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lesson 12 some grammar

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@@ -680,11 +680,11 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy
As of now, you have learned a few different Korean particles. The particles you have learned so far are: 는/은, 이/가, 를/을, 의 and 도. There are many more particles that you will need to learn – and this lesson will cover a lot of them. In this lesson, you will learn about ~들, ~만, ~에서, ~부터, ~까지 and ~(으)로! Let’s get started! As of now, you have learned a few different Korean particles. The particles you have learned so far are: 는/은, 이/가, 를/을, 의 and 도. There are many more particles that you will need to learn – and this lesson will cover a lot of them. In this lesson, you will learn about ~들, ~만, ~에서, ~부터, ~까지 and ~(으)로! Let’s get started!
An Important Note: Eliminating the Subject ### An Important Note: Eliminating the Subject
One thing that I have yet to tell you is that Korean people often omit the topic/subject of the sentence – especially when the topic/subject is ‘I.’ Korean people love making their sentences as short as possible, and this is one additional way of doing it. In most cases, when the subject/topic can be inferred by the situation, Korean people drop it entirely from the sentence. For example, instead of saying: One thing that I have yet to tell you is that Korean people often omit the topic/subject of the sentence – especially when the topic/subject is ‘I.’ Korean people love making their sentences as short as possible, and this is one additional way of doing it. In most cases, when the subject/topic can be inferred by the situation, Korean people drop it entirely from the sentence. For example, instead of saying:
저는 아침식사를 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast - 저는 아침식사를 안 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat breakfast</span>
They would say: They would say:
@@ -696,15 +696,15 @@ Both are perfect sentences and both can be used, but you should be aware that Ko
You have probably been asking yourself ‘how can I make something plural?’ Up to now, I haven’t mentioned anything about plural words in Korean. The reason for this is Korean people rarely distinguish between singular and plural. For example, if I say: You have probably been asking yourself ‘how can I make something plural?’ Up to now, I haven’t mentioned anything about plural words in Korean. The reason for this is Korean people rarely distinguish between singular and plural. For example, if I say:
나는 사과를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s1.mp3" /> - 나는 사과를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s1.mp3" />
This could mean “I bought an apple” OR “I bought apples.” This seems crazy to English speakers, but this is just how it is done in Korean. In most cases, the context can make it clear if you bought ‘an apple’ or if you bought ‘apples.’ If you really want to make it clear that you bought one apple, you could say: This could mean “<span class="md spoiler">I bought an apple</span>” OR “<span class="md spoiler">I bought apples</span>.” This seems crazy to English speakers, but this is just how it is done in Korean. In most cases, the context can make it clear if you bought ‘an apple’ or if you bought ‘apples.’ If you really want to make it clear that you bought one apple, you could say:
나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought one apple</span> - 나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought one apple</span>
When dealing with the ambiguity of singular/plural sentences in Korean, you could also use the word 몇 which can replace a number in these examples: 두 개/두 명/두 번. When 몇 replaces a number in these cases (몇 번/몇 명/몇 개), it has the meaning of “some \_\_\_\_.” For example, instead of saying: “나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s2.mp3" />”, you could say: When dealing with the ambiguity of singular/plural sentences in Korean, you could also use the word <TTS>몇</TTS> which can replace a number in these examples: 두 개/두 명/두 번. When 몇 replaces a number in these cases (몇 번/몇 명/몇 개), it has the meaning of “some \_\_\_\_.” For example, instead of saying: “나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s2.mp3" />”, you could say:
나는 사과 몇 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought SOME apples</span> - 나는 사과 몇 개를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I bought SOME apples</span>
More examples (remember that 펜 한 개 and 한 개의 펜 have the same meaning): More examples (remember that 펜 한 개 and 한 개의 펜 have the same meaning):
@@ -728,9 +728,9 @@ Instead, ~들 is usually only attached to the word “person” (사람) or othe
## Korean Particle ~만 (only) ## Korean Particle ~만 (only)
The particle ~만 is very common and has the meaning of “only.” It can be attached directly to the end of a noun to express “only (that noun).” For example: The particle ~만 is very common and has the meaning of “<span class="md spoiler">only</span>.” It can be attached directly to the end of a noun to express “only (that noun).” For example:
나는 물만 마셔 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only drink water</span> - 나는 물만 마셔 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only drink water</span>
It can be attached to the subject or the object of a sentence, and in each case it replaces the particle that would normally be attached there (~은/는 or ~을/를) or For example: It can be attached to the subject or the object of a sentence, and in each case it replaces the particle that would normally be attached there (~은/는 or ~을/를) or For example:
@@ -739,41 +739,45 @@ It can be attached to the subject or the object of a sentence, and in each case
--- ---
나만 사과를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Only I bought apples</span> - 나만 사과를 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Only I bought apples</span>
나는 사과만 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only bought apples</span> - 나는 사과만 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only bought apples</span>
You could also stress that you only bought **one** apple (or any other number of things) by placing ~만 on a counter: You could also stress that you only bought **one** apple (or any other number of things) by placing ~만 on a counter:
나는 사과 한 개만 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only bought 1 apple</span> - 나는 사과 한 개만 샀어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only bought 1 apple</span>
저는 차 두 대만 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only have two cars</span> - 저는 차 두 대만 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only have two cars</span>
저는 친구 한 명만 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only met one friend</span> - 저는 친구 한 명만 만났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only met one friend</span>
I said it once before in [Lesson 3](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-3/), but it is something that learners of Korean often forget: When a verb ends in 하다, the part before 하다 is usually a noun form of that verb. The examples I gave before were: I said it once before in [Lesson 3](./03-verbs.md), but it is something that learners of Korean often forget: When a verb ends in 하다, the part before 하다 is usually a noun form of that verb. The examples I gave before were:
성공하다 = succeed - 성공하다 = <span class="md spoiler">succeed</span>
성공 = success - <TTS>성공</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">success</span>
말하다 = speak ---
말 = speech/words
성취하다 = achieve - 말하다 = <span class="md spoiler">speak</span>
성취 = achievement - <TTS>말</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">speech/words</span>
---
- 성취하다 = <span class="md spoiler">achieve</span>
- <TTS>성취</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">achievement</span>
With these verbs, the part before 하다 can be separated from 하다 to make a noun form of that verb. Then, “하다,” meaning “do” can act on that noun (I do study = I study). It is hard to explain, but look at the following example: With these verbs, the part before 하다 can be separated from 하다 to make a noun form of that verb. Then, “하다,” meaning “do” can act on that noun (I do study = I study). It is hard to explain, but look at the following example:
나는 공부했어 = I studied - <TTS>나는 공부했어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied</span>
나는 공부를 했어 = I studied - <TTS>나는 공부를 했어</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I studied</span>
Those two mean exactly the same thing, even though in the second example, 공부 is used as a stand-alone noun. But why is all of this important? It is important because now you can treat 공부 as a regular noun, which means you can attach 만 to it: Those two mean exactly the same thing, even though in the second example, 공부 is used as a stand-alone noun. But why is all of this important? It is important because now you can treat <TTS>공부</TTS> as a regular noun, which means you can attach <TTS>만</TTS> to it:
저는 공부만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only studied</span> - 저는 공부만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I only studied</span>
저는 어제 일만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Yesterday, I only worked</span> - 저는 어제 일만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Yesterday, I only worked</span>
Note that just because a word ends in 하다, doesn’t mean you can do this. For example, many adjectives end in 하다 (for example: 행복하다: happy), but this: Note that just because a word ends in 하다, doesn’t mean you can do this. For example, many adjectives end in 하다 (for example: 행복하다: <span class="md spoiler">happy</span>), but this:
저는 행복만 해요 = I am only happy – doesn’t really make a lot of sense - 저는 행복만 해요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am only happy</span> – doesn’t really make a lot of sense
Also, many verbs don’t end in 하다 and just end in 다 (for example: 가다, 먹다, 보내다). The way that you can change those verbs into a form that allows ~만 to be attached will be discussed in [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/). Also, many verbs don’t end in 하다 and just end in 다 (for example: <TTS>가다</TTS>, <TTS>먹다</TTS>, <TTS>보내다</TTS>). The way that you can change those verbs into a form that allows ~만 to be attached will be discussed in [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/).
The examples above show ~만 attached to nouns, but really it can be attached to a wide variety of things – including grammatical principles and other particles, which we’ll get into after a few more lessons on Korean basics. The examples above show ~만 attached to nouns, but really it can be attached to a wide variety of things – including grammatical principles and other particles, which we’ll get into after a few more lessons on Korean basics.
@@ -781,11 +785,11 @@ When ~만 gets attached to more complicated things, it usually doesn’t replace
I’ll show now how it can be attached to the ~에 particle we’ve covered, and follow up in later lessons with other particles. I’ll show now how it can be attached to the ~에 particle we’ve covered, and follow up in later lessons with other particles.
우리는 학교에만 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We only went to school</span> - 우리는 학교에만 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We only went to school</span>
학생들은 교실 안에만 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The students are only in their classrooms</span> - 학생들은 교실 안에만 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The students are only in their classrooms</span>
저는 밤에만 운동해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercise only at night</span> - 저는 밤에만 운동해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I exercise only at night</span>
저는 커피를 낮에만 마셔요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I drink coffee only during the day</span> - 저는 커피를 낮에만 마셔요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I drink coffee only during the day</span>
저는 그 여자를 그때만 사랑했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I loved her only at that time</span> - 저는 그 여자를 그때만 사랑했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I loved her only at that time</span>
_When using_ 그때*,* ~에 _is often omitted because it can be assumed._ _When using_ 그때*,* ~에 _is often omitted because it can be assumed._
@@ -793,145 +797,146 @@ _When using_ 그때*,* ~에 _is often omitted because it can be assumed._
<YouTube id=sSGb5E8gDZo /> <YouTube id=sSGb5E8gDZo />
[![|1214x361](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Unit-1-Workbook-Ad.png)](http://howtostudykorean.com/workbooks/) ## Korean Particle ~에서
Korean Particle ~에서
Foreign learners of Korean are often very confused as to when they should use ~에서 instead of ~에, as they both denote places in Korean sentences. ~에서 is used to denote the location in which the subject is doing something. Foreign learners of Korean are often very confused as to when they should use ~에서 instead of ~에, as they both denote places in Korean sentences. ~에서 is used to denote the location in which the subject is doing something.
For example: For example:
저는 학교에서 공부할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will study at school</span> - 저는 학교에서 공부할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will study at school</span>
저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I saw my friend at the hospital</span> - 저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 봤어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I saw my friend at the hospital</span>
저는 남편을 공원에서 만날 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will meet my husband at the park</span> - 저는 남편을 공원에서 만날 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will meet my husband at the park</span>
저는 한국어를 한국에서 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean in Korea</span> - 저는 한국어를 한국에서 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I learned Korean in Korea</span>
In order to help you understand the purpose of ~에서, I would like to make a distinction between ~에 and ~에서. As I said, ~에서 is used to indicate the location in which the subject is doing something. In order to help you understand the purpose of ~에서, I would like to make a distinction between ~에 and ~에서. As I said, ~에서 is used to indicate the location in which the subject is doing something.
This does _not_ mean the location that he/she is going to - This does _not_ mean the location that he/she is going to
This does _not_ mean the location that he/she looking at - This does _not_ mean the location that he/she looking at
This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something on - This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something on
This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something in - This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something in
All of the locations from those examples above would require the particle “~에” to denote the location. All of the locations from those examples above would require the particle “~에” to denote the location.
~에서, on the other hand refers to the location where the subject – the acting agent of the sentence – is in when actually doing the action. Let’s look at the following example: ~에서, on the other hand refers to the location where the subject – the acting agent of the sentence – is in when actually doing the action. Let’s look at the following example:
저는 건물에 간판을 봤어요 - 저는 건물에 간판을 봤어요
In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (보다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she saw the sign. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she saw the sign “on the building” – as if he/she was walking by and saw the sign attached to the building in some way. The action did not _occur_ at/on/in the building, it’s just the location in which he/she was looking at. In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (보다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she saw the sign. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she saw the sign “on the building” – as if he/she was walking by and saw the sign attached to the building in some way. The action did not _occur_ at/on/in the building, it’s just the location in which he/she was looking at.
Conversely, look at this sentence: Conversely, look at this sentence:
저는 건물에서 간판을 봤어요
- 저는 건물에서 간판을 봤어요
In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing this action (보다)? ~에서 is attached to “건물.” Therefore, the subject was _in_ the building and saw the sign. In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing this action (보다)? ~에서 is attached to “건물.” Therefore, the subject was _in_ the building and saw the sign.
Another example: Another example:
저는 병을 탁자에 놓았어요 - 저는 병을 탁자에 놓았어요
In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (놓다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she put the bottle on the table. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she put the bottle “on the table.” In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (놓다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she put the bottle on the table. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she put the bottle “on the table.”
Conversely, look at this sentence: Conversely, look at this sentence:
저는 병을 탁자에서 놓았어요
- <del>저는 병을 탁자에서 놓았어요</del>
This sentence is nonsense. It is indicating that, the action actually occurred on/in the table. That is, the subject somehow within the table placed the bottle somewhere. But the sentence is so nonsensical that it is not even indicating where the bottle is placed. It could translate to something like “(While I was) in the table, I placed the bottle.” Don’t get too hung up on that translation because it’s hard to translate a sentence that doesn’t make sense. This sentence is nonsense. It is indicating that, the action actually occurred on/in the table. That is, the subject somehow within the table placed the bottle somewhere. But the sentence is so nonsensical that it is not even indicating where the bottle is placed. It could translate to something like “(While I was) in the table, I placed the bottle.” Don’t get too hung up on that translation because it’s hard to translate a sentence that doesn’t make sense.
However, because ~에서 can be used to indicate where the subject is acting, and because ~에 can be used to in this sentence to indicate where the bottle is placed, both ~에 and ~에서 can be used in the same sentence. For example: However, because ~에서 can be used to indicate where the subject is acting, and because ~에 can be used to in this sentence to indicate where the bottle is placed, both ~에 and ~에서 can be used in the same sentence. For example:
저는 방에서 탁자에 병을 놓았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I placed the bottle on the table in the room</span> - 저는 방에서 탁자에 병을 놓았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I placed the bottle on the table in the room</span>
This is the same reason that the particle ~에 is placed on the location to which a person is going. For example, if I said something like this: This is the same reason that the particle ~에 is placed on the location to which a person is going. For example, if I said something like this:
저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s3.mp3" /> - 저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s3.mp3" />
_(This sentence is correct, but it is stating that the person left from Korea because the action of “going” (_ _가다_ _) is occurring at/in Korea). This function is talked about a little bit later._
_(This sentence is correct, but it is stating that the person left from Korea because the action of “going” (가다) is <span class="md spoiler">occurring at/in Korea</span>). This function is talked about a little bit later._
Instead, in order to indicate the place to which you are going (and, therefore, not currently in/at), you must use ~에. For example: Instead, in order to indicate the place to which you are going (and, therefore, not currently in/at), you must use ~에. For example:
저는 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea - 저는 한국에 갈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Korea</span>
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~에서 can also be attached to a location where an adjective “occurs.” The word “occurs” is a bad way to describe this (because adjectives don’t really “occur”, but I can’t think of a better word. Just like how a verb can be used with a subject…: ~에서 can also be attached to a location where an adjective “<span class="md spoiler">occurs</span>.” The word “occurs” is a bad way to describe this because adjectives don’t really “occur”, but I can’t think of a better word. Just like how a verb can be used with a subject…:
저는 잤어요 = I slept - 저는 잤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I slept</span>
…and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that action occurred: …and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that action occurred:
저는 집에서 잤어요 = I slept at home - 저는 집에서 잤어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I slept at home</span>
In that same sense, adjectives can be used with a subject…: In that same sense, adjectives can be used with a subject…:
과일은 비싸요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Fruit is expensive</span> - 과일은 비싸요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Fruit is expensive</span>
… and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that adjective “occurs”: … and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that adjective “occurs”:
과일은 한국에서 비싸요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Fruit is expensive in Korea</span> - 과일은 한국에서 비싸요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Fruit is expensive in Korea</span>
Here are some other examples: Here are some other examples:
저는 학교에서 추웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was cold at school</span> - 저는 학교에서 추웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was cold at school</span>
고등학교는 한국에서 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">High school is difficult in Korea</span> - 고등학교는 한국에서 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">High school is difficult in Korea</span>
녹차는 한국에서 유명해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Green Tea is famous in Korea</span> - 녹차는 한국에서 유명해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Green Tea is famous in Korea</span>
I don’t want to provide a ton of examples for this because in order to make perfectly natural sentences, it requires the use of other, more complicated grammar that you haven’t been introduced to yet. For now, try to understand this specific function of ~에서 and how it can be used to indicate where a verb or adjective “occurs.” I don’t want to provide a ton of examples for this because in order to make perfectly natural sentences, it requires the use of other, more complicated grammar that you haven’t been introduced to yet. For now, try to understand this specific function of ~에서 and how it can be used to indicate where a verb or adjective “occurs.”
Also note that when you indicate where something is by using 있다, you should use ~에 instead of ~에서. For example: Also note that when you indicate where something is by using 있다, you should use ~에 instead of ~에서. For example:
저는 집에 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m at home</span> - 저는 집에 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m at home</span>
저는 차 안에 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m in the car</span> - 저는 차 안에 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m in the car</span>
--- ---
The other main usage of ~에서 has the general meaning of “from.” In it’s most basic sense, it can be used to indicate the place from which the subject is departing. This is the usage I mentioned earlier. For example: The other main usage of ~에서 has the general meaning of “from.” In it’s most basic sense, it can be used to indicate the place from which the subject is departing. This is the usage I mentioned earlier. For example:
저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go from Korea</span> - 저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go from Korea</span>
다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The next bus will depart from that station</span> - 다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The next bus will depart from that station</span>
This same usage can be applied to more complicated scenarios that are similar to “departing.” For example: This same usage can be applied to more complicated scenarios that are similar to “departing.” For example:
When you are getting off of something (bus/train): When you are getting off of something (bus/train):
저는 서울역에서 내릴 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will get off at (from) Seoul station</span>
- 저는 서울역에서 내릴 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will get off at (from) Seoul station</span>
When something/someone is coming/going/being taken out of something: When something/someone is coming/going/being taken out of something:
학생은 교실에서 나왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the student came out of the classroom</span>
- 학생은 교실에서 나왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the student came out of the classroom</span>
You can also use this to indicate the country (or any other place, for that matter) that you come from. In English, we say “I come from Canada/I’m from Canada” but in Korean the past tense of “come” must be used: You can also use this to indicate the country (or any other place, for that matter) that you come from. In English, we say “I come from Canada/I’m from Canada” but in Korean the past tense of “come” must be used:
저는 캐나다에서 왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I come from Canada</span> - 저는 캐나다에서 왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I come from Canada</span>
I don’t want to go on a rant here, but one of the things that bugs me is the textbooks that teach “저는 **\_에서 왔어요” in the first or second lesson – before any of the grammar concepts within the sentence have been taught. For example, when I first started learning Korean, I had a textbook that taught me “저는 \_\_**에서 왔어요” on the very first page. Without explaining why I was using 저 instead of 나, why I was using 는, what 에서 meant, what 오다 meant, how/why 오다 changes to 왔다, how/why 왔다 changes to 왔어요. But I digress… I don’t want to go on a rant here, but one of the things that bugs me is the textbooks that teach “저는 **\_에서 왔어요” in the first or second lesson – before any of the grammar concepts within the sentence have been taught. For example, when I first started learning Korean, I had a textbook that taught me “저는 \_\_**에서 왔어요” on the very first page. Without explaining why I was using 저 instead of 나, why I was using 는, what 에서 meant, what 오다 meant, how/why 오다 changes to 왔다, how/why 왔다 changes to 왔어요. But I digress…
It is also important to know that when ~에서 is added to the words 여기/거기/저기 (here, there, there), it is common to write/say: It is also important to know that when ~에서 is added to the words 여기/거기/저기 (here, there, there), it is common to write/say:
여기서 instead of 여기에서 - <TTS>여기서</TTS> instead of 여기에서
거기서 instead of 거기에서 - <TTS>거기서</TTS> instead of 거기에서
저기서 instead of 저기에서 - <TTS>저기서</TTS> instead of 저기에서
In addition to the examples provided, there are more ways in which ~에서 can be used to mean “from.” Below is a sneak preview of more ways ~에서 can be used to mean “from,” but I’ve used some grammar forms not yet introduced. Making a mental note of these types of sentences might help you when you come across similar sentences later. In addition to the examples provided, there are more ways in which ~에서 can be used to mean “from.” Below is a sneak preview of more ways ~에서 can be used to mean “from,” but I’ve used some grammar forms not yet introduced. Making a mental note of these types of sentences might help you when you come across similar sentences later.
저는 학교에서 멀리 살고 있어요 = I live far from school - <TTS>저는 학교에서 멀리 살고 있어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I live far from school</span>
1에서 10까지 센다 = Count from 1 to 10 - <TTS>1에서 10까지 센다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Count from 1 to 10</span>
그들은 많은 후보자들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 = They chose me from many candidates - <TTS>그들은 많은 후보자들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">They chose me from many candidates</span>
1시에서 2시까지 오세요 = Please come from 1:00 to 2:00 - <TTS>1시에서 2시까지 오세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Please come from 1:00 to 2:00</span>
10에서 5를 뺀다 = Subtract 5 from 10 - <TTS>10에서 5를 뺀다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Subtract 5 from 10</span>
As you can see, ‘from’ (in English) has many usages as well. When a word has a lot of meanings in Korean – and the corresponding English word also has a lot of meanings – mastering the usage can be challenging, but also rewarding when it all comes together. As you can see, ‘from’ (in English) has many usages as well. When a word has a lot of meanings in Korean – and the corresponding English word also has a lot of meanings – mastering the usage can be challenging, but also rewarding when it all comes together.
[![|1192x292](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Unit-1-Amazona.png)](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/amazon/) ## Korean Particles ~부터 and ~까지
Korean Particles ~부터 and ~까지
Two more important Korean particles you need to know are ~부터 and ~까지. Two more important Korean particles you need to know are ~부터 and ~까지.
~까지 can be used in sentences with or without ~에서 to have the meaning of “to/until a place/time.” For example: ~까지 can be used in sentences with or without ~에서 to have the meaning of “to/until a place/time.” For example:
3시까지 기다릴 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will wait until 3:00</span> - 3시까지 기다릴 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-43.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will wait until 3:00</span>
그 여자를 지금까지 좋아했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I liked that girl until now</span> - 그 여자를 지금까지 좋아했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I liked that girl until now</span>
저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 일할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will work at that company until May</span> - 저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 일할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will work at that company until May</span>
저는 그때까지 김치를 먹지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I hadn’t eaten Kimchi until that time</span> - 저는 그때까지 김치를 먹지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I hadn’t eaten Kimchi until that time</span>
저는 오늘 이 책을 여기까지 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Today, I read up to here in this book</span> - 저는 오늘 이 책을 여기까지 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Today, I read up to here in this book</span>
저는 한강까지 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran until (I reached) the Han River</span> - 저는 한강까지 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran until (I reached) the Han River</span>
~부터 is a particle that is often confused with ~에서 because both can translate to “from” and have seemingly overlapping usages. You learned earlier that one usage of ~에서 is to indicate the location from which an action is departing. For example: ~부터 is a particle that is often confused with ~에서 because both can translate to “from” and have seemingly overlapping usages. You learned earlier that one usage of ~에서 is to indicate the location from which an action is departing. For example: