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@@ -573,28 +573,32 @@ Examples
<Details> <Details>
Common Usages: Common Usages:
책상 = desk
공책 = notebook
책방 = bookstore
책자 = booklet, leaflet
책벌레 = bookworm
책갈피 = bookmark
만화책 = comic book
책을 읽다 = to read a book
책을 반납하다 = to return a book
책을 빌리다 = to borrow a book (usually from a library)
Notes: The word used to count books is “권” - <TTS>책상</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">desk</span>
- <TTS>공책</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">notebook</span>
- <TTS>책방</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">bookstore</span>
- <TTS>책자</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">booklet, leaflet</span>
- <TTS>책벌레</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">bookworm</span>
- <TTS>책갈피</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">bookmark</span>
- <TTS>만화책</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">comic book</span>
- <TTS>책을 읽다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to read a book</span>
- <TTS>책을 반납하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to return a book</span>
- <TTS>책을 빌리다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to borrow a book (usually from a library)</span>
Notes:
The word used to count books is “<TTS>권</TTS>”
Examples Examples
저는 좋은 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read a good <strong>book</strong>
저는 그것에 대해 **책**을 쓸 거예요 = I will write a **book** about it - 저는 좋은 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to read a good <strong>book</strong></span>
저는 친구에게 **책**을 돌려줬어요 = I gave my friend back his **book** - 저는 그것에 대해 **책**을 쓸 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will write a **book** about it</span>
저는 **책** 두 권을 읽었어요 = I read two <strong>books</strong> - 저는 친구에게 **책**을 돌려줬어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I gave my friend back his **book**</span>
저는 그 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read that <strong>book</strong> - 저는 **책** 두 권을 읽었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I read two <strong>books</strong></span>
그 학생은 하루 종일 **책**을 읽을 수 있어요 = That student can read **books** all day - 저는 그 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to read that <strong>book</strong></span>
이 박스에 **책**이 들어가 있어요 = There are **books** in this box - 그 학생은 하루 종일 **책**을 읽을 수 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That student can read **books** all day</span>
저는 누워서 **책**을 읽었어요 = I lied down and read a **book** - 이 박스에 **책**이 들어가 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">There are **books** in this box</span>
- 저는 누워서 **책**을 읽었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I lied down and read a **book**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -603,18 +607,22 @@ Examples
<Details> <Details>
Notes Notes
Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “컴퓨터” in Korean will sound like “computer” Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “컴퓨터” in Korean will sound like “computer”
Common Usages: Common Usages:
컴퓨터를 켜다 = turn on a computer
컴퓨터를 끄다 = turn off a computer
컴퓨터가 고장 났다 = for a computer to be broken
Examples: **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = The **computer** is turned off - <TTS>컴퓨터를 켜다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">turn on a computer</span>
저는 **컴퓨터**를 켰어요 = I turned the **computer** on - <TTS>컴퓨터를 끄다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">turn off a computer</span>
**컴퓨터**가 켜져 있어요 = The **computer** is (in the state of being) on - <TTS>컴퓨터가 고장 났다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for a computer to be broken</span>
그는 고장 난 **컴퓨터**를 수리했어요 = He repaired the broken <strong>computer</strong>
교실에서 선생님들을 **컴퓨터**로 대체할 수 없어요 = You can’t replace teachers with **computers** in the classroom Examples:
- **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **computer** is turned off</span>
- 저는 **컴퓨터**를 켰어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I turned the **computer** on</span>
- **컴퓨터**가 켜져 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **computer** is (in the state of being) on</span>
- 그는 고장 난 **컴퓨터**를 수리했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">He repaired the broken <strong>computer</strong></span>
- 교실에서 선생님들을 **컴퓨터**로 대체할 수 없어요 = <span class="md spoiler">You can’t replace teachers with **computers** in the classroom</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -623,17 +631,19 @@ Examples: **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = The **computer** is turned off
<Details> <Details>
Common Usages: Common Usages:
소나무 = pine tree
대나무 = bamboo - <TTS>소나무</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">pine tree</span>
단풍나무 = maple tree - <TTS>대나무</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">bamboo</span>
나무뿌리 = root of a tree - <TTS>단풍나무</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">maple tree</span>
나무를 심다 = to plant a tree - <TTS>나무뿌리</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">root of a tree</span>
- <TTS>나무를 심다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to plant a tree</span>
Examples Examples
저는 집을 **나무**로 지었어요 = I made a house out of <strong>wood</strong>
나는 우리 집을 **나무**로 지었어 = I built our house out of <strong>wood</strong> - 저는 집을 **나무**로 지었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I made a house out of <strong>wood</strong></span>
대부분의 원숭이는 **나무**에서 살아요 = Most monkeys live in <strong>trees</strong> - 나는 우리 집을 **나무**로 지었어 = <span class="md spoiler">I built our house out of <strong>wood</strong></span>
아이들은 **나무** 주위에서 놀고 있어요 = The children are playing around the **tree** - 대부분의 원숭이는 **나무**에서 살아요 = <span class="md spoiler">Most monkeys live in <strong>trees</strong></span>
- 아이들은 **나무** 주위에서 놀고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The children are playing around the **tree**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -641,12 +651,15 @@ Examples
<Details> <Details>
Notes: Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “소파” in Korean will sound like “sofa.” Note that there is no way to pronounce the “F” sound in Korean. English words with an “F” that are borrowed to Korean usually use “ㅍ” to make the “F” sound. Notes:
Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “소파” in Korean will sound like “sofa.” Note that there is no way to pronounce the “F” sound in Korean. English words with an “F” that are borrowed to Korean usually use “ㅍ” to make the “F” sound.
Example Example
그는 **소파**에 앉아 있어요 = He is sitting on the <strong>couch</strong>
이 **소파**는 아주 편해요 = This **sofa** is very comfortable - 그는 **소파**에 앉아 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">He is sitting on the <strong>couch</strong></span>
애기는 높은 **소파**에서 떨어졌어요 = The baby fell from the high **sofa** - 이 **소파**는 아주 편해요 = <span class="md spoiler">This **sofa** is very comfortable</span>
- 애기는 높은 **소파**에서 떨어졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The baby fell from the high **sofa**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -655,18 +668,20 @@ Example
<Details> <Details>
Common Usages Common Usages
중국인 = Chinese person
중국 사람 = Chinese person - <TTS>중국인</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Chinese person</span>
중국어 = Chinese language - <TTS>중국 사람</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Chinese person</span>
- <TTS>중국어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Chinese language</span>
Example: Example:
우리는 곧 **중국**에 갈 거예요 = We are going to **China** soon
그 사람은 **중국**에서 왔어요 = That person came from <strong>China</strong> - 우리는 곧 **중국**에 갈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">We are going to **China** soon</span>
그 사람은 **중국**인이에요 = That person is <strong>Chinese - 그 사람은 **중국**에서 왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That person came from <strong>China</strong></span>
중국</strong> 사람들은 한국사람들보다 더 가난해요 = **Chinese** people are poorer than Korean people - 그 사람은 **중국**인이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">That person is **Chinese**</span>
한국 사람과 **중국** 사람은 문화적으로 달라요 = Korean and **Chinese** people are culturally different - **중국** 사람들은 한국사람들보다 더 가난해요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Chinese** people are poorer than Korean people</span>
한국에는 황사가 **중국**에서 봄마다 와요 = Yellow dust comes to Korea every spring from <strong>China - 한국 사람과 **중국** 사람은 문화적으로 달라요 = <span class="md spoiler">Korean and **Chinese** people are culturally different</span>
중국</strong> 사람들은 소금을 쓰는 것 대신에 음식에 간장을 뿌려요 = Instead of using salt, **Chinese** people put soy sauce on their food - 한국에는 황사가 **중국**에서 봄마다 와요 = <span class="md spoiler">Yellow dust comes to Korea every spring from **China**</span>
- **중국** 사람들은 소금을 쓰는 것 대신에 음식에 간장을 뿌려요 = <span class="md spoiler">Instead of using salt, **Chinese** people put soy sauce on their food</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -675,22 +690,21 @@ Example:
<Details> <Details>
Common Usages Common Usages
일본 사람 = Japanese Person
일본어 = Japanese language - <TTS>일본 사람</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Japanese Person</span>
- <TTS>일본어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Japanese language</span>
Example Example
그 사람은 **일본**에서 왔어요 = That person is from <strong>Japan
일본</strong>은 전쟁에서 한국을 공격했어요 = **Japan** attacked Korea in the war
저는 **일본**에 스무 번 넘게 가 봤어요 = I’ve been to **Japan** more than twenty times
요즘에 한국 사람들은 **일본**에 별로 가고 싶지 않아요 - 그 사람은 **일본**에서 왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That person is from **Japan**</span>
= These days, Korean people don’t really want to go to Japan - **일본**은 전쟁에서 한국을 공격했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Japan** attacked Korea in the war</span>
- 저는 **일본**에 스무 번 넘게 가 봤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I’ve been to **Japan** more than twenty times</span>
한국 집값은 **일본** 집값보다 훨씬 높아요 - 요즘에 한국 사람들은 **일본**에 별로 가고 싶지 않아요
= The price of Korean houses is much higher than the price of houses in Japan - <span class="md spoiler">These days, Korean people don’t really want to go to **Japan**</span>
- 한국 집값은 **일본** 집값보다 훨씬 높아요
**일본**에서 성인들은 미국 청소년보다 만화책을 더 많이 읽어요 - <span class="md spoiler">The price of Korean houses is much higher than the price of houses in **Japan**</span>
= In **Japan**, adults read more comic books than young people in America - **일본**에서 성인들은 미국 청소년보다 만화책을 더 많이 읽어요
- <span class="md spoiler">In **Japan**, adults read more comic books than young people in America</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -698,25 +712,29 @@ Example
<Details> <Details>
Notes: On the subway, you will hear “내리실 문은 왼쪽/오른쪽이에요” – “The doors are on your left/right.” Notes:
On the bus, you will see signs saying “문이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요” – “Until the door is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the door” On the subway, you will hear “내리실 문은 왼쪽/오른쪽이에요” – “<span class="md spoiler">The doors are on your left/right</span>.”
On the bus, you will see signs saying “문이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요” – “<span class="md spoiler">Until the door is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the door</span>”
Common Usages: Common Usages:
창문 = window
정문 = main entrance - <TTS>창문</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">window</span>
뒷문 = back door - <TTS>정문</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">main entrance</span>
앞문 = front door - <TTS>뒷문</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">back door</span>
동대문 = “east big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul - <TTS>앞문</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">front door</span>
남대문 = “south big gate” – tourist attraction and market in Seoul - <TTS>동대문</TTS> = “<span class="md spoiler">east big gate</span>” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul
서대문 = “west big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul - <TTS>남대문</TTS> = “<span class="md spoiler">south big gate</span>” – tourist attraction and market in Seoul
- <TTS>서대문</TTS> = “<span class="md spoiler">west big gate</span>” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul
Example Example
**문**을 닫아야 돼요 = You have to close the <strong>door</strong>
저는 **문**을 잠갔어요 = I locked the <strong>door</strong> - **문**을 닫아야 돼요 = <span class="md spoiler">You have to close the <strong>door</strong></span>
저는 **문**을 열 거예요 = I will open the <strong>door</strong> - 저는 **문**을 잠갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I locked the <strong>door</strong></span>
너무 추워서 **문**을 닫았어요 = I closed the **door** because it is too cold - 저는 **문**을 열 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will open the <strong>door</strong></span>
**문**이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요 = Until the **door** is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the **door** - 너무 추워서 **문**을 닫았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the **door** because it is too cold</span>
- **문**이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Until the **door** is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the **door**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -724,24 +742,26 @@ Example
<Details> <Details>
Notes: Korean people don’t refer to people with a Ph.D. as “doctor.” Instead, they use the term “박사(님).” Notes: Korean people don’t refer to people with a Ph.D. as “doctor.” Instead, they use the term “<TTS>박사(님)</TTS>.”
Common Usages: Common Usages:
한의사 = Korean/oriental doctor
외과의사 = surgeon - <TTS>한의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Korean/oriental doctor</span>
치과의사 = dentist - <TTS>외과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">surgeon</span>
정형외과의사 = orthopedic doctor - <TTS>치과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">dentist</span>
내과의사 = internal medicine doctor - <TTS>정형외과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">orthopedic doctor</span>
정신과의사 = psychiatrist - <TTS>내과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">internal medicine doctor</span>
비뇨기과의사 = urologist - <TTS>정신과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">psychiatrist</span>
산부인과의사 = gynecologist - <TTS>비뇨기과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">urologist</span>
- <TTS>산부인과의사</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">gynecologist</span>
Examples Examples
저는 **의사**가 무서워요 = I am afraid of <strong>doctors
의사</strong>들은 돈이 많아요 = **doctors** have a lot of money - 저는 **의사**가 무서워요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am afraid of **doctors**</span>
저의 친구는 **의사**예요 = My friend is a <strong>doctor - **의사**들은 돈이 많아요 = <span class="md spoiler">**doctors** have a lot of money</span>
의사</strong>들은 문제에 대해 과학적으로 생각했어요 = The **doctors** thought about the problem scientifically - 저의 친구는 **의사**예요 = <span class="md spoiler">My friend is a **doctor**</span>
저는 정신과**의사**가 되려고 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying hard to become a **psychiatrist** - **의사**들은 문제에 대해 과학적으로 생각했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The **doctors** thought about the problem scientifically</span>
- 저는 정신과**의사**가 되려고 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am studying hard to become a **psychiatrist**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -750,21 +770,23 @@ Examples
<Details> <Details>
Common Usages: Common Usages:
학생증 = student ID
학생회 = student council - <TTS>학생증</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">student ID</span>
대학생 = university student - <TTS>학생회</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">student council</span>
초등학생 = elementary school student - <TTS>대학생</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">university student</span>
중학생 = middle school student - <TTS>초등학생</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">elementary school student</span>
고등학생 = high school student - <TTS>중학생</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">middle school student</span>
교환학생 = foreign exchange student - <TTS>고등학생</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">high school student</span>
- <TTS>교환학생</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">foreign exchange student</span>
Examples Examples
저는 좋은 **학생**이에요 = I am a good <strong>student</strong>
저는 **학생**이 아니에요 = I am not a <strong>student</strong> - 저는 좋은 **학생**이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a good <strong>student</strong></span>
선생님은 내일 **학생**들을 만날 거야 = The teacher will meet the **students** tomorrow - 저는 **학생**이 아니에요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a <strong>student</strong></span>
저는 **학생**들이 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in the <strong>students</strong> - 선생님은 내일 **학생**들을 만날 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher will meet the **students** tomorrow</span>
저는 **학생**들에게 수업을 가르쳤어요 = I taught the class to the <strong>students</strong> - 저는 **학생**들이 실망스러웠어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I was disappointed in the <strong>students</strong></span>
선생님은 **학생**들과 박물관에 갔다 = The teacher went to the museum with the **students** - 저는 **학생**들에게 수업을 가르쳤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I taught the class to the <strong>students</strong></span>
- 선생님은 **학생**들과 박물관에 갔다 = <span class="md spoiler">The teacher went to the museum with the **students**</span>
</Details> </Details>
@@ -774,23 +796,26 @@ Examples
<Details> <Details>
*This is the first time you are being introduced to a word that must be conjugated in order to be used. Visit [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) for more information. Any word that ends in “*다*” must be conjugated to be used. The conjugation of* 이다 _is different than other words. I introduce all of these conjugations in [Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)._ *This is the first time you are being introduced to a word that must be conjugated in order to be used. Visit [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md) for more information. Any word that ends in “*다*” must be conjugated to be used. The conjugation of* 이다 _is different than other words. I introduce all of these conjugations in [Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)._
Common usages Common usages
제 이름은 **이에요 (My name is **)
이름이 뭐예요? (What is your name?) - 제 이름은 \_\_\_ 이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">My name is \_\_\_</span>
저는 \_**\_이에요 = I am a \_\_\_\_** - <TTS>이름이 뭐예요?</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">What is your name?</span>
- 저는 \_\_\_이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am a \_\_\_</span>
Notes Notes
“to be” can be many words in English. For example, I am, he is, they are, I was, they were. 이다 acts as _all_ of these words. “to be” can be many words in English. For example, I am, he is, they are, I was, they were. 이다 acts as _all_ of these words.
Examples: Examples:
저는 예쁜 여자**예요** = I **am** a beautiful girl
저 건물은 학교**입니다** = That building **is** a school - 저는 예쁜 여자**예요** = I **am** a beautiful girl
그것은 사진**이에요** = That thing **is** a picture - 저 건물은 학교**입니다** = That building **is** a school
이 사람은 저의 누나**예요** = This (person) **is** my sister - 그것은 사진**이에요** = That thing **is** a picture
그것은 큰 비밀**이었어요** = That **was** a big secret - 이 사람은 저의 누나**예요** = This (person) **is** my sister
저는 의사**였어요** = I **was** a doctor - 그것은 큰 비밀**이었어요** = That **was** a big secret
- 저는 의사**였어요** = I **was** a doctor
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@@ -798,16 +823,19 @@ Examples:
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Notes: Informally, you can say “응” to mean “yes” Notes:
Informally, you can say “<TTS>응</TTS>” to mean “yes”
When speaking on the phone, Korean people often say this many times and pronounce it as “데” When speaking on the phone, Korean people often say this many times and pronounce it as “데”
Example Example
**네**, 저는 가고 싶어요 = **Yes**, I want to go
**네**, 알겠습니다 = **Yes**, okay. (I got it) - **네**, 저는 가고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Yes**, I want to go</span>
**네**, 그렇습니다 = **Yes**, that is correct (that is the way it is) - **네**, 알겠습니다 = <span class="md spoiler">**Yes**, okay. (I got it)</span>
**네**, 그럴게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will do that if that’s what you want - **네**, 그렇습니다 = <span class="md spoiler">**Yes**, that is correct (that is the way it is)</span>
**네**, 갔다 올게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will go, and then come back - **네**, 그럴게요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Yes/Okay**, I will do that if that’s what you want</span>
- **네**, 갔다 올게요 = <span class="md spoiler">**Yes/Okay**, I will go, and then come back</span>
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@@ -816,13 +844,15 @@ Example
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Notes Notes
In formal situations, “아니요” is more respectful
In formal situations, “<TTS>아니요</TTS>” is more respectful
Example Example
**아니요**, 안 했어요 = **No**, I didn’t do it
Person 1: 숙소비가 얼마예요? 10만원? = How much is the lodging fee? 100,000 won? - **아니요**, 안 했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**No**, I didn’t do it</span>
Person 2: **아니요**. 10만원 조금 넘어요 = **No**. A little more than 100,000 won
Person 1: 숙소비가 얼마예요? 10만원? = <span class="md spoiler">How much is the lodging fee? 100,000 won?</span>
Person 2: **아니요**. 10만원 조금 넘어요 = <span class="md spoiler">**No**. A little more than 100,000 won</span>
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