From f02c72b745a6340bb402813fc83a3d5e79bc2ff3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 23:43:52 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] lesson 11 remaining grammar --- docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md | 96 ++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md index 9f18b55..95bb58c 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md @@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ Examples in sentences: ## Last/Next (지난/다음) -지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about 마지막, which can be used to refer to the “last” or “final” thing in a sequence. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” +지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about 마지막, which can be used to refer to the “last” or “final” thing in a sequence. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” In order to refer to a “previous” thing, the word “지난” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to the _previous_ week, and you can use “마지막” to refer to the _final_ week. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example: @@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ You can also use the word 번 to refer to th - 저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 = I will see a movie next week - 저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Canada next week -Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “next time,” but not “next hour.” +Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “next time,” but not “next hour.” - 우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time - 우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time @@ -765,87 +765,99 @@ If you want to talk about doing something on the first/second/third day, you can Weeks in Korean can be used in sentences just like 일 (day) except that there are no other weird words to worry about. You use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about weeks: -저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the US next week -지난 주에 저는 계획이 많았어요 = I had a lot of plans last week +- 저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the US next week +- 지난 주에 저는 계획이 많았어요 = I had a lot of plans last week The word “주” can also be used as a counter to count weeks. When counting weeks, just like when counting days, Sino-Korean numbers are used. When putting a number before “주,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: -저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks -저는 4주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 weeks +- 저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks +- 저는 4주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 weeks -저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks -저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks +--- + +- 저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks +- 저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks The word “주일” can also be used as a counter for weeks. This is acceptable, but it sounds a bit more natural to use “주” as shown above. For example: -저는 2주일 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks -저는 4주일 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks +- 저는 2주일 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks +- 저는 4주일 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks -Korean Months (달/개월) +## Korean Months (달/개월) First, notice that the names of each month correspond to the number of the month in the calendar For example: -January = 1월 -February = 2월 -December = 12월 +- January = 1월 +- February = 2월 +- December = 12월 -When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently. When putting a number before 달, I prefer to write the Korean word. When putting a number before 개월, it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. +When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently. When putting a number before 달, I prefer to write the Korean word. When putting a number before 개월, it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. -저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months +- 저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months -저는 2개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months -저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months +--- -My Korean grammar teacher told me years ago that ‘동안’ is actually incorporated into the meaning of 달, which would mean that you wouldn’t have to say 동안 after 달. Still, though, most people use 동안 after 달. +- 저는 2개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months +- 저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months -Korean Years (년) +My Korean grammar teacher told me years ago that ‘동안’ is actually incorporated into the meaning of 달, which would mean that you wouldn’t have to say 동안 after 달. Still, though, most people use 동안 after 달. + +## Korean Years (년) Years are used just like weeks, which means that you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “년,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral: -저는 3년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for 3 years -저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for 10 years +- 저는 3년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for 3 years +- 저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for 10 years -저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for three years -저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for ten years +--- + +- 저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for three years +- 저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for ten years However, if you want to say “last/next year” in Korean, you can’t use “지난/다음 년.” Instead, you must use separate words: -작년 = last year -내년 = next year, for example: +- 작년 = last year +- 내년 = next year -나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 = I will go to Korea next year -그 사람은 작년에 죽었어요 = That person died last year +For example: -This Week/This Month/This Time (이번) +- 나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 = I will go to Korea next year +- 그 사람은 작년에 죽었어요 = That person died last year + +## This Week/This Month/This Time (이번) Finally, you can use 이번 just like 지난/다음 when talking about weeks or months to mean “this week/this month.” You cannot say “이번 년,” instead you must use the separate word “올해.” -저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans this week -저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 = My mom will come to Korea this year +- 저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans this week +- 저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 = My mom will come to Korea this year + *Note here that it is common to see “*에*” omitted from the word “*올해*.” You can also see in the section above that this is not the case with* 작년 _and_ 내년. -You cannot use 이번 when talking about minutes/seconds/hours. “I want to go to school this hour” doesn’t make any sense. But remember, in addition to meaning ‘hour’ 시간 also means “time.” This means that you can say 이번 시간 to mean “this time,” which is usually used when talking about “this time in class.” For example: +You cannot use 이번 when talking about minutes/seconds/hours. “I want to go to school this hour” doesn’t make any sense. But remember, in addition to meaning ‘hour’ 시간 also means “time.” This means that you can say 이번 시간 to mean “this time,” which is usually used when talking about “this time in class.” For example: -우리는 이번 시간에 많이 배웠어 = We learned a lot this time +- 우리는 이번 시간에 많이 배웠어 = We learned a lot this time In most other cases, it is more natural to use “이번에” instead of “이번 시간:” -나는 너를 이번에 안 만날 거야 = I won’t meet you this time + +- 나는 너를 이번에 안 만날 거야 = I won’t meet you this time 번 can also be added after 지난/다음 to mean “last/next time” -저는 박물관에 다음 번에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the museum next time -저는 박물관에 지난 번에 갔어요 = I went to the museum last time +- 저는 박물관에 다음 번에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the museum next time +- 저는 박물관에 지난 번에 갔어요 = I went to the museum last time -“Per” +## “Per” When talking about each of these units of time, you can add the particle ~에 to indicate _within_ that unit of time, how much something was done. You can usually translate this to “per” in English. For example: -저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I eat (take) this medicine twice per day -저는 그 친구를 1주일에 한 번 만나요 = I meet that friend once per week -저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 = I come here three times per month -저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 = I go to America twice per year +- 저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I eat (take) this medicine twice per day +- 저는 그 친구를 1주일에 한 번 만나요 = I meet that friend once per week +- 저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 = I come here three times per month +- 저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 = I go to America twice per year -Almost all the examples in this lesson used 동안. There are other ways you can talk about these time words without using 동안 (for example, “I will go to Canada 3 days from now”). However, this lesson was reaching the 6 page mark, and I didn’t want to overload you more than I already have. I feel like the material in this lesson alone is enough to make your head spin for a while, so I will end it here. +--- + +Almost all the examples in this lesson used 동안. There are other ways you can talk about these time words without using 동안 (for example, “I will go to Canada 3 days from now”). However, this lesson was reaching the 6 page mark, and I didn’t want to overload you more than I already have. I feel like the material in this lesson alone is enough to make your head spin for a while, so I will end it here. In later lessons, you will learn how to apply the concepts you learned in this lesson to more complicated sentences.