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# Lesson 6: Honorifics
## Vocabulary
### Nouns
신발 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">shoe</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>신발을 신다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to put on a shoe</span>
- <TTS>신발을 벗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take off a shoe</span>
Notes: The suffix “화” usually denotes a specific type of shoe. For example: <TTS>운동화</TTS> (exercise shoes), <TTS>실내화</TTS> (shoes for inside)
Example:
- <TTS class="md">이 **신발**은 너무 불편해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">These **shoes** are too uncomfortable</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **신발**을 신으려고 잠깐 앉았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I sat down for a minute in order to put on my **shoe**</span>
- <TTS class="md">한국에서 집에 들어가면 **신발**을 벗어야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When you go into a house in Korea, you must take off your **shoes**</span>
</Details>
남방 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">shirt</span>
<Details>
Notes:
- The Korean pronunciation of “shirt” (<TTS>셔츠</TTS>) is more commonly used
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그녀는 흰 **남방**을 입었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">She put on a white **shirt**</span>
</Details>
질문 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">question</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>질문을 물어보다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to ask a question</span>
- <TTS>질문이 있어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Do you have a question?</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">**질문**이 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a **question**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 점원한테 **질문**을 물어봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I asked the clerk a **question**</span>
- <TTS class="md">이것은 어려운 **질문**입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This is a difficult **question**</span>
</Details>
문제 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">question, problem</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>문제를 풀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to solve a problem/question</span>
- <TTS>큰 문제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">big problem</span>
- <TTS>중요한 문제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">important issue/problem</span>
- <TTS>기출문제</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">problems/questions from previous tests (that you can use to practice for an upcoming test)</span>
Notes:
- 질문 typically means “question,” but “문제” is used more when referring to a problem that somebody may have.
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">그 회사는 **문제**가 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That company has a lot of **problems**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 수학 **문제**를 연필과 종이로 풀었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I solved that math **problem** using a paper and a pencil</span>
- <TTS class="md">또 다른 **문제**는 그것이 비싸요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Another **problem** is that it (that thing) is expensive</span>
- <TTS class="md">그들은 그 **문제**를 과학적으로 풀었다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">They solved that **problem** scientifically</span>
- <TTS class="md">나는 개인적 **문제**로 회사를 그만두었다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I quit the company due to personal **problems**</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 **문제**에 대해 담임선생님과 함께 얘기했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I talked about that **problem** with my homeroom teacher</span>
- <TTS class="md">모든 학생들은 그 **문제**를 쉽게 풀었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">All the students easily solved that **problem**</span>
</Details>
나이 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">age</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>나이가 많다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">old</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저의 여자 친구는 저보다 **나이**가 더 많아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My girlfriend is **older** than me</span>
- <TTS class="md">나이가 많은 사람들은 항상 재채기를 시끄럽게 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**Old** people always sneeze loudly</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 사람이 **나이**가 많지만 여전히 똑똑해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Although that person is old, he is still very smart</span>
</Details>
화장실 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">bathroom, restroom</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>화장실에 가다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go to the bathroom</span>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">**화장실**은 어디에 있어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Where is the **bathroom**?</span>
- <TTS class="md">**화장실**에 가도 돼요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">May I go to the bathroom?</span>
- <TTS class="md">만약 **화장실**에 가야 된다면 우리가 가기 전에 가세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">If you have to go to the **bathroom**, go before we leave/go</span>
</Details>
부장님 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">boss</span>
<Details>
Notes: 부장 literally means “head of some department,” and ~님 is a prefix that is attached to a position to show respect.
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">그것을 하려면 먼저 **부장님**께 물어봐야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">In order to do that, you need to ask the **boss** first</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **부장님**을 위해서 이것을 썼어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I wrote this for my **boss**</span>
- <TTS class="md">**부장님**을 만족시키는 것은 어려워요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Is it is difficult to satisfy our **boss**</span>
- <TTS class="md">**부장님**은 내일까지 출장을 갔어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The **boss** went on a business trip until tomorrow</span>
- <TTS class="md">**부장님**이 그 일을 이미 다 한 것 같아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It seems like the **boss** already did all that work</span>
- <TTS class="md">이 사실을 **부장님**께 알려 줘야겠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I guess I should tell the **boss** (about) that fact</span>
</Details>
분위기 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the atmosphere of something</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">이 도시는 **분위기**가 좋아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">This city has a good **atmosphere**</span>
- <TTS class="md">스타벅스의 내부 **분위기**는 매우 안락해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The **atmosphere** inside Starbucks is very comfortable</span>
- <TTS class="md">오늘 고객이 많고 **분위기**가 좋아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Today there are a lot of customers and the **atmosphere** is good</span>
</Details>
차 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">tea</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>홍차</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">black tea</span>
- <TTS>녹차</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">green tea</span>
- <TTS>차를 마시다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to drink tea</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">녹**차** 한 잔 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Give me one glass of green **tea**, please</span>
</Details>
바지 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">pants</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>바지를 입다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to put on pants</span>
- <TTS>바지를 벗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take off pants</span>
- <TTS>청바지</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">jeans</span>
- <TTS>반바지</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">shorts (literally, “half pants”)</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 새로운 **바지**를 사야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I need to buy new **pants**</span>
- <TTS class="md">이 **바지**가 너무 작아서 다른 것으로 바꿀 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m going to change these **pants** to another (a different) pair because they are too small</span>
</Details>
교실 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">classroom</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">학생들은 **교실**에 들어갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The students went into the **classroom**</span>
- <TTS class="md">학생은 **교실**에서 나왔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The student came out of the **classroom**</span>
- <TTS class="md">**선생님**은 학생들과 함께 교실에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher went to the **classroom** with the students</span>
- <TTS class="md">**교실**이 너무 더워서 온도를 내려도 돼요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Because the **classroom** is too hot, may I lower the temperature?</span>
- <TTS class="md">**교실**에서 선생님들을 컴퓨터로 대체할 수 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">You can’t replace teachers with computers in the **classroom**</span>
- <TTS class="md">**교실**이 너무 어두워서 학생들은 칠판을 볼 수 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The students can’t see the board because the **classroom** is too dark</span>
</Details>
급식 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">food at school</span>
<Details>
Notes: If you work at a school in Korea, you will hear this word every day – otherwise, it will not be as common
Example:
- <TTS class="md">우리는 **급식**으로 오리고기를 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We had duck for the **school lunch**</span>
- <TTS class="md">오늘 **급식**으로 김치찌개를 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We had Kimchi jigae for **lunch** today **at school**</span>
</Details>
교감선생님 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">vice principal</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">**교감선생님**은 선생님들을 위해 식사를 살 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The **vice principal** will buy a meal for all the teachers</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **교감선생님**에게서 한국어를 배웠어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean from my **vice principal**</span>
</Details>
교장선생님 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">principal</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">우리 **교장선생님**은 영어를 할 수 있습니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our **principal** can speak English</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 책을 **교장선생님**께 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I gave the **principal** a book</span>
</Details>
풀 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">glue</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그 종이를 공책에 **풀**로 붙이세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Stick that paper to your notebook using **glue**!</span>
</Details>
수도 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">capital city</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>수도권</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">metropolitan area around a capital city</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">대부분 사람들이 캐나다의 **수도**가 무엇인지 몰라요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Most people don’t know what Canada’s **capital city** is</span>
</Details>
병 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">bottle</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>물병</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">water bottle</span>
- <TTS>유리병</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">glass bottle</span>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">맥주 1**병** 주세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">One **bottle** of beer, please!</span>
- <TTS class="md">**병**이 탁자에서 떨어졌어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The bottle fell from the table</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **병**을 탁자에 놓았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I put the **bottle** on the table</span>
</Details>
병 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">disease, sickness</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>눈병</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">eye disease</span>
- <TTS>병에 걸리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to catch a disease</span>
- <TTS>불치병</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">incurable disease</span>
- <TTS>전염병</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">infectious disease</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">**병**은 다행히 심하지 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Thankfully, the **disease** isn’t serious</span>
- <TTS class="md">**병**이 나았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m better (literally – the **sickness**/**disease** is better)</span>
</Details>
생선 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">fish</span>
<Details>
Notes:
- The word <TTS>“물고기”</TTS> (literally water meat) is used to refer to the animals themselves. “생선” is used to refer to the fish that we eat.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 **생선**이 별로 안 좋아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t really like **fish**</span>
</Details>
야채 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">vegetable</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">사람들은 **야채**와 과일을 많이 먹어야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">People need to eat lots of fruits and **vegetables**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 과일도 좋아하고 **야채**도 좋아해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I like fruit and **vegetables** too</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 주로 과일과 **야채**를 먹어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I mainly eat fruits and **vegetables**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **야채**를 냉장고에 넣었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I put the **vegetables** in the fridge</span>
</Details>
언덕 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">hill</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>언덕을 올라가다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to go up a hill</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">우리 집은 **언덕** 위에 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our house is on top of the **hill**</span>
</Details>
선물 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">present; gift</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>선물을 주다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to give a present</span>
- <TTS>선물을 받다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to receive a present</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 저의 여자 친구를 위해 **선물**을 샀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought a **present** for my girlfriend</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 저의 여자 친구에게 **선물**을 많이 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I gave my girlfriend a lot of **presents**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 친구들에게 **선물**을 돌렸어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I distributed/handed out **presents** to my friends</span>
- <TTS class="md">아들은 할아버지께 **선물**을 줬어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The son gave a **present** to his grandfather</span>
- <TTS class="md">할아버지께 **선물**을 드리고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to give my grandfather a **present**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 사람이 저에게 줄 **선물**을 받고 싶지 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t want to accept the **gift** that person will give me</span>
</Details>
기타 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">guitar</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS class="md">기타를 치다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to play guitar</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저의 남자친구는 **기타**를 잘 쳐요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My boyfriend plays the **guitar** well</span>
</Details>
종이 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">paper</span>
<Details>
Notes: The counter for pieces of paper, and other things like it is “장”
Common Usages:
- <TTS>종이 1장</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">one piece of paper</span>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">전화번호를 **종이**에 써 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Write your phone number on a piece of **paper** please</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 수학 문제를 연필과 종이로 풀었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I solved that math problem using a **paper** and a pencil</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 **종이**를 공책에 풀로 붙이세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Stick that **paper** to your notebook using glue!</span>
- <TTS class="md">수업시간 동안 **종이**를 던지지 마세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">During class, don’t throw **paper** please</span>
</Details>
우유 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">milk</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>우유를 마시다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to drink milk</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 슈퍼에서 **우유**를 샀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought **milk** at the supermarket</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 애기에게 **우유**를 마시라고 했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I told the baby to drink his **milk**</span>
- <TTS class="md">애기는 **우유** 대신에 물만 마시고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Instead of **milk,** the baby wants to drink only water</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **우유** 두 잔을 샀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought two glasses of **milk**</span>
</Details>
손목 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">wrist</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 손목시계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">wristwatch</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 저의 **손목**을 다쳤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I hurt my **wrist**</span>
</Details>
시계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">clock/watch</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- 손목시계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">wristwatch</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">시간을 몰라서 **시계**를 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t know what time it was so I looked at the **clock**</span>
</Details>
손목시계 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">wristwatch</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>손목시계를 차다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to wear a watch</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그 **손목시계**를 어디 샀어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Where did you buy that **watch**?</span>
</Details>
영화 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">movie</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>영화를 보다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to watch a movie</span>
- <TTS>영화를 촬영하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to film a movie</span>
Notes: In English, we use the words “watch,” “see” and “looking at” in different situations depending on what our eyes are focused on. In Korean, all of those translate to <TTS>“보다</TTS>.” Therefore, to “watch” a movie in Korean is “<TTS>영화를 보다</TTS>”.
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">저는 무서운 **영화**를 보고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to see a scary **movie**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 **영화**를 다섯 번 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I saw that **movie** five times</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 어제 **영화**를 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I saw a **movie** yesterday</span>
- <TTS class="md">배우들은 그들의 **영화**를 보통 좋아하지 않아</TTS> =<span class="md spoiler"> Actors usually don’t like their **movies**</span>
- <TTS class="md">좋은 **영화**를 추천해 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Recommend a good **movie**, please!</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 이 **영화**를 더 이상 보고 싶지 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t want to watch this **movie** anymore</span>
- <TTS class="md">아이들은 만화**영화**를 매우 좋아해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Children really like animated **movies**</span>
- <TTS class="md">학생들은 짧은 **영화**를 보고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The students are watching a short **film**</span>
- <TTS class="md">어떤 **영화**를 보고 싶어요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What **movie** do you want to see?</span>
</Details>
### Verbs
노력하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to try</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- ~려고 노력하다 (<span class="md spoiler">to try to do</span>). See [Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/) for more information.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 한국어를 배우려고 **노력하**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am **trying** to learn Korean</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 친구를 매 주말 만나려고 **노력해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **try** to meet that friend every weekend</span>
- <TTS class="md">한국 정부는 교통사고를 방지하려고 **노력하**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The Korean government is **trying** to prevent traffic accidents</span>
</Details>
앉다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to sit</span>
<Details>
This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 14]
<YouTube id=b8X6ryrJGeY />
Common Usages:
- <TTS>앉으세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">have a seat!</span>
Notes:
To say that one was sitting while doing something, you should attach “~아/어서” to 앉다. For example:
- <TTS>저는 앉아서 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I sat down and ate.</span> The grammar for this is introduced in [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-17/).
Example:
- <TTS class="md">발이 아파서 **앉**고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **sit** down because my feet are sore</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 신발을 신으러 잠깐 **앉았어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **sat** **down** for a minute in order to put on my shoe</span>
- <TTS class="md">그는 소파에 **앉아** 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He is **sitting** on the couch</span>
- <TTS class="md">여기에 **앉아**도 돼요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">May I **sit** here?</span>
- <TTS class="md">오빠는 바닥에 **앉아**서 점심을 먹었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My brother ate lunch **sitting** on the floor</span>
</Details>
만지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to touch</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>만지지 마세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">don’t touch!</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그것이 비싸서 **만지**지 마세요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That is very expensive, so please don’t **touch** it!</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 저의 머리를 부드럽게 **만졌어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **touched** my hair softly</span>
</Details>
자다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to sleep</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>낮잠 자다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take a nap</span>
- <TTS>늦잠 자다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to sleep in</span>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">너무 피곤해서 **자**고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **sleep** because I am so tired</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 세 시간 동안 **잤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **slept** for three hours</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 지금 **자**고 싶어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to **sleep** now</span>
- <TTS class="md">애기는 침대에서 **자**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The baby is **sleeping** in the bed</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리는 집에 와서 바로 **잤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We came home and went to **sleep** immediately</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 어젯밤에 잘 **잤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **slept** well last night</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 오늘 오후에 낮잠을 **잤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a **nap** in the afternoon today</span>
</Details>
보다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to see</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>보고 싶다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to want to see, or to “miss”</span>
Notes:
In English, there are many different ways to say that you are looking at something (to watch, to see, to look at). In Korean, “보다” takes on all of these meanings.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 어제 **영화**를 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **saw** a movie yesterday</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 마지막 것을 안 **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t **see** the last thing (I didn’t **see** that last one)</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 영화를 다섯 번 **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **saw** that movie five times</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 어제 두 시간 동안 TV를 **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **watched** TV for two hours yesterday</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 방금 뭔가(를) **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I just **saw** something a minute ago</span>
- <TTS class="md">원숭이가 벽을 **보**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The monkey is **looking** at the wall</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **saw** my friend at the hospital</span>
- <TTS class="md">형하고 아버지는 영화를 **봤어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My brother and dad **saw** a movie</span>
- <TTS class="md">교실이 너무 어두워서 학생들은 칠판을 **볼** 수 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The students can’t **see** the board because the classroom is too dark</span>
</Details>
기다리다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to wait</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>버스를 기다리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to wait for the bus</span>
- <TTS>기다리고 있다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be waiting</span>
Notes:
In English, we say that one waits “for” something. In Korean, the common translation for “for” is ~기 위해. However, in Korean the particle “~을/를” is attached to the person/thing that one is waiting for. For example:
- <TTS>저는 친구를 기다리고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am waiting for my friend.</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 30분 동안 **기다렸어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **waited** for 30 minutes</span>
- <TTS class="md">3시까지 **기다릴** **거예요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **wait** until 3:00</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 줄에 서서 순서를 **기다렸어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I stood in line and **waited** for my turn</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 아직 **기다리**고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am still **waiting**</span>
- <TTS class="md">엄마는 **기다리**고 있을 것 같아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Mom is probably **waiting** (It seems like mom is waiting)</span>
- <TTS class="md">모든 사람들은 교수님이 말씀하기 시작하는 것을 **기다렸다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Everybody was **waiting** for the professor to start talking</span>
</Details>
청소하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to clean</span>
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>방을 청소하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to clean a room</span>
- <TTS>집을 청소하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to clean a house</span>
- <TTS>청소기</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">vacuum cleaner (literally, “cleaning machine”)</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">밖에 나가기 전에 집을 **청소해**야 돼요!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Before I go out, I need to **clean** the house</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 집을 청소기로 **청소했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **cleaned** the house with a vacuum cleaner</span>
</Details>
약속하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to promise</span>
<Details>
Notes: The noun form of this verb (<TTS>약속</TTS>) translates to “<span class="md spoiler">a promise</span>,” and is often used to refer to plans that somebody has.
For example:
- <TTS>저는 오늘 약속이 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a promise, or “I made a promise with somebody today, which means I have plans to meet him/her.”</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그는 올 거라고 **약속했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">He **promised** that he would come</span>
</Details>
듣다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to hear</span>
<Details>
- 듣다 follows the ㄷ irregular. See [Lesson 7](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-7/) for more information.
Common Usages:
- <TTS class="md">들어보다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to listen</span>
- <TTS class="md">수업을 듣다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to take a class (literally, to “listen to” a class)</span>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">그 말을 못 **들었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t **hear** that thing that you just said</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 쥐를 **들었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **heard** a mouse</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 2달 동안 한국어 수업을 **들었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **took** a Korean class for 2 months</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 선생님의 목소리를 못 **들었어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I couldn’t **hear** the teacher’s voice</span>
- <TTS class="md">그 말을 **들었**더니 기분이 상했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My feelings were hurt after **hearing** that</span>
</Details>
들어보다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to listen</span>
<Details>
Notes: Although there is sometimes overlap in their usages, 듣다 is used when one hears something. However, by adding ~아/어보다 (the grammar of this is taught in [Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/)) changes the verb into “to try/attempt to hear.” In English, the act of trying/attempting to hear something is “listening.”
Example:
- <TTS class="md">선생님의 말을 잘 **들어보세요**!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**listen** carefully to what the teacher says!</span>
</Details>
그만하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to stop</span>
<Details>
Notes:
- This is usually used when you are stopping an action. When you are stopping a machine, the word <TTS>멈추다</TTS> is usually used.
Example:
- <TTS class="md">빨리 **그만하세요**!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**stop** quickly!</span>
- <TTS class="md">다음 달에 한국어를 배우는 것을 **그만할** **거예요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **stop** learning Korean next month</span>
</Details>
운동하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to exercise</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">저는 매일 **운동해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **exercise** everyday</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 오늘 두 번 **운동할** **것입니다**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will **exercise** twice (two times) today</span>
- <TTS class="md">어제 **운동**을 해서 오늘 저의 팔이 아파요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">my arms are sore because I **exercised** yesterday</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **운동**을 열심히 하고 숨을 빨리 쉬었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">After I **exercised** I was breathing really fast</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 요즘에 **운동**을 많이 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am **exercising** a lot these days</span>
- <TTS class="md">**운동**은 스트레스를 풀어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">**exercise** relieves stress</span>
- <TTS class="md">**운동**할 때 알맞은 자세로 해야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When you **exercise**, you need to do so with the correct posture</span>
</Details>
놀라다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be surprised</span>
<Details>
Notes:
- There are many adverbs in Korean that are used in very specific situations to add feeling to the meaning in the sentence. The word “<TTS>깜짝</TTS>” is used in sentences where one is surprised. By putting the word “<TTS>깜짝</TTS>” before “놀라다,” it will make your Korean sound very good!
Example:
- <TTS class="md">저는 그 사람을 보고 깜짝 **놀랐어요**!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I looked at that man and I was really **surprised**!</span>
</Details>
### Adjectives
빠르다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be fast</span>
<Details>
빠르다 follows the 르 irregular. See [Lesson 7](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-7/) for more information.
Notes: The adverb form of this word is <TTS>빨리</TTS>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">그 차는 너무 **빨라요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That car is too **fast**</span>
- <TTS class="md">택시는 버스보다 더 **빨라요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The taxi is **quicker** than the bus</span>
</Details>
느리다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be slow</span>
<Details>
Notes:
- 느리다 is used when “<span class="md spoiler">slow</span>” has a negative meaning, usually from <span class="md spoiler">moving _too_ slow</span>.
- For the positive meaning, the adverb “<TTS>천천히</TTS>” is used. For example:
- <TTS>천천히 먹어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">eat slowly</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">이 인터넷은 왜 이렇게 **느려요**?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Why is this internet so **slow**?</span>
</Details>
착하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">to be nice</span>
<Details>
Notes: Another common way to say “nice” is <TTS>친절하다</TTS>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">한국 사람들은 보통 아주 **착해요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Korean people are usually very **nice**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저의 첫 번째 친구는 **착했어요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My first friend was **nice**</span>
</Details>
### Adverbs and Others
곧 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-47.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">soon</span>
<Details>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">우리가 **곧** 가야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We have to go **soon**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **곧** 선생님이 될 것입니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be a teacher **soon**</span>
- <TTS class="md">시험공부를 **곧** 할 필요가 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I need to study **soon**</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리는 **곧** 중국에 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We are going to China **soon**</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리가 3주 후에 미국에 갈 예정이라서 **곧** 준비를 해야 돼요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We need to plan **soon** because we are scheduled to go to the US in three weeks</span>
</Details>
항상 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-48.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">always</span>
<Details>
Examples:
- <TTS class="md">그 여자는 **항상** 그렇게 걸어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl **always** walks like that</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **항상** 아침에 운동해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **always** exercise in the morning</span>
- <TTS class="md">우리 아버지는 차를 **항상** 안전하게 운전해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Our dad **always** drives his car safely</span>
- 저는 **항상** 저녁에 음식을 먹어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I **always** eat food - in the evening</span>
- <TTS class="md">제가 수업을 하면 **항상** 영어로 해요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">When I teach, I **always** do so in English</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 **항상** 일요일에 늦잠 자요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I **always** sleep in on Sundays</span>
- <TTS class="md">저의 아버지는 모자를 **항상** 써요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My father **always** wears a hat</span>
</Details>
주 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-49.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">week</span>
<Details>
Common Usages
- <TTS>일주일 동안</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for one week</span>
- <TTS>다음 주</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">next week</span>
- <TTS>이번 주</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">this week</span>
- <TTS>지난 주</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">last week</span>
Example:
- <TTS class="md">우리는 다음 **주**에 캐나다에 갈 거예요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">We are going to Canada next **week**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 지난 **주**에 영화를 봤어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I saw a movie last **week**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 지난 **주**에 캐나다에 갔어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to Canada last **week**.</span>
- <TTS class="md">지난 **주**에 저는 계획이 많았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I had a lot of plans last **week**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 이번 **주**에 계획이 없어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I have no plans this **week**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저의 여동생은 지난 **주**에 책 2권을 읽었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My sister read two books last **week**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 2**주** 동안 열심히 일했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I worked hard for 2 **weeks**</span>
- <TTS class="md">저는 4**주** 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four **weeks**</span>
</Details>
아래 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-6-50.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">bottom</span>
<Details>
This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 16]
<YouTube id=NcbM1Vgvu9I />
Example:
- <TTS class="md">여기 **아래**에 사인해 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Please sign **below,** here</span>
</Details>
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video]
<YouTube id=K-W06X06tV4 />
## Conjugating with Honorifics
In [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), you learned how to conjugate verbs and adjectives into the past, present and future forms. You also learned that those conjugations are hardly ever used in speech and are most often used when writing a book, test, article or diary. In this lesson, you will learn the basic word conjugations that are more commonly used in speech.
## What are Honorifics in Korean?
To this point, you haven’t learned anything about Honorifics (from this website, at least). In Korean, depending on who you are speaking to, you must use different conjugations of the same word. The different conjugations imply respect and politeness to the person you are speaking to. Depending on that person’s age and/or seniority in relation to yours, you must speak differently to that person.
The reason this is so hard for English speakers to understand is that we have nothing like this in English. We can make some sentences sound polite by adding ‘please’ and ‘thank you,’ but you can only use those words in a limited amount of sentences. For example, if somebody asked you “where did you go yesterday?” You could respond:
I went to school yesterday.
In English, regardless of whether you were speaking to your girlfriend’s grandfather or your best friend, that sentence would look and sound exactly the same. In Korean, you _must_ use a higher respect form when speaking to somebody older or higher in position. Unless you are literally just starting to learn Korean (in which case, some Korean people would let it pass) you must always do this.
I can share a really funny experience that happened to me. I started learning Korean a few months before I moved to Korea. I was not studying very hard or often, so my Korean was extremely basic. When I arrived at the airport in Seoul, was driven directly to my school and introduced to my principal immediately. My principal said “I am happy you are working at my school,” to which I replied:
<TTS>나도</TTS> (the lower respect form of saying “me too”)
Instead of being impressed that I at least knew some words in Korean, the look on his face was as if somebody had just kidnapped his daughter.
Never, _never_ underestimate the importance of honorific endings in Korean.
Keep in mind that all these conjugations with different honorific endings have exactly the same meaning. You will learn how to conjugate using honorifics in the following ways:
1. Informal low respect
- Used when talking to your friends, people you are close with, people younger than you and your family.
2. Informal high respect
- This can be used in most situations, even in formal situations despite the name being “informal.” This is usually the way most people speak when they are trying to show respect to the person they are talking to.
3. Formal high respect
- This is a very high respect form that is used when addressing people who deserve a lot of respect from you. It is hard to describe perfectly, but honestly, the difference between ‘Informal high respect’ and ‘Formal high respect’ is not very big. As long as you speak in either of these two ways, you will not offend anyone.
The names of each form of speech might be different in every source, but I have chosen the words above to describe each form. In addition, you learned the “Plain form” in the previous lesson.
Before you start! Remember the rule you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/): When adding something to a word stem, if the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 아 plus whatever you are adding. If the last vowel is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 어 plus whatever you are adding. If the syllable of the stem is 하, you add 하여 which can be shortened to 해.
Also, in the previous lesson, you learned that if a stem of a word ends in a vowel, “~았/었다” gets merged to the actual stem itself when conjugating into the past tense.
In this lesson, two of the conjugations you will learn will require the addition of ~아/어. When adding ~아/어 to the stem of a word, the same rule applies from previous lesson. That is, if ~아/어 gets added to a stem that ends in a vowel, ~아/어 will be merged to the stem itself. For example:
- 가다 + ~아/어 = 가 (가 + 아)
- 오다 + ~아/어 = 와 (오 + 아)
- 배우다 + ~아/어 = 배워 (배우 + 어)
- 끼다 + ~아/어 = 껴 (끼 + 어)
- 나서다 + ~아/어 = 나서 (나서 + 어)
- 켜다 + ~아/어 = 켜 (켜 + 어)
- 하다 + ~아/어 = 해 (하 + 여)
Conversely, if a stem ends in a consonant, ~아/어 is attached to the stem, but not merged to it. For example:
- 먹다 + ~아/어 = 먹어 (먹 + 어)
- 앉다 + ~아/어 = 앉아 (앉 + 아)
There are _many_ situations when you will have to add ~아/어 (or other vowels and consonants) to stems. Conjugating is just one of these situations. Always keep this rule in mind, as you will see it throughout this lesson, and throughout your studies.
### Verbs
#### Present Tense
You learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) how to conjugate verbs to the present tense by adding ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To review:
먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">to eat</span> (not conjugated)
- <TTS>나는 먹는다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I eat</span> (conjugated – present tense)
배우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to learn</span> (not conjugated)
- <TTS>나는 배운다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I learn</span> (conjugated – present tense)
There are three more conjugations in the present tense that you should know:
1. Informal low respect
- All you need to do is add ~어/아/여 to the stem of the verb:
_Remember, 나 is the informal way to say “I” and 저 is the formal way to say it. As such, you will always see 나 used in informal situations and in sentences conjugated informally. Conversely, you will see 저 used in formal situations and in sentences conjugated formally._
- 나는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/3-I-always-eat-food-in-evening.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always eat food in the evening</span> (먹 + 어)
- 나는 나의 선생님을 항상 봐 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/4-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always see my teacher</span> (보 + 아)
- 나는 항상 아침에 운동해 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/5-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always exercise in the morning</span> (운동하 + 여)
_In [Lesson 1](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-1/), you were introduced to the function of_ ~에 _as a particle which identifies a location or a time in which something occurs in a sentence. Since then, you have seen many cases of_ ~에 _being used to indicate a place, but you have yet to see any examples of it being used to indicate a time. This is just a quick reminder that_ ~에 <em>is (in addition to other things) attached to part of a sentence to indicate a time.</em>
_Also notice in the examples above that “항상” (<span class="md spoiler">always</span>)_ is placed in two different places within a sentence. Adverbs are usually able to be placed wherever the speaker desires. The usage and placement of adverbs is discussed in [Lesson 8](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-8/)
2. Informal high respect
- This is done the exact same way as ‘Informal low respect’ but you also add ‘~요’ to the end of the word. Adding ~요 to the end of anything in Korean makes it more respectful:
- 저는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always eat food in the evening</span> (먹 + 어요)
- 저는 저의 선생님을 항상 봐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/7-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always see my teacher</span> (보 + 아요)
- 저는 항상 아침에 운동해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/8-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always exercise in the morning</span> (운동하 + 여요)
3. Formal high respect
- This is done very similar to the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) – that is, adding ~ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To conjugate using the Formal high respect honorific ending, you add ~ㅂ니다/습니다 to the end of the word stem. If a word stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㅂ to the last syllable and 니다 follows. If a word stem ends in a consonant, you add ~습니다 to the word stem.
- 저는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/9-I-always-eat-food-in-the-evening.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always eat food in the evening</span> (먹 + 습니다)
- 저는 저의 선생님을 항상 봅니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/10-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always see my teacher</span> (보 + ㅂ니다)
- 저는 항상 아침에 운동합니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-6-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I always exercise in the morning</span> (운동하 + ㅂ니다)
#### Past Tense
You learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) how to conjugate verbs to the past tense by adding 었다/았다/였다 to the stem of the word. To review:
먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">to eat</span> (not conjugated)
- <TTS>나는 먹었다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate</span> (conjugated – past tense)
배우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to learn</span> (not conjugated)
- <TTS>나는 배웠다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned</span> (conjugated – past tense)
The three new conjugations should be very simple for you now:
1. Informal low respect
- Instead of adding 었다/았다/였다 to a stem, remove 다 and add 어 after 었/았/였:
- 나는 먹었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-ate.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate</span> (먹 + 었어)
- 나는 들어봤어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I listened</span> (들어보 + 았어)
- 나는 운동했어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercised</span> (운동하 + 였어)
2. Informal high respect
- Just add 요 to the end of the Informal low respect conjugations:
- 저는 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/131.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate</span> (먹 + 었어요)
- 저는 들어봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/141.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I listened</span> (들어보 + 았어요)
- 저는 운동했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercised</span> (운동하 + 였어요)
3. Formal high respect
- After adding 었/았/였 instead of adding 다 add 습니다:
- 저는 먹었습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent810.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate</span> (먹 + 었습니다)
- 저는 들어봤습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/19-I-listened.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I listened</span> (들어보 + 았습니다)
- 저는 운동했습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/20-I-exercised.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercised</span> (운동하 + 였습니다)
#### Future Tense
You learned in Lesson 5 how to conjugate verbs to the future tense by adding 겠다 to the stem of the word. To review:
먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">to eat</span> (not conjugated)
- 나는 먹겠다 = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span> (conjugated – future tense)
배우다 = <span class="md spoiler">to learn</span> (not conjugated)
- 나는 배우겠다 = <span class="md spoiler">I will learn</span> (conjugated – future tense)
The three new conjugations should be very simple for you now:
1. Informal low respect
- Instead of adding 겠다 to a word stem, remove 다 and add 어 after 겠:
- 나는 먹겠어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/23-I-will-eat.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span> (먹 + 겠어)
- 나는 배우겠어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24-I-will-learn.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will learn</span> (배우 + 겠어)
2. Informal high respect
- Just add 요 to the end of the Informal low respect conjugations:
- 저는 먹겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-6-s1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span> (먹 + 겠어요)
- 저는 배우겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-I-will-learn.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will learn</span> (배우 + 겠어요)
3. Formal high respect
- After 겠 instead of adding 다 add 습니다:
- 저는 먹겠습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/27-I-will-eat.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat</span> (먹 + 겠습니다)
- 저는 배우겠습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/29-I-will-learn.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will learn</span> (배우 + 겠습니다)
Lets try looking at all the verb conjugations you know together in one table. This table will include the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), often called “Formal low respect,” “plain form,” or “diary form.”
| 먹다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | -------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 먹었어 | 먹어 | 먹겠어 |
| Informal high | 먹었어요 | 먹어요 | 먹겠어요 |
| Plain form | 먹었다 | 먹는다 | 먹겠다 |
| Formal high | 먹었습니다 | 먹습니다 | 먹겠습니다 |
| 자다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------- | ------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 잤어 | 자 | 자겠어 |
| Informal high | 잤어요 | 자요 | 자겠어요 |
| Plain form | 잤다 | 잔다 | 자겠다 |
| Formal high | 잤습니다 | 잡니다 | 자겠습니다 |
| 이해하다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ------------ | ---------- | -------------- |
| Informal low | 이해했어 | 이해해 | 이해하겠어 |
| Informal high | 이해했어요 | 이해해요 | 이해하겠어요 |
| Plain form | 이해했다 | 이해한다 | 이해하겠다 |
| Formal high | 이해했습니다 | 이해합니다 | 이해하겠습니다 |
### Adjectives
Thankfully, adjectives are conjugated the exact same way as verbs are when using these three honorific endings. The major difference in conjugating adjectives and verbs is when conjugating in the most basic form (which we did in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/)). To conjugate adjectives with ‘Informal low respect,’ Informal high respect’ and Formal high respect,’ follow the same rules as verbs:
| 비싸다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | -------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | 비쌌어 | 비싸 | 비싸겠어 |
| Informal high | 비쌌어요 | 비싸요 | 비싸겠어요 |
| Plain form | 비쌌다 | 비싸다 | 비싸겠다 |
| Formal high | 비쌌습니다 | 비쌉니다 | 비싸겠습니다 |
| 길다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | ------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 길었어 | 길어 | 길겠어 |
| Informal high | 길었어요 | 길어요 | 길겠어요 |
| Plain form | 길었다 | 길다 | 길겠다 |
| Formal high | 길었습니다 | 깁니다 | 길겠습니다 |
Irregular conjugation. You will learn about irregulars in the next lesson.
| 착하다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | -------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | 착했어 | 착해 | 착하겠어 |
| Informal high | 착했어요 | 착해요 | 착하겠어요 |
| Plain form | 착했다 | 착하다 | 착하겠다 |
| Formal high | 착했습니다 | 착합니다 | 착하겠습니다 |
<em>There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1.
All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/).</em>
That’s it for this lesson! You are progressing really well in Korean! There are a few irregulars that you need to learn before anything else, so we will cover that in our next lesson.
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./07-irregulars.md)
## Summary
<YouTube id=LWSbh7Og2Sg />
Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson?
This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson.
<YouTube id=kRXo1ey8BOs />
This lesson focused on conjugations. You might want to try practicing the conjugations by watching this video.
I will prompt you with verbs to conjugate into the past, present and future tenses.
<YouTube id=F3ur9dEqNIE />
Want to practice your listening skills?
This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.
[Lesson Recap]
<YouTube id=XEKHLDYt5_k />
[Click here for a free PDF of this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/HowtoStudyKorean-Unit-1-Lesson-6.pdf)
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