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lesson 11 remaining grammar

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@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ Examples in sentences:
## Last/Next (지난/다음) ## Last/Next (지난/다음)
지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about <TTS>마지막</TTS>, which can be used to refer to the <span class="md spoiler">“last” or “final” thing in a sequence</span>. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” 지난 and <TTS>다음</TTS> are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about <TTS>마지막</TTS>, which can be used to refer to the <span class="md spoiler">“last” or “final” thing in a sequence</span>. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.”
In order to refer to a “<span class="md spoiler">previous</span>” thing, the word “<TTS>지난</TTS>” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to <span class="md spoiler">the _previous_ week</span>, and you can use “마지막” to refer to <span class="md spoiler">the _final_ week</span>. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example: In order to refer to a “<span class="md spoiler">previous</span>” thing, the word “<TTS>지난</TTS>” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to <span class="md spoiler">the _previous_ week</span>, and you can use “마지막” to refer to <span class="md spoiler">the _final_ week</span>. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example:
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ You can also use the word <TTS>번</TTS> to refer to <span class="md spoiler">th
- 저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will see a movie next week</span> - 저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will see a movie next week</span>
- 저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Canada next week</span> - 저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Canada next week</span>
Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “<span class="md spoiler">next time</span>,” but not “<span class="md spoiler">next hour</span>.” Like above, <TTS>다음</TTS> can be used with 시간 to mean “<span class="md spoiler">next time</span>,” but not “<span class="md spoiler">next hour</span>.”
- 우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will go to school next time</span> - 우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will go to school next time</span>
- 우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will go to school next time</span> - 우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will go to school next time</span>
@@ -765,87 +765,99 @@ If you want to talk about doing something on the first/second/third day, you can
Weeks in Korean can be used in sentences just like 일 (day) except that there are no other weird words to worry about. You use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about weeks: Weeks in Korean can be used in sentences just like 일 (day) except that there are no other weird words to worry about. You use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about weeks:
저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-52.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to the US next week</span> - 저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-52.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to the US next week</span>
지난 주에 저는 계획이 많았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-53.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I had a lot of plans last week</span> - 지난 주에 저는 계획이 많았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-53.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I had a lot of plans last week</span>
The word “주” can also be used as a counter to count weeks. When counting weeks, just like when counting days, Sino-Korean numbers are used. When putting a number before “주,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: The word “주” can also be used as a counter to count weeks. When counting weeks, just like when counting days, Sino-Korean numbers are used. When putting a number before “주,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example:
저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks</span> - 저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks</span>
저는 4주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 weeks</span> - 저는 4주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 weeks</span>
저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks</span> ---
저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks</span>
- 저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks</span>
- 저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks</span>
The word “주일” can also be used as a counter for weeks. This is acceptable, but it sounds a bit more natural to use “주” as shown above. For example: The word “주일” can also be used as a counter for weeks. This is acceptable, but it sounds a bit more natural to use “주” as shown above. For example:
저는 2주일 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks</span> - 저는 2주일 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks</span>
저는 4주일 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks</span> - 저는 4주일 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks</span>
Korean Months (달/개월) ## Korean Months (달/개월)
First, notice that the names of each month correspond to the number of the month in the calendar For example: First, notice that the names of each month correspond to the number of the month in the calendar For example:
January = 1월 - January = 1월
February = 2월 - February = 2월
December = 12월 - December = 12월
When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently. When putting a number before 달, I prefer to write the Korean word. When putting a number before 개월, it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. When counting months, you can either use <TTS>달</TTS> or <TTS>개월</TTS>. When using 달, you must use the <span class="md spoiler">pure Korean numbers</span>, and when using 개월, you must use the <span class="md spoiler">Sino-Korean numbers</span>. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently. When putting a number before 달, I prefer to write the Korean word. When putting a number before 개월, it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral.
저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-58.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span> - 저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-58.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span>
저는 2개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span> ---
저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span>
My Korean grammar teacher told me years ago that ‘동안’ is actually incorporated into the meaning of 달, which would mean that you wouldn’t have to say 동안 after 달. Still, though, most people use 동안 after 달. - 저는 2개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span>
- 저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took a Korean class for 2 months</span>
Korean Years (년) My Korean grammar teacher told me years ago that ‘<TTS>동안</TTS>’ is actually incorporated into the meaning of 달, which would mean that you wouldn’t have to say 동안 after 달. Still, though, most people use 동안 after 달.
## Korean Years (년)
Years are used just like weeks, which means that you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “년,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral: Years are used just like weeks, which means that you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “년,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral:
저는 3년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-60.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my brother for 3 years</span> - 저는 3년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-60.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my brother for 3 years</span>
저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-61.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean for 10 years</span> - 저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-61.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean for 10 years</span>
저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-60.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my brother for three years</span> ---
저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-61.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean for ten years</span>
- 저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-60.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t meet my brother for three years</span>
- 저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-61.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied Korean for ten years</span>
However, if you want to say “last/next year” in Korean, you can’t use “지난/다음 년.” Instead, you must use separate words: However, if you want to say “last/next year” in Korean, you can’t use “지난/다음 년.” Instead, you must use separate words:
작년 = last year - 작년 = <span class="md spoiler">last year</span>
내년 = next year, for example: - 내년 = <span class="md spoiler">next year</span>
나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-62.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Korea next year</span> For example:
그 사람은 작년에 죽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person died last year</span>
This Week/This Month/This Time (이번) - 나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-62.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Korea next year</span>
- 그 사람은 작년에 죽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That person died last year</span>
## This Week/This Month/This Time (이번)
Finally, you can use 이번 just like 지난/다음 when talking about weeks or months to mean “this week/this month.” You cannot say “이번 년,” instead you must use the separate word “올해.” Finally, you can use 이번 just like 지난/다음 when talking about weeks or months to mean “this week/this month.” You cannot say “이번 년,” instead you must use the separate word “올해.”
저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-64.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have no plans this week</span> - 저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-64.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have no plans this week</span>
저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-65.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My mom will come to Korea this year</span> - 저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-65.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My mom will come to Korea this year</span>
*Note here that it is common to see “*에*” omitted from the word “*올해*.” You can also see in the section above that this is not the case with* 작년 _and_ 내년. *Note here that it is common to see “*에*” omitted from the word “*올해*.” You can also see in the section above that this is not the case with* 작년 _and_ 내년.
You cannot use 이번 when talking about minutes/seconds/hours. “I want to go to school this hour” doesn’t make any sense. But remember, in addition to meaning ‘hour’ 시간 also means “time.” This means that you can say 이번 시간 to mean “this time,” which is usually used when talking about “this time in class.” For example: You cannot use 이번 when talking about minutes/seconds/hours. “I want to go to school this hour” doesn’t make any sense. But remember, in addition to meaning ‘hour’ 시간 also means “time.” This means that you can say <TTS>이번 시간</TTS> to mean “<span class="md spoiler">this time</span>,” which is usually used when talking about “this time in class.” For example:
우리는 이번 시간에 많이 배웠어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-66.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We learned a lot this time</span> - 우리는 이번 시간에 많이 배웠어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-66.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We learned a lot this time</span>
In most other cases, it is more natural to use “이번에” instead of “이번 시간:” In most other cases, it is more natural to use “이번에” instead of “이번 시간:”
나는 너를 이번에 안 만날 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-67.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I won’t meet you this time</span>
- 나는 너를 이번에 안 만날 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-67.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I won’t meet you this time</span>
번 can also be added after 지난/다음 to mean “last/next time” 번 can also be added after 지난/다음 to mean “last/next time”
저는 박물관에 다음 번에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-68.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to the museum next time</span> - 저는 박물관에 다음 번에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-68.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to the museum next time</span>
저는 박물관에 지난 번에 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-69.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the museum last time</span> - 저는 박물관에 지난 번에 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-69.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the museum last time</span>
“Per” ## “Per”
When talking about each of these units of time, you can add the particle ~에 to indicate _within_ that unit of time, how much something was done. You can usually translate this to “per” in English. For example: When talking about each of these units of time, you can add the particle ~에 to indicate _within_ that unit of time, how much something was done. You can usually translate this to “per” in English. For example:
저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I eat (take) this medicine twice per day</span> - 저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I eat (take) this medicine twice per day</span>
저는 그 친구를 1주일에 한 번 만나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I meet that friend once per week</span> - 저는 그 친구를 1주일에 한 번 만나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I meet that friend once per week</span>
저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I come here three times per month</span> - 저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I come here three times per month</span>
저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I go to America twice per year</span> - 저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I go to America twice per year</span>
Almost all the examples in this lesson used 동안. There are other ways you can talk about these time words without using 동안 (for example, “I will go to Canada 3 days from now”). However, this lesson was reaching the 6 page mark, and I didn’t want to overload you more than I already have. I feel like the material in this lesson alone is enough to make your head spin for a while, so I will end it here. ---
Almost all the examples in this lesson used <TTS>동안</TTS>. There are other ways you can talk about these time words without using 동안 (for example, “I will go to Canada 3 days from now”). However, this lesson was reaching the 6 page mark, and I didn’t want to overload you more than I already have. I feel like the material in this lesson alone is enough to make your head spin for a while, so I will end it here.
In later lessons, you will learn how to apply the concepts you learned in this lesson to more complicated sentences. In later lessons, you will learn how to apply the concepts you learned in this lesson to more complicated sentences.