diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/01-sentences.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/01-sentences.md index da9f3aa..7d8574b 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/01-sentences.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/01-sentences.md @@ -573,28 +573,32 @@ Examples
Common Usages: -책상 = desk -공책 = notebook -책방 = bookstore -책자 = booklet, leaflet -책벌레 = bookworm -책갈피 = bookmark -만화책 = comic book -책을 읽다 = to read a book -책을 반납하다 = to return a book -책을 빌리다 = to borrow a book (usually from a library) -Notes: The word used to count books is “권” +- 책상 = desk +- 공책 = notebook +- 책방 = bookstore +- 책자 = booklet, leaflet +- 책벌레 = bookworm +- 책갈피 = bookmark +- 만화책 = comic book +- 책을 읽다 = to read a book +- 책을 반납하다 = to return a book +- 책을 빌리다 = to borrow a book (usually from a library) + +Notes: + +The word used to count books is “권” Examples -저는 좋은 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read a good book -저는 그것에 대해 **책**을 쓸 거예요 = I will write a **book** about it -저는 친구에게 **책**을 돌려줬어요 = I gave my friend back his **book** -저는 **책** 두 권을 읽었어요 = I read two books -저는 그 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read that book -그 학생은 하루 종일 **책**을 읽을 수 있어요 = That student can read **books** all day -이 박스에 **책**이 들어가 있어요 = There are **books** in this box -저는 누워서 **책**을 읽었어요 = I lied down and read a **book** + +- 저는 좋은 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read a good book +- 저는 그것에 대해 **책**을 쓸 거예요 = I will write a **book** about it +- 저는 친구에게 **책**을 돌려줬어요 = I gave my friend back his **book** +- 저는 **책** 두 권을 읽었어요 = I read two books +- 저는 그 **책**을 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read that book +- 그 학생은 하루 종일 **책**을 읽을 수 있어요 = That student can read **books** all day +- 이 박스에 **책**이 들어가 있어요 = There are **books** in this box +- 저는 누워서 **책**을 읽었어요 = I lied down and read a **book**
@@ -603,18 +607,22 @@ Examples
Notes + Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “컴퓨터” in Korean will sound like “computer” Common Usages: -컴퓨터를 켜다 = turn on a computer -컴퓨터를 끄다 = turn off a computer -컴퓨터가 고장 났다 = for a computer to be broken -Examples: **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = The **computer** is turned off -저는 **컴퓨터**를 켰어요 = I turned the **computer** on -**컴퓨터**가 켜져 있어요 = The **computer** is (in the state of being) on -그는 고장 난 **컴퓨터**를 수리했어요 = He repaired the broken computer -교실에서 선생님들을 **컴퓨터**로 대체할 수 없어요 = You can’t replace teachers with **computers** in the classroom +- 컴퓨터를 켜다 = turn on a computer +- 컴퓨터를 끄다 = turn off a computer +- 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 = for a computer to be broken + +Examples: + +- **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = The **computer** is turned off +- 저는 **컴퓨터**를 켰어요 = I turned the **computer** on +- **컴퓨터**가 켜져 있어요 = The **computer** is (in the state of being) on +- 그는 고장 난 **컴퓨터**를 수리했어요 = He repaired the broken computer +- 교실에서 선생님들을 **컴퓨터**로 대체할 수 없어요 = You can’t replace teachers with **computers** in the classroom
@@ -623,17 +631,19 @@ Examples: **컴퓨터**가 꺼져 있어요 = The **computer** is turned off
Common Usages: -소나무 = pine tree -대나무 = bamboo -단풍나무 = maple tree -나무뿌리 = root of a tree -나무를 심다 = to plant a tree + +- 소나무 = pine tree +- 대나무 = bamboo +- 단풍나무 = maple tree +- 나무뿌리 = root of a tree +- 나무를 심다 = to plant a tree Examples -저는 집을 **나무**로 지었어요 = I made a house out of wood -나는 우리 집을 **나무**로 지었어 = I built our house out of wood -대부분의 원숭이는 **나무**에서 살아요 = Most monkeys live in trees -아이들은 **나무** 주위에서 놀고 있어요 = The children are playing around the **tree** + +- 저는 집을 **나무**로 지었어요 = I made a house out of wood +- 나는 우리 집을 **나무**로 지었어 = I built our house out of wood +- 대부분의 원숭이는 **나무**에서 살아요 = Most monkeys live in trees +- 아이들은 **나무** 주위에서 놀고 있어요 = The children are playing around the **tree**
@@ -641,12 +651,15 @@ Examples
-Notes: Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “소파” in Korean will sound like “sofa.” Note that there is no way to pronounce the “F” sound in Korean. English words with an “F” that are borrowed to Korean usually use “ㅍ” to make the “F” sound. +Notes: + +Many new Korean words are simply English words with a Korean pronunciation pronouncing “소파” in Korean will sound like “sofa.” Note that there is no way to pronounce the “F” sound in Korean. English words with an “F” that are borrowed to Korean usually use “ㅍ” to make the “F” sound. Example -그는 **소파**에 앉아 있어요 = He is sitting on the couch -이 **소파**는 아주 편해요 = This **sofa** is very comfortable -애기는 높은 **소파**에서 떨어졌어요 = The baby fell from the high **sofa** + +- 그는 **소파**에 앉아 있어요 = He is sitting on the couch +- 이 **소파**는 아주 편해요 = This **sofa** is very comfortable +- 애기는 높은 **소파**에서 떨어졌어요 = The baby fell from the high **sofa**
@@ -655,18 +668,20 @@ Example
Common Usages -중국인 = Chinese person -중국 사람 = Chinese person -중국어 = Chinese language + +- 중국인 = Chinese person +- 중국 사람 = Chinese person +- 중국어 = Chinese language Example: -우리는 곧 **중국**에 갈 거예요 = We are going to **China** soon -그 사람은 **중국**에서 왔어요 = That person came from China -그 사람은 **중국**인이에요 = That person is Chinese -중국 사람들은 한국사람들보다 더 가난해요 = **Chinese** people are poorer than Korean people -한국 사람과 **중국** 사람은 문화적으로 달라요 = Korean and **Chinese** people are culturally different -한국에는 황사가 **중국**에서 봄마다 와요 = Yellow dust comes to Korea every spring from China -중국 사람들은 소금을 쓰는 것 대신에 음식에 간장을 뿌려요 = Instead of using salt, **Chinese** people put soy sauce on their food + +- 우리는 곧 **중국**에 갈 거예요 = We are going to **China** soon +- 그 사람은 **중국**에서 왔어요 = That person came from China +- 그 사람은 **중국**인이에요 = That person is **Chinese** +- **중국** 사람들은 한국사람들보다 더 가난해요 = **Chinese** people are poorer than Korean people +- 한국 사람과 **중국** 사람은 문화적으로 달라요 = Korean and **Chinese** people are culturally different +- 한국에는 황사가 **중국**에서 봄마다 와요 = Yellow dust comes to Korea every spring from **China** +- **중국** 사람들은 소금을 쓰는 것 대신에 음식에 간장을 뿌려요 = Instead of using salt, **Chinese** people put soy sauce on their food
@@ -675,22 +690,21 @@ Example:
Common Usages -일본 사람 = Japanese Person -일본어 = Japanese language + +- 일본 사람 = Japanese Person +- 일본어 = Japanese language Example -그 사람은 **일본**에서 왔어요 = That person is from Japan -일본은 전쟁에서 한국을 공격했어요 = **Japan** attacked Korea in the war -저는 **일본**에 스무 번 넘게 가 봤어요 = I’ve been to **Japan** more than twenty times -요즘에 한국 사람들은 **일본**에 별로 가고 싶지 않아요 -= These days, Korean people don’t really want to go to Japan - -한국 집값은 **일본** 집값보다 훨씬 높아요 -= The price of Korean houses is much higher than the price of houses in Japan - -**일본**에서 성인들은 미국 청소년보다 만화책을 더 많이 읽어요 -= In **Japan**, adults read more comic books than young people in America +- 그 사람은 **일본**에서 왔어요 = That person is from **Japan** +- **일본**은 전쟁에서 한국을 공격했어요 = **Japan** attacked Korea in the war +- 저는 **일본**에 스무 번 넘게 가 봤어요 = I’ve been to **Japan** more than twenty times +- 요즘에 한국 사람들은 **일본**에 별로 가고 싶지 않아요 + - These days, Korean people don’t really want to go to **Japan** +- 한국 집값은 **일본** 집값보다 훨씬 높아요 + - The price of Korean houses is much higher than the price of houses in **Japan** +- **일본**에서 성인들은 미국 청소년보다 만화책을 더 많이 읽어요 + - In **Japan**, adults read more comic books than young people in America
@@ -698,25 +712,29 @@ Example
-Notes: On the subway, you will hear “내리실 문은 왼쪽/오른쪽이에요” – “The doors are on your left/right.” +Notes: -On the bus, you will see signs saying “문이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요” – “Until the door is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the door” +On the subway, you will hear “내리실 문은 왼쪽/오른쪽이에요” – “The doors are on your left/right.” + +On the bus, you will see signs saying “문이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요” – “Until the door is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the door” Common Usages: -창문 = window -정문 = main entrance -뒷문 = back door -앞문 = front door -동대문 = “east big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul -남대문 = “south big gate” – tourist attraction and market in Seoul -서대문 = “west big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul + +- 창문 = window +- 정문 = main entrance +- 뒷문 = back door +- 앞문 = front door +- 동대문 = “east big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul +- 남대문 = “south big gate” – tourist attraction and market in Seoul +- 서대문 = “west big gate” – tourist attraction and neighborhood in Seoul Example -**문**을 닫아야 돼요 = You have to close the door -저는 **문**을 잠갔어요 = I locked the door -저는 **문**을 열 거예요 = I will open the door -너무 추워서 **문**을 닫았어요 = I closed the **door** because it is too cold -**문**이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요 = Until the **door** is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the **door** + +- **문**을 닫아야 돼요 = You have to close the door +- 저는 **문**을 잠갔어요 = I locked the door +- 저는 **문**을 열 거예요 = I will open the door +- 너무 추워서 **문**을 닫았어요 = I closed the **door** because it is too cold +- **문**이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요 = Until the **door** is fully/completely open, don’t get off the bus or lean on the **door**
@@ -724,24 +742,26 @@ Example
-Notes: Korean people don’t refer to people with a Ph.D. as “doctor.” Instead, they use the term “박사(님).” +Notes: Korean people don’t refer to people with a Ph.D. as “doctor.” Instead, they use the term “박사(님).” Common Usages: -한의사 = Korean/oriental doctor -외과의사 = surgeon -치과의사 = dentist -정형외과의사 = orthopedic doctor -내과의사 = internal medicine doctor -정신과의사 = psychiatrist -비뇨기과의사 = urologist -산부인과의사 = gynecologist + +- 한의사 = Korean/oriental doctor +- 외과의사 = surgeon +- 치과의사 = dentist +- 정형외과의사 = orthopedic doctor +- 내과의사 = internal medicine doctor +- 정신과의사 = psychiatrist +- 비뇨기과의사 = urologist +- 산부인과의사 = gynecologist Examples -저는 **의사**가 무서워요 = I am afraid of doctors -의사들은 돈이 많아요 = **doctors** have a lot of money -저의 친구는 **의사**예요 = My friend is a doctor -의사들은 문제에 대해 과학적으로 생각했어요 = The **doctors** thought about the problem scientifically -저는 정신과**의사**가 되려고 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying hard to become a **psychiatrist** + +- 저는 **의사**가 무서워요 = I am afraid of **doctors** +- **의사**들은 돈이 많아요 = **doctors** have a lot of money +- 저의 친구는 **의사**예요 = My friend is a **doctor** +- **의사**들은 문제에 대해 과학적으로 생각했어요 = The **doctors** thought about the problem scientifically +- 저는 정신과**의사**가 되려고 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying hard to become a **psychiatrist**
@@ -750,21 +770,23 @@ Examples
Common Usages: -학생증 = student ID -학생회 = student council -대학생 = university student -초등학생 = elementary school student -중학생 = middle school student -고등학생 = high school student -교환학생 = foreign exchange student + +- 학생증 = student ID +- 학생회 = student council +- 대학생 = university student +- 초등학생 = elementary school student +- 중학생 = middle school student +- 고등학생 = high school student +- 교환학생 = foreign exchange student Examples -저는 좋은 **학생**이에요 = I am a good student -저는 **학생**이 아니에요 = I am not a student -선생님은 내일 **학생**들을 만날 거야 = The teacher will meet the **students** tomorrow -저는 **학생**들이 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in the students -저는 **학생**들에게 수업을 가르쳤어요 = I taught the class to the students -선생님은 **학생**들과 박물관에 갔다 = The teacher went to the museum with the **students** + +- 저는 좋은 **학생**이에요 = I am a good student +- 저는 **학생**이 아니에요 = I am not a student +- 선생님은 내일 **학생**들을 만날 거야 = The teacher will meet the **students** tomorrow +- 저는 **학생**들이 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in the students +- 저는 **학생**들에게 수업을 가르쳤어요 = I taught the class to the students +- 선생님은 **학생**들과 박물관에 갔다 = The teacher went to the museum with the **students**
@@ -774,23 +796,26 @@ Examples
-*This is the first time you are being introduced to a word that must be conjugated in order to be used. Visit [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) for more information. Any word that ends in “*다*” must be conjugated to be used. The conjugation of* 이다 _is different than other words. I introduce all of these conjugations in [Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)._ +*This is the first time you are being introduced to a word that must be conjugated in order to be used. Visit [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md) for more information. Any word that ends in “*다*” must be conjugated to be used. The conjugation of* 이다 _is different than other words. I introduce all of these conjugations in [Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)._ Common usages -제 이름은 **이에요 (My name is **) -이름이 뭐예요? (What is your name?) -저는 \_**\_이에요 = I am a \_\_\_\_** + +- 제 이름은 \_\_\_ 이에요 = My name is \_\_\_ +- 이름이 뭐예요? = What is your name? +- 저는 \_\_\_이에요 = I am a \_\_\_ Notes + “to be” can be many words in English. For example, I am, he is, they are, I was, they were. 이다 acts as _all_ of these words. Examples: -저는 예쁜 여자**예요** = I **am** a beautiful girl -저 건물은 학교**입니다** = That building **is** a school -그것은 사진**이에요** = That thing **is** a picture -이 사람은 저의 누나**예요** = This (person) **is** my sister -그것은 큰 비밀**이었어요** = That **was** a big secret -저는 의사**였어요** = I **was** a doctor + +- 저는 예쁜 여자**예요** = I **am** a beautiful girl +- 저 건물은 학교**입니다** = That building **is** a school +- 그것은 사진**이에요** = That thing **is** a picture +- 이 사람은 저의 누나**예요** = This (person) **is** my sister +- 그것은 큰 비밀**이었어요** = That **was** a big secret +- 저는 의사**였어요** = I **was** a doctor
@@ -798,16 +823,19 @@ Examples:
-Notes: Informally, you can say “응” to mean “yes” +Notes: + +Informally, you can say “응” to mean “yes” When speaking on the phone, Korean people often say this many times and pronounce it as “데” Example -**네**, 저는 가고 싶어요 = **Yes**, I want to go -**네**, 알겠습니다 = **Yes**, okay. (I got it) -**네**, 그렇습니다 = **Yes**, that is correct (that is the way it is) -**네**, 그럴게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will do that if that’s what you want -**네**, 갔다 올게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will go, and then come back + +- **네**, 저는 가고 싶어요 = **Yes**, I want to go +- **네**, 알겠습니다 = **Yes**, okay. (I got it) +- **네**, 그렇습니다 = **Yes**, that is correct (that is the way it is) +- **네**, 그럴게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will do that if that’s what you want +- **네**, 갔다 올게요 = **Yes/Okay**, I will go, and then come back
@@ -816,13 +844,15 @@ Example
Notes -In formal situations, “아니요” is more respectful + +In formal situations, “아니요” is more respectful Example -**아니요**, 안 했어요 = **No**, I didn’t do it -Person 1: 숙소비가 얼마예요? 10만원? = How much is the lodging fee? 100,000 won? -Person 2: **아니요**. 10만원 조금 넘어요 = **No**. A little more than 100,000 won +- **아니요**, 안 했어요 = **No**, I didn’t do it + +Person 1: 숙소비가 얼마예요? 10만원? = How much is the lodging fee? 100,000 won? +Person 2: **아니요**. 10만원 조금 넘어요 = **No**. A little more than 100,000 won