. For more information on passive verbs, see [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/).
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님이 3시에 올 것을 **기대했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **expected** the teacher to come at 3:00</span>
</Details>
건너다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to cross (a road/etc)</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>길을 건너다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to cross a road</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">빨리 **건너자**!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Quick! Let’s **cross**!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 거리를 안전하게 **건넜어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **crossed** the street safely</span>
</Details>
던지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to throw</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>공을 던지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to throw a ball</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">수업시간 동안 종이를 **던지**지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">During class, don’t **throw** paper please</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">야구선수는 공을 세게 **던졌어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The baseball player **threw** the ball hard</span>
This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1.
<YouTube id="5oqbDZymdBM" />
</Details>
싫어하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to not like</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “시러하다”
Notes:
<TTS>싫다</TTS> is an adjective that means “<span class="md spoiler">not good</span>.” 싫어하다 is a verb. Therefore, ~을/를 should be attached to the object in the sentence that one does not like.
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 사람을 **싫어해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **don’t like** that person</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 과일을 **싫어해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **dislike** fruit</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">처음에 그 여자를 **싫어했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **didn’t like** that girl at first</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그들은 저를 처음부터 **싫어했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">They **didn’t like** me from the start</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 사람들이 지하철을 급히 타는 것을 **싫어해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **don’t like** people getting on the subway in a rush</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 그 여자를 **싫어해**도 그녀를 위해 선물을 사야 되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Regardless of how much I **dislike** that girl, I still had to buy her a present</span>
</Details>
떠나다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to leave somewhere</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>세상을 떠나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to die</span> (literally, “<span class="md spoiler">to leave the world</span>”)
Notes:
This word is usually only used if you are leaving something forever or for a very long time. If you want to say that you left your house (and are returning), you should use the words “<TTS>출발하다</TTS>” (<span class="md spoiler">to depart</span>) or “<TTS>나가다</TTS>” (<span class="md spoiler">to go out</span>).
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국은 언제 **떠났어요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When did you **leave** Korea?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">아버지가 벌써 **떠났다**는 것을 몰랐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t know (the fact) that dad already **left**</span>
</Details>
농담하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to joke</span>
<Details>
The noun form of this word translates to “a joke”
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나의 남자친구는 나에게 **농담**을 많이 해</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My boyfriend tells me a lot of **jokes**</span>
</Details>
공부하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to study</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>열심히 공부하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to study hard</span>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 한국어를 4년 동안 **공부했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **studied** Korean for 4 years</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저녁에 **공부했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **studied** in the evening</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">여름에 저는 **공부하겠어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **study** in the summer</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 30분 동안 **공부했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **studied** for 30 minutes</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 내일부터 한국어를 **공부할** **거예요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m going to **study** Korean from tomorrow</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 아침부터 밤까지 **공부**만 **했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">From morning to night I only **studied**</span>
</Details>
### Adjectives
지루하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be boring</span>
<Details>
Notes:
In English we use similar words to describe that one is bored, and that something is boring. However, in Korean, these are separate words. If you are bored, you can use “<TTS>심심하다</TTS>.” If something is boring (and thus, making you bored), you can use “지루하다”
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">수업은 매우 **지루해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Class is so **boring**</span>
</Details>
마르다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">for a person to be too thin</span>
<Details>
마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information.
Notes:
This is usually used in a negative way.
If you are telling somebody that they look (too) thin, this is usually used in the past tense. For example: <TTS>형! 너무 말랐어!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(Brother!) You look so thin!</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">보통 모델들은 **말라요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Models are usually **thin**</span>
</Details>
멀다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be far away</span>
<Details>
멀다 follows the ㄹ Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리 집은 너무 **멀어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our home is very **far**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 먼 **병원에** 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to a **far away** hospital (a hospital that is **far away**)</span>
</Details>
마르다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be dry</span>
<Details>
마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information.
Notes:
Most commonly used as “<TTS>목 마르다</TTS>” (literally: <span class="md spoiler">dry throat</span>) to indicate that <span class="md spoiler">one is thirsty</span>.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 강은 완전히 **말랐어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That river has completely **dried** up</span>
</Details>
비슷하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be similar</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “비스타다”
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저와 저의 아버지는 너무 **비슷해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My father and I are very **similar**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 친구와 **비슷해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am **similar** to my friend</span>
</Details>
싫다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to not be good</span>
<Details>
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “실타”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>가기 싫다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to not want to go</span>
- <TTS>먹기 싫다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to not want to eat</span>
Notes:
싫다 can be used to say “<span class="md spoiler">one does not like</span>” by attaching ~이/가 to an object. For more information, see [Lesson 15](./15-good-carry-similar.md).
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그 사람이 **싫어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **don’t like** that person</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">학교가 **싫어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **don’t like** school</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">맥주가 **싫어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **don’t like** beer</span>
</Details>
오래되다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">for an object to be old</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Like 낡다, 오래되다 can only be used to describe objects – but 낡다 implies that the object in question is also <span class="md spoiler">damaged/rugged</span> in some form. Using 오래되다 simply implies that <span class="md spoiler">it has been a long time since something was built/released/bought, etc…</span>
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 저의 **오래된** 핸드폰을 팔았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I sold my **old** phone</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 식당이 **오래되었다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That restaurant is **old**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리는 **오래된** 집에 갔다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We went to the **old** house</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">한국문화는 **오래됐**고 흥미로워요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Korean culture is **long/old** and interesting</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">오늘 새로운 복사기가 올 거라서 이 **오래된** 것을 버려야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The new photocopier will come today, so we have to throw out this **old** one</span>
</Details>
배고프다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Lesson27v45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be hungry</span>
<Details>
Notes:
This is sometimes as “<TTS>배가 고프다</TTS>”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>배고파 죽겠다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m so hungry I could die</span>
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나는 별로 **배고프지 않아**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m not really **hungry**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 먹고 싶지만 **배고프지 않아요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Even though I want to eat, I am not **hungry**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">밥을 안 먹으면 **배고플 거야**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you don’t eat, you will be **hungry**</span>
</Details>
### Adverbs and Other Words
오늘 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">today</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>오늘밤</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">tonight</span>
- <TTS>오늘아침</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">this morning</span>
- <TTS>오늘날</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the present time, these days</span>
Notes:
~에 is typically not attached to 오늘 as it can be assumed
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **오늘**에 시험을 봐 야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I need to write an exam **today**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **오늘** 두 번 운동할 것입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will exercise twice (two times) **today**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **오늘** 아침식사를 못 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat breakfast **today**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**오늘** 날씨가 너무 더워요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Today** the weather is too hot</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">어제 운동을 해서 **오늘** 저의 팔이 아파요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My arms are sore **today** because I exercised yesterday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **오늘** 네 개의 수업을 가르쳤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I taught four classes **today**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">이 수업은 **오늘** 저의 열 번째 수업입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This is my tenth class **today**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **오늘** 오후에 낮잠을 잤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a nap in the afternoon **today**</span>
</Details>
어제 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">yesterday</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>어젯밤</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">last night</span>
Notes:
~에 is typically not attached to 어제 as it can be assumed
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제** 학교에 못 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I couldn’t go to school **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제**부터 아팠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been sick since (from) **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 건물은 **어제**와 달라요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That building is different from **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">나는 **어제** 친구 다섯 명을 만났어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I met five friends **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제** 선생님을 처음 만났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I met my teacher for the first time **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제** 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I played baseball for an hour **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제** 여자친구랑 이야기했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I talked with my girlfriend **yesterday**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **어제** 학교에 세 번 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to school three times **yesterday**</span>
</Details>
내일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">tomorrow</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>내일 봐</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">informal: see you tomorrow</span>
- <TTS>내일 뵙겠습니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">formal: see you tomorrow</span>
- <TTS>(내일)모레</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the day after tomorrow</span>
- <TTS>내일 밤</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">tomorrow night</span>
Notes:
~에 is typically not attached to 내일 as it can be assumed.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **내일** 공원에 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am going to the park **tomorrow**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**내일** 뭐 하고 싶어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What do you want to do **tomorrow**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">선생님은 **내일** 학생들을 만날 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher will meet the students **tomorrow**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **내일** 사람 두 명 더 만날 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will meet two more people **tomorrow**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**내일** 학교에 갈 것입니까?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Are you going to school **tomorrow**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">너는 **내일** 누구(를) 만날 거야?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Who will you meet **tomorrow**?</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 **내일**부터 건강한 음식만 먹을 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">From **tomorrow**, I am going to eat only healthy food</span>
</Details>
모레 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-47.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the day after tomorrow</span>
<Details>
Notes:
Often said as “<TTS>내일모레</TTS>”
This word is commonly misspelled as “모래” (which actually means “<span class="md spoiler">sand</span>”)
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">학교가 **모레** 닫혀 있을 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The school will be closed **two days from now**</span>
</Details>
년 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-48.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">year</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>작년</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">last year</span>
- <TTS>내년</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">next year</span>
- <TTS>매년</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">every year</span>
- <TTS>학년</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">grade level</span>
Notes:
This word is more commonly used in compilation with other words rather than by itself.
Example:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 작**년**에 한국에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to Korea last **year**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 5**년** 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to learn 5 languages within five **years**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리는 1**년** 안에 결혼할 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We will get married within one **year**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">제가 한국에서 산 지 1**년** 됐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been living in Korea for a **year**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">그 선생님은 영어를 가르친 지 20 **년** 됐어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher has been teaching English for 20 **years**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 7**년** 동안 한국에서 살았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I lived in Korea for seven **years**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 내**년**에 한국에 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Korea next **year**</span>
</Details>
일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-49.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">day</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <span class="md spoiler">The days of the week</span> = 일요일, 월요일, 화요일, etc…
- <TTS>생일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">birthday</span>
- <TTS>내일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">tomorrow</span>
- <TTS>매일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">every day</span>
- <TTS>마감일</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">deadline (day)</span>
Notes:
When talking about a day, “<TTS>날</TTS>” should be used. For more information, see [Lesson 11](./11-time.md).
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 토요**일**에 학교에 안 가요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t go to school on Satur**day**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 3**일** 동안 학교에 안 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t go to school for 3 **days**</span>
</Details>
시간 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-50.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">time</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>한 시간</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">one hour</span>
- <TTS>두 시간</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">two hours</span>
- <TTS>두 시간 동안</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for two hours</span>
- <TTS>영업 시간</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">business hours</span>
- <TTS>시간표</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">timetable</span>
Notes:
You can use this word to indicate that something was done for a certain amount of hours. In addition, it can mean “time” as in “last time” or “this time.” For more information, visit [Lesson 11](./11-time.md).
Examples:
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 두 **시간** 동안 공부했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied for two **hours**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 세 **시간** 동안 잤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I slept for three **hours**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 어제 두 **시간** 동안 TV를 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I watched TV for two **hours** yesterday</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">우리는 다음 **시간**에 더 배울 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We will learn more next **time**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">**시간**이 있으시면 술을 마시러 술집에 갑시다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you have **time**, let’s go to a bar to drink alcohol!</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저는 그것을 지난 **시간**에 배웠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned that (thing) last **time**</span>
- &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">수업**시간** 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">During class (**time**), don’t throw paper please</span>
This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1.
<YouTube id="5oqbDZymdBM" />
</Details>
### Days of the Week
월요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Monday</span>
화요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Tuesday</span>
수요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Wednesday</span>
목요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Thursday</span>
금요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Friday</span>
토요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Saturday</span>
일요일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-5-44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Sunday</span>
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this Vocabulary Practice video
<YouTube id="I7a0fqpmNTE" />
## How to say “I” or “me” in Korean
First of all, I want to point out the difference between “I” and “me” in English. This is something that I never knew/realized until I started to learn Korean as you will find that learning a foreign language will vastly increase your understanding of your mother tongue and languages in general. In English “I” and “me” have the same meaning, but they differ in their usage. When the speaker is the subject of a sentence “I” is used. When the speaker is the object (or other part) of a sentence “me” is used. For example:
- I love you (“I” is the subject of the sentence)
- You love me (“me” is the object of the sentence)
In Korean, the same word is used to say “I” or “me.” That is, there is no difference in the Korean word if it used as a subject or object. However, remember that different _particles_ will have to be attached to these words.
Although the word in Korean for “I/me” doesn’t change based on its usage in a sentence, it _does_ change based on the politeness of a sentence. For example:
- 저 means “I/me” and is used in formal situations
- 나 means “I/me” and is used in informal situations
~는 can be attached to 저 and 나 to indicate “I” is the subject of a sentence. For example:
- 저
- 나는
~를 can be attached to 저 and 나 to indicate that “me” is the object of a sentence. For example:
- 저를
- 나를
~가 can be attached to 저 and 나 to indicate “I” is the subject of a sentence or clause. I have already briefly distinguished the difference between ~이/가 and ~은/는 in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md). The difference between these particles is very subtle and takes years to fully grasp. I discuss these differences more deeply in [Lesson 17](./17-connecting-want.md) and [Lesson 22](./22-how-which-what-how-many.md) but this isn’t immediately important to you right now. What is immediately important to you is that you remember that when ~가 is attached 나 changes to 내, and 저 changes to 제. For example:
- 내가
- 제가
In the lesson below, all of the sentences are conjugated in an informal style. Therefore, all of the example sentences below use the informal “나” or “내.” In this lesson, don’t worry about formality and just focus on the information that I present. In the [next lesson](./06-honorifics.md), you will learn more about formal and informal speech, and you will see “저” and “제” being used.
## How to say “you”
You may have noticed that I still haven’t taught you one of those most common words in the English language. I know this sounds weird, but the word ‘you’ is not said very often in Korean. Korean people get around saying the word ‘you’ through a number of ways:
1. Most of the time, you use somebody’s (usually job) position when referring to them or talking about them. For example,
- <span class="md spoiler">boss</span> (부장님)
- <span class="md spoiler">principal</span> (교장선생님)
- <span class="md spoiler">vice principal</span> (교감선생님)
- <span class="md spoiler">Mr. Name (for a teacher)</span> (Name선생님)
- <span class="md spoiler">customer</span> (고객님)
- <span class="md spoiler">guest</span> (손님)
- <span class="md spoiler">president/CEO of a company</span> (회장님/사장님)
2. It is very common in Korean to refer to people that you are close with as your own family member. For example, 오빠 means “older brother” (when you are a woman). But even if somebody is not your older brother, you can call him ‘오빠’ if you are close to him.
3. You can usually call any woman or man that looks very old “grandmother” and “grandfather” (할머니/할아버지). But other than that, you don’t really call somebody part of your family unless you are close with that person.
4. You can generally call any strange man or woman that you don’t know ‘아저씨’ (man) and ‘아주머니’ (woman).
5. In informal situations, you can use the word “너.” ~는 and ~를 can attach to “너” when “you” is the subject or object of a sentence, respectively. If ~가 is added to ~너, it changes to “네가.” In order to distinguish the pronunciation of “네가” and “내가” from each other (which, technically should be pronounced the same), “네가” is pronounced as “knee-ga.”
6. You can also use the word “당신” which means “you.” You may use this word when talking to anybody, but Korean people hardly ever use it. Most people that say ‘당신’ are foreigners and only do so because they are so used to saying “you” in a sentence.
## Basic Conjugation: Past, Present, Future
As I have mentioned in every lesson so far – every sentence that you have learned thus far has **_not_ been conjugated**. All the sentences you have learned so far would never actually be used in Korean because they are not conjugated. I felt you needed to know basic sentence structure before you learned how to conjugate. The good news, however, is that conjugating in Korean is much easier than other languages (including English and especially French!).
An important note before you begin
This lesson will show you how to conjugate past/present/future verbs in the _most basic way_. Although all of these conjugations are grammatically correct, they are rarely used in conversation. This form is sometimes called “diary form” because it is usually used when writing to yourself in a diary. It is also used when writing tests, books (not in dialogue), research papers, newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other times when one is not speaking/writing to a specific audience. It is also sometimes called the “plain form.”
If you used this form in a sentence, you should use the informal “나,” as this conjugation is seen as informal. As such, throughout this lesson, you will see the word “나” used for “I.” However, as I mentioned, this conjugation form is also used in print (books, newspapers, articles, etc…). When this is done, the sentence is neither formal or informal – as it is just relaying facts. When used like this, no specific person is the speaker, and nobody is getting directly spoken to. Therefore, you don’t generally see “저” or “나” in these forms of Korean, and there is no need to see these writings as formal or informal.
It is possible to use this “diary” or “plain” form in conversation, but you are more likely to hear one of the conjugations discussed in the [next lesson](./06-honorifics.md). Although the plain form is not very common in conversation, the conjugation itself is _incredibly_ important if you want to understand more complex grammar later on or learn to read most printed forms of Korean (books, newspaper, etc…). You will learn the most important conjugations for conversation in the next lesson, but I highly recommend you to understand the conjugations presented in this lesson first.
The only part of speech that gets conjugated in Korean is verbs and adjectives (and 이다). As you already know, a sentence must end in either a verb or adjective or 이다.
Let’s look at how to conjugate verbs and adjectives into the past, present and future tenses.
### Verbs
#### Present Tense
When the last syllable of the stem ends in a consonant, you add ~는다 to the stem of the word:
- 먹다 = 먹는다 = <span class="md spoiler">to eat</span> (먹 + 는다)
- 닫다 = 닫는다 = <span class="md spoiler">to close</span> (닫 + 는다)
Examples:
- 나는 문을 닫는다 = <span class="md spoiler">I close the door</span>
- 나는 밥을 먹는다 = <span class="md spoiler">I eat rice</span>
When the last syllable of the stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㄴto the last syllable followed by 다
- 배우다 = 배운다 = <span class="md spoiler">to learn</span> (배우 + ㄴ다)
- 이해하다 = 이해한다 = <span class="md spoiler">to understand</span> (이해하 + ㄴ다)
- 가다 = 간다 = <span class="md spoiler">to go</span> (가 + ㄴ다)
Examples:
- 나는 친구를 만난다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-1-I-meet-friends.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I meet a friend</span>
- 나는 그것을 이해한다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-2-I-understand.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I understand that</span>
- 나는 한국어를 배운다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-3-I-learn-Korean.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I learn Korean</span>
- 나는 집에 간다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-4-I-go-home.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I go home</span>
#### Past Tense
Before you learn this, you need to know something important. Korean grammar is based on adding things directly to verbs or adjectives to create a specific meaning. For example, earlier in this lesson you saw how ~는다 or ~ㄴ다 can be added to the stem of a verb in order to conjugate that verb to the present tense.
Hundreds of grammatical principles (not just conjugations, but grammatical principles that have actual meanings in sentences) are created by adding certain things to the stems of verbs and adjectives. You will learn about these in later lessons as you progress through your studies. For example, the following is a short list of additions that can be added to the stems of verbs and/or adjectives to create a specific meaning:
- ~기 to create a noun form of a verb or adjective ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
- ~아/어서 to give reason ([Lesson 37](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-37/))
- ~(으)시 to denote an honorific acting agent ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/))
- ~(으)세요 to make a command ([Lesson 40](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-40/))
- ~자 to make a suggestion ([Lesson 44](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-44/))
- ~아/어야 하다 to indicate that one must do something ([Lesson 46](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-46/))
- ~ㄴ/는다고 to quote somebody ([Lesson 52](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-52/))
The list could go on and on forever.
Notice that some of these grammatical principles require the addition of “~아/어.” Many grammatical principles (or conjugations, or any other thing) require the addition of “~아/어” to the stem of a verb or adjective. Notice that the “slash” indicates that you need to _choose_ what actually gets added to the stem. In some cases it is “~아”, and in some cases it is “~어”. The following is the rule that you can use to determine if you should add “~아” or “~어”:
- If the last vowel in a stem is ㅏ or ㅗ (this includes rare cases of the last vowel being ㅑ or ㅛ) you add ~아 followed by the remainder of the grammatical principle. (The only exception is “_하._” If the last syllable in a stem is “_하_“, ~\*여 _must be added to the stem followed by the remainder of the grammatical principle instead of_ ~아.)
- If the last vowel in a stem is anything but ㅏ or ㅗ you add ~어 followed by the remainder of the grammatical principle
When conjugating to the past tense, we need to add “~았/었다” to the stem of a word (or 였다 in the case of 하다). Following the rule above, ~았다 is added to words with the last vowel being ㅗ or ㅏ and ~었다 is added to words with the last vowel being anything but ㅏ or ㅗ. Finally, ~였다 is added to words with the last syllable being “하.” For example:
나는 밥을 먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">I eat rice</span> (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_)
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅓ. This is not ㅏ or ㅗ. So, we add 었다 to the stem:
- 나는 밥을 먹었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-6-I-ate-rice.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate rice</span> (먹 + 었다)
나는 문을 닫다 = <span class="md spoiler">I close the door</span> (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_)
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem:
- 나는 문을 닫았다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span> (닫 + 았다)
나는 창문을 열다 = <span class="md spoiler">I open the window</span> (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_)
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅕ. This is not ㅏ or ㅗ. So we add 었다 to the stem:
- 나는 창문을 열었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I opened the window</span> (열 + 었다)
나는 한국어를 공부하다 = <span class="md spoiler">I study Korean</span> (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_)
- The last syllable in the stem is “하”. Therefore, we add ~였다 to the stem:
- 나는 한국어를 공부하였다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean</span> (공부하 + 였다)
What makes this complicated (at first) is that for verbs that have a last syllable that end in a vowel (including 하다), the ~았다/었다 gets merged to the actual stem itself. This is how ~아 and ~어 merge with syllables ending in a vowel:
- 아 + 아 = 아 (example: 가 + 았다 = 갔다)
- 오 + 아 = 와 (example: 오+ 았다 = 왔다)
- 우 + 어 = 워 (example: 배우+ 었다 = 배웠다)
- 이 + 어 = 여 (example: 끼+ 었다 = 꼈다)
- 어 + 어 = 어 (example: 나서 + 었다 = 나섰다)
- 여 + 어 = 여 (example: 켜다 + 었다 = 켰다)
- 하 + 여 = 해 (example: 공부하다 + 였다 = 공부했다)
_Although_ 하 + 여 can be written as “_해_,” there will be some situations (usually official documents) where you will see “_하여_” used instead of “_해_.” This comes up a lot on [street signs].
<YouTube id=s2chwbAsJHM />
Words where the last vowel is “ㅡ” (for example: 잠그다) are complicated and will be covered in [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md).
---
Many people have asked me “how do I merge ~아/어 to complex vowels like ㅠ, ㅑ, ㅔ, etc…?” You will find that the stem of almost all verbs and adjectives in Korean do not end in these complex vowels. The most common words I can think of that have stem that ends in one of these complex vowels are:
- 바래다 (<span class="md spoiler">to fade</span>)
- 매다 (<span class="md spoiler">to tie up</span>)
- 메다 (<span class="md spoiler">to put on/carry something on one’s shoulder</span>)
With these words (and others like it), the same rule applies as above. That is, the final vowel does not end in ㅏ or ㅗ, so we need to add “어” plus whatever we are adding. With these complex vowels, it is irrelevant if you merge the addition to the stem. Both forms (merged and non-merged) would be correct.
For example:
- 바래 + 었다 = 바랬다 or 바래었다
- 매다 + 었다 = 맸다 or 매었다
- 메다 + 었다 = 멨다 or 메었다
---
Here is a more detailed breakdown:
가다 = <span class="md spoiler">to go</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem.
- 나는 박물관에 가았다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 가:
- 나는 박물관에 갔다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the museum</span>
오다 = <span class="md spoiler">to come</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅗ. So we add 았다 to the stem.
- 삼촌은 가게에 오았다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 오:
- 삼촌은 가게에 왔다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(My) uncle came to the store</span>
배우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to learn</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅜ. So we add 었다 to the stem.
- 오빠는 영어를 배우었다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 우:
- 오빠는 영어를 배웠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(My) older brother learned English</span>
던지다 = <span class="md spoiler">to throw</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅣ. So we add 었다 to the stem.
- 나는 공을 던지었다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 지:
- 나는 공을 던졌다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-8-I-threw-the-ball.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I threw the ball</span>
건너다 = <span class="md spoiler">to cross</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅓ. So we add 었다 to the stem.
- 나는 길을 건너었다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 너:
- 나는 길을 건넜다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-9-I-crossed-the-street.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I crossed the street</span>
만나다 = <span class="md spoiler">to meet</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem.
- 나는 친구를 만나았다
- But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 나:
- 나는 친구를 만났다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-5-I-met-friends.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I met friends</span>
공부하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to study</span>
- The last vowel in the stem is 하. So, we add 였다 to the stem.
- 나는 한국어를 공부하였다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s6.mp3" />
- But, 하 and 여 can be merged to formed 해:
- 나는 한국어를 공부했다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-7-I-studied-Korean.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean</span>
#### Future Tense
Future tense is easy, and is simply a matter of adding “~겠다” to the stem of a word. Unlike the past and present tense conjugations, there is no difference if the stem ends in a vowel or a consonant. For example:
나는 먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">I eat</span> (_unconjugated_)
- 나는 먹겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span>
나는 가다 = <span class="md spoiler">I go</span> (_unconjugated_)
- 나는 가겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-11-I-will-go.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go</span>
나는 배우다 = <span class="md spoiler">I learn</span> (_unconjugated_)
- 나는 배우겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-10-I-will-learn.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will learn</span>
Two verbs specifically that are often conjugated in the future tense without actually having a meaning in the future tenses are 알다 (<span class="md spoiler">to know</span>) and 모르다 (<span class="md spoiler">to not know</span>). I don’t want to make any example sentences (because they would be too complicated at this point), but it would be good to remember that the words 알다 and 모르다 are often conjugated to 알겠다 or 모르겠다. Although they are conjugated to the future tense, those two words are typically used to express that somebody knows/doesn’t know something in the present tense.
Also note that the ending of the conjugation will often change as well depending on the different honorifics that you will learn in the [next lesson](./06-honorifics.md).
Check out the table giving a breakdown of verbs in the past, present and future forms:
| Verb | Stem | Past tense | Present tense | Future tense |
| -------- | ------ | ---------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| 먹다 | 먹 | 먹었다 | 먹는다 | 먹겠다 |
| 닫다 | 닫 | 닫았다 | 닫는다 | 닫겠다 |
| 배우다 | 배우 | 배웠다 | 배운다 | 배우겠다 |
| 가다 | 가 | 갔다 | 간다 | 가겠다 |
| 이해하다 | 이해하 | 이해했다 | 이해한다 | 이해하겠다 |
| 오다 | 오 | 왔다 | 온다 | 오겠다 |
| 던지다 | 던지 | 던졌다 | 던진다 | 던지겠다 |
### Adjectives
#### Present Tense
You learned previously that you need to add ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem in order to conjugate it in the present tense. In order to conjugate an adjective into the present tense you don’t need to do anything! Just leave the adjective as it is, and it is conjugated in the present tense. Some examples:
- 그 선생님은 아름답다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-teacher-is-beautiful.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">that teacher is beautiful</span>
- 그 길은 길다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-road-is-long.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">that street is long</span>
- 나의 손은 크다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-12-My-hands-are-big.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">my hand is big</span>
#### Past tense
In order to conjugate adjectives to the past tense, you must follow the same rule as when you conjugate verbs to the past tense. This rule, again, is:
You must add 았다 or 었다 to the stem of a word. 았다 is added to words with the last vowel being ㅗ or ㅏ, and 었다 is added to words with the last vowel being anything but ㅏ or ㅗ. For example:
- 그 길은 길었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-road-was-long.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That street was long</span> (길 + 었다)
- 그 음식은 맛있었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-food-was-delicious.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That food was delicious</span> (맛있 + 었다)
- 그 선생님은 좋았다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-teacher-was-good.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher was good</span> (좋 + 았다)
- 그 식당이 오래되었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-13-That-restaurant-is-old.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That restaurant is old\*\*\*</span> (오래되 + 었다)
---
The meaning of “_오래되다_” is not “old” in a bad, negative sense. Rather, it is indicating that something has existed for a long time, and now it is “old.” A more appropriate way to indicate that something is “old and decrepit” is to use the word “_낡다_”… not to be confused with the word “_늙다_”, which refers to an “old” person.
This is a little bit complicated for you now, but although ~_었다_ is attached to _되_ to make “_되었다_”, this can be contracted. Teaching this is not the focus of this lesson, so don’t worry about this for now. You will learn more about _되다_ in future lessons. See [Lesson 9](./09-conjugate-이다.md) or [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md) for lessons nearby that discuss ‘_되다_.’
Also, while _되다_ is commonly used and conjugated as a verb, in this case, _오래되다_ is an adjective. Which means that [in addition to other ways it will change when used with other grammatical principles], ~_ㄴ_ can be added to it to describe an upcoming noun.
For example:
- 우리는 오래된 집에 갔다 = <span class="md spoiler">We went to the old house</span>
---
Just like with verbs, if the final letter of a verb/adjective stem is a vowel, ~았다/었다 can be merged to the actual stem itself:
- 이것은 비쌌다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/This-was-expensive.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This was expensive</span> (비싸 + 았다)
- 그 남자는 잘생겼다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-man-is-handsome.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That man was handsome</span> (잘생기 + 었다)
- 그 사람은 뚱뚱했다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-person-was-fat.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person was fat</span> (뚱뚱하 + 였다)
#### Future tense
Conjugating adjectives into the future tense is the same as conjugating verbs into the future tense. All you need to do is add 겠다 to the stem of the adjective:
- 나는 행복하겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-14-I-will-be-happy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be happy</span>
- 그것은 맛있겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-thing-is-delicious.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That thing will be delicious</span>
- 나는 배고프겠다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-5-15-I-will-be-hungry.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be hungry</span>
In general, not only is this basic form rare in conversation, but Korean people do not use adjectives in the future as often as English speakers.
Check out the table giving a breakdown of adjectives in the past, present and future forms
| Adjective | Stem | Past tense | Present tense | Future tense |
| --------- | ------ | ---------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| 행복하다 | 행복하 | 행복했다 | 행복하다 | 행복하겠다 |
| 비싸다 | 비싸 | 비쌌다 | 비싸다 | 비싸겠다 |
| 길다 | 길 | 길었다 | 길다 | 길겠다 |
| 맛있다 | 맛있 | 맛있었다 | 맛있다 | 맛있겠다 |
| 낡다 | 낡 | 낡았다 | 낡다 | 낡겠다 |
#### Conjugating 있다 and 있다
있다 is one of the most complex and versatile words in Korean. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most common words. It is often very difficult for learners of a language to fully understand some of the most commonly used words in whatever language they are studying. For example, a native English speaker might think that the word “the” is one of the easiest words as it is used so frequently. However, try explaining the meaning and purpose of “the” to a Korean person and you will quickly discover that its usage is very complex.
있다 can be an adjective, or it can be a verb. Whether it is an adjective or a verb depends on its usage.
있다 is an adjective when it is used to indicate that one “has” something. You learned these sentences in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md):
- 나는 펜이 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a pen</span>
- 나는 차가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a car</span>
- 나는 가방이 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-5-s13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a bag</span>
Because this 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – which is do nothing and leave the adjective the way it is. So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated and grammatically correct.
When 있다 is used to indicate that something/someone is “at/in” a location, it is also an adjective. This is also very difficult for an English speaker to wrap their head around. You learned these sentences in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md):
- 나는 은행 안에 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am inside the bank</span>
- 개는 집 안에 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">The dog is in the house</span>
- 고양이는 의자 밑에 있다 = <span class="md spoiler">The cat is under the chair</span>
Again, because this usage of 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – which is do nothing and leave the adjective the way it is. So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated in the plain form and grammatically correct.
However, the usage of 있다 is much more complex than just these two meanings. 있다 has _many_ usages. In fact, there are times when 있다 is considered a verb. At this point, your understanding of Korean is not strong enough to see example sentences of 있다 as a verb because you haven’t learned some critical grammatical principles yet. What I want you to take from this is that 있다 _can_ be a verb – and thus – is conjugated as a verb sometimes. Therefore, although the example sentences above with 있다 are properly conjugated, there are times when the proper conjugation of 있다 in the “plain form” would be 있는다.
있다 is considered a verb when a person (or animal) is not only “at” a location, but <span class="md spoiler">“staying”</span> at a location or in a state for a period of time. The difference between the adjective “있다” (to indicate something/someone is at a location) and the verb “있다” (to indicate that someone stays at a location or in a state) is confusing.
Below are some complicated ways that 있다 can be seen as a verb. You absolutely do not need to understand these now. I suggest that you worry about them when you reach that particular lesson in your studies:
- In [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md) when ~아/어 있다 is used to indicate the passive state of a verb
- In [Lesson 18](./18-present-progressive.md) when ~고 있다 is used to indicate one continues doing something
- In [Lesson 40](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-40/) when telling somebody to stay in a location or in a state
- In [Lesson 44](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-44/) when ~자 is used to make a suggestion to stay in a place
Wow, that is a lot of grammar. Understanding this will probably be your the hardest step you will need to make in learning Korean. I really mean that. If you can get through this lesson, almost everything you will learn will relate back to the principles in this lesson in one way or another. Don’t give up!
<em>There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1.
All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/).</em>
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./06-honorifics.md) Or,
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit118)
## Summary
<YouTube id=OGn6s9AqkpY />
Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson?
This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson.
<YouTube id=_vh70afF7UA />
Want to practice your listening skills?
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
---
[Word Listening]
<YouTube id=1iEyoxaA0So />
[Lesson Recap]
<YouTube id=AR8KGs23V3M />
Click here for [a free PDF of this lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/HowtoStudyKorean-Unit-1-Lesson-5.pdf)
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