From 82065f55d5e5891cada6f841d2272adaa0fe746b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 19:36:03 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] lesson 12 some grammar --- .../unit-1/12-more-particles.md | 175 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/12-more-particles.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/12-more-particles.md index 1c85c4c..49ebbaa 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/12-more-particles.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/12-more-particles.md @@ -680,11 +680,11 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy As of now, you have learned a few different Korean particles. The particles you have learned so far are: 는/은, 이/가, 를/을, 의 and 도. There are many more particles that you will need to learn – and this lesson will cover a lot of them. In this lesson, you will learn about ~들, ~만, ~에서, ~부터, ~까지 and ~(으)로! Let’s get started! -An Important Note: Eliminating the Subject +### An Important Note: Eliminating the Subject One thing that I have yet to tell you is that Korean people often omit the topic/subject of the sentence – especially when the topic/subject is ‘I.’ Korean people love making their sentences as short as possible, and this is one additional way of doing it. In most cases, when the subject/topic can be inferred by the situation, Korean people drop it entirely from the sentence. For example, instead of saying: -저는 아침식사를 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast +- 저는 아침식사를 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast They would say: @@ -696,15 +696,15 @@ Both are perfect sentences and both can be used, but you should be aware that Ko You have probably been asking yourself ‘how can I make something plural?’ Up to now, I haven’t mentioned anything about plural words in Korean. The reason for this is Korean people rarely distinguish between singular and plural. For example, if I say: -나는 사과를 샀어 +- 나는 사과를 샀어 -This could mean “I bought an apple” OR “I bought apples.” This seems crazy to English speakers, but this is just how it is done in Korean. In most cases, the context can make it clear if you bought ‘an apple’ or if you bought ‘apples.’ If you really want to make it clear that you bought one apple, you could say: +This could mean “I bought an apple” OR “I bought apples.” This seems crazy to English speakers, but this is just how it is done in Korean. In most cases, the context can make it clear if you bought ‘an apple’ or if you bought ‘apples.’ If you really want to make it clear that you bought one apple, you could say: -나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 = I bought one apple +- 나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 = I bought one apple -When dealing with the ambiguity of singular/plural sentences in Korean, you could also use the word 몇 which can replace a number in these examples: 두 개/두 명/두 번. When 몇 replaces a number in these cases (몇 번/몇 명/몇 개), it has the meaning of “some \_\_\_\_.” For example, instead of saying: “나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 ”, you could say: +When dealing with the ambiguity of singular/plural sentences in Korean, you could also use the word 몇 which can replace a number in these examples: 두 개/두 명/두 번. When 몇 replaces a number in these cases (몇 번/몇 명/몇 개), it has the meaning of “some \_\_\_\_.” For example, instead of saying: “나는 사과 한 개를 샀어 ”, you could say: -나는 사과 몇 개를 샀어 = I bought SOME apples +- 나는 사과 몇 개를 샀어 = I bought SOME apples More examples (remember that 펜 한 개 and 한 개의 펜 have the same meaning): @@ -728,9 +728,9 @@ Instead, ~들 is usually only attached to the word “person” (사람) or othe ## Korean Particle ~만 (only) -The particle ~만 is very common and has the meaning of “only.” It can be attached directly to the end of a noun to express “only (that noun).” For example: +The particle ~만 is very common and has the meaning of “only.” It can be attached directly to the end of a noun to express “only (that noun).” For example: -나는 물만 마셔 = I only drink water +- 나는 물만 마셔 = I only drink water It can be attached to the subject or the object of a sentence, and in each case it replaces the particle that would normally be attached there (~은/는 or ~을/를) or For example: @@ -739,41 +739,45 @@ It can be attached to the subject or the object of a sentence, and in each case --- -나만 사과를 샀어 = Only I bought apples -나는 사과만 샀어 = I only bought apples +- 나만 사과를 샀어 = Only I bought apples +- 나는 사과만 샀어 = I only bought apples You could also stress that you only bought **one** apple (or any other number of things) by placing ~만 on a counter: -나는 사과 한 개만 샀어 = I only bought 1 apple -저는 차 두 대만 있어요 = I only have two cars -저는 친구 한 명만 만났어요 = I only met one friend +- 나는 사과 한 개만 샀어 = I only bought 1 apple +- 저는 차 두 대만 있어요 = I only have two cars +- 저는 친구 한 명만 만났어요 = I only met one friend -I said it once before in [Lesson 3](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-3/), but it is something that learners of Korean often forget: When a verb ends in 하다, the part before 하다 is usually a noun form of that verb. The examples I gave before were: +I said it once before in [Lesson 3](./03-verbs.md), but it is something that learners of Korean often forget: When a verb ends in 하다, the part before 하다 is usually a noun form of that verb. The examples I gave before were: -성공하다 = succeed -성공 = success +- 성공하다 = succeed +- 성공 = success -말하다 = speak -말 = speech/words +--- -성취하다 = achieve -성취 = achievement +- 말하다 = speak +- 말 = speech/words + +--- + +- 성취하다 = achieve +- 성취 = achievement With these verbs, the part before 하다 can be separated from 하다 to make a noun form of that verb. Then, “하다,” meaning “do” can act on that noun (I do study = I study). It is hard to explain, but look at the following example: -나는 공부했어 = I studied -나는 공부를 했어 = I studied +- 나는 공부했어 = I studied +- 나는 공부를 했어 = I studied -Those two mean exactly the same thing, even though in the second example, 공부 is used as a stand-alone noun. But why is all of this important? It is important because now you can treat 공부 as a regular noun, which means you can attach 만 to it: +Those two mean exactly the same thing, even though in the second example, 공부 is used as a stand-alone noun. But why is all of this important? It is important because now you can treat 공부 as a regular noun, which means you can attach 만 to it: -저는 공부만 했어요 = I only studied -저는 어제 일만 했어요 = Yesterday, I only worked +- 저는 공부만 했어요 = I only studied +- 저는 어제 일만 했어요 = Yesterday, I only worked -Note that just because a word ends in 하다, doesn’t mean you can do this. For example, many adjectives end in 하다 (for example: 행복하다: happy), but this: +Note that just because a word ends in 하다, doesn’t mean you can do this. For example, many adjectives end in 하다 (for example: 행복하다: happy), but this: -저는 행복만 해요 = I am only happy – doesn’t really make a lot of sense +- 저는 행복만 해요 = I am only happy – doesn’t really make a lot of sense -Also, many verbs don’t end in 하다 and just end in 다 (for example: 가다, 먹다, 보내다). The way that you can change those verbs into a form that allows ~만 to be attached will be discussed in [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/). +Also, many verbs don’t end in 하다 and just end in 다 (for example: 가다, 먹다, 보내다). The way that you can change those verbs into a form that allows ~만 to be attached will be discussed in [Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/). The examples above show ~만 attached to nouns, but really it can be attached to a wide variety of things – including grammatical principles and other particles, which we’ll get into after a few more lessons on Korean basics. @@ -781,11 +785,11 @@ When ~만 gets attached to more complicated things, it usually doesn’t replace I’ll show now how it can be attached to the ~에 particle we’ve covered, and follow up in later lessons with other particles. -우리는 학교에만 갔어요 = We only went to school -학생들은 교실 안에만 있어요 = The students are only in their classrooms -저는 밤에만 운동해요 = I exercise only at night -저는 커피를 낮에만 마셔요 = I drink coffee only during the day -저는 그 여자를 그때만 사랑했어요 = I loved her only at that time +- 우리는 학교에만 갔어요 = We only went to school +- 학생들은 교실 안에만 있어요 = The students are only in their classrooms +- 저는 밤에만 운동해요 = I exercise only at night +- 저는 커피를 낮에만 마셔요 = I drink coffee only during the day +- 저는 그 여자를 그때만 사랑했어요 = I loved her only at that time _When using_ 그때*,* ~에 _is often omitted because it can be assumed._ @@ -793,145 +797,146 @@ _When using_ 그때*,* ~에 _is often omitted because it can be assumed._ -[![|1214x361](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Unit-1-Workbook-Ad.png)](http://howtostudykorean.com/workbooks/) - -Korean Particle ~에서 +## Korean Particle ~에서 Foreign learners of Korean are often very confused as to when they should use ~에서 instead of ~에, as they both denote places in Korean sentences. ~에서 is used to denote the location in which the subject is doing something. For example: -저는 학교에서 공부할 거예요 = I will study at school -저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 봤어요 = I saw my friend at the hospital -저는 남편을 공원에서 만날 거예요 = I will meet my husband at the park -저는 한국어를 한국에서 배웠어요 = I learned Korean in Korea +- 저는 학교에서 공부할 거예요 = I will study at school +- 저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 봤어요 = I saw my friend at the hospital +- 저는 남편을 공원에서 만날 거예요 = I will meet my husband at the park +- 저는 한국어를 한국에서 배웠어요 = I learned Korean in Korea In order to help you understand the purpose of ~에서, I would like to make a distinction between ~에 and ~에서. As I said, ~에서 is used to indicate the location in which the subject is doing something. -This does _not_ mean the location that he/she is going to -This does _not_ mean the location that he/she looking at -This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something on -This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something in +- This does _not_ mean the location that he/she is going to +- This does _not_ mean the location that he/she looking at +- This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something on +- This does _not_ mean the location that he/she places something in All of the locations from those examples above would require the particle “~에” to denote the location. ~에서, on the other hand refers to the location where the subject – the acting agent of the sentence – is in when actually doing the action. Let’s look at the following example: -저는 건물에 간판을 봤어요 +- 저는 건물에 간판을 봤어요 In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (보다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she saw the sign. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she saw the sign “on the building” – as if he/she was walking by and saw the sign attached to the building in some way. The action did not _occur_ at/on/in the building, it’s just the location in which he/she was looking at. Conversely, look at this sentence: -저는 건물에서 간판을 봤어요 + +- 저는 건물에서 간판을 봤어요 In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing this action (보다)? ~에서 is attached to “건물.” Therefore, the subject was _in_ the building and saw the sign. Another example: -저는 병을 탁자에 놓았어요 +- 저는 병을 탁자에 놓았어요 In this sentence, where is the subject (저) when doing the action (놓다)? ~에서 is not used in this sentence, so it is unknown as to where the subject was when he/she put the bottle on the table. It might be known from context, but this specific sentence is not describing it. Therefore, the person is saying that he/she put the bottle “on the table.” Conversely, look at this sentence: -저는 병을 탁자에서 놓았어요 + +- 저는 병을 탁자에서 놓았어요 This sentence is nonsense. It is indicating that, the action actually occurred on/in the table. That is, the subject somehow within the table placed the bottle somewhere. But the sentence is so nonsensical that it is not even indicating where the bottle is placed. It could translate to something like “(While I was) in the table, I placed the bottle.” Don’t get too hung up on that translation because it’s hard to translate a sentence that doesn’t make sense. However, because ~에서 can be used to indicate where the subject is acting, and because ~에 can be used to in this sentence to indicate where the bottle is placed, both ~에 and ~에서 can be used in the same sentence. For example: -저는 방에서 탁자에 병을 놓았어요 = I placed the bottle on the table in the room +- 저는 방에서 탁자에 병을 놓았어요 = I placed the bottle on the table in the room This is the same reason that the particle ~에 is placed on the location to which a person is going. For example, if I said something like this: -저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 -_(This sentence is correct, but it is stating that the person left from Korea because the action of “going” (_ _가다_ _) is occurring at/in Korea). This function is talked about a little bit later._ +- 저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 + +_(This sentence is correct, but it is stating that the person left from Korea because the action of “going” (가다) is occurring at/in Korea). This function is talked about a little bit later._ Instead, in order to indicate the place to which you are going (and, therefore, not currently in/at), you must use ~에. For example: -저는 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea +- 저는 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea --- -~에서 can also be attached to a location where an adjective “occurs.” The word “occurs” is a bad way to describe this (because adjectives don’t really “occur”, but I can’t think of a better word. Just like how a verb can be used with a subject…: +~에서 can also be attached to a location where an adjective “occurs.” The word “occurs” is a bad way to describe this because adjectives don’t really “occur”, but I can’t think of a better word. Just like how a verb can be used with a subject…: -저는 잤어요 = I slept +- 저는 잤어요 = I slept …and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that action occurred: -저는 집에서 잤어요 = I slept at home +- 저는 집에서 잤어요 = I slept at home In that same sense, adjectives can be used with a subject…: -과일은 비싸요 = Fruit is expensive +- 과일은 비싸요 = Fruit is expensive … and a location can be used in this sentence to indicate where that adjective “occurs”: -과일은 한국에서 비싸요 = Fruit is expensive in Korea +- 과일은 한국에서 비싸요 = Fruit is expensive in Korea Here are some other examples: -저는 학교에서 추웠어요 = I was cold at school -고등학교는 한국에서 어려워요 = High school is difficult in Korea -녹차는 한국에서 유명해요 = Green Tea is famous in Korea +- 저는 학교에서 추웠어요 = I was cold at school +- 고등학교는 한국에서 어려워요 = High school is difficult in Korea +- 녹차는 한국에서 유명해요 = Green Tea is famous in Korea I don’t want to provide a ton of examples for this because in order to make perfectly natural sentences, it requires the use of other, more complicated grammar that you haven’t been introduced to yet. For now, try to understand this specific function of ~에서 and how it can be used to indicate where a verb or adjective “occurs.” Also note that when you indicate where something is by using 있다, you should use ~에 instead of ~에서. For example: -저는 집에 있어요 = I’m at home -저는 차 안에 있어요 = I’m in the car +- 저는 집에 있어요 = I’m at home +- 저는 차 안에 있어요 = I’m in the car --- The other main usage of ~에서 has the general meaning of “from.” In it’s most basic sense, it can be used to indicate the place from which the subject is departing. This is the usage I mentioned earlier. For example: -저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 = I will go from Korea -다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 = The next bus will depart from that station +- 저는 한국에서 갈 거예요 = I will go from Korea +- 다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 = The next bus will depart from that station This same usage can be applied to more complicated scenarios that are similar to “departing.” For example: When you are getting off of something (bus/train): -저는 서울역에서 내릴 거예요 = I will get off at (from) Seoul station + +- 저는 서울역에서 내릴 거예요 = I will get off at (from) Seoul station When something/someone is coming/going/being taken out of something: -학생은 교실에서 나왔어요 = the student came out of the classroom + +- 학생은 교실에서 나왔어요 = the student came out of the classroom You can also use this to indicate the country (or any other place, for that matter) that you come from. In English, we say “I come from Canada/I’m from Canada” but in Korean the past tense of “come” must be used: -저는 캐나다에서 왔어요 = I come from Canada +- 저는 캐나다에서 왔어요 = I come from Canada I don’t want to go on a rant here, but one of the things that bugs me is the textbooks that teach “저는 **\_에서 왔어요” in the first or second lesson – before any of the grammar concepts within the sentence have been taught. For example, when I first started learning Korean, I had a textbook that taught me “저는 \_\_**에서 왔어요” on the very first page. Without explaining why I was using 저 instead of 나, why I was using 는, what 에서 meant, what 오다 meant, how/why 오다 changes to 왔다, how/why 왔다 changes to 왔어요. But I digress… It is also important to know that when ~에서 is added to the words 여기/거기/저기 (here, there, there), it is common to write/say: -여기서 instead of 여기에서 -거기서 instead of 거기에서 -저기서 instead of 저기에서 +- 여기서 instead of 여기에서 +- 거기서 instead of 거기에서 +- 저기서 instead of 저기에서 In addition to the examples provided, there are more ways in which ~에서 can be used to mean “from.” Below is a sneak preview of more ways ~에서 can be used to mean “from,” but I’ve used some grammar forms not yet introduced. Making a mental note of these types of sentences might help you when you come across similar sentences later. -저는 학교에서 멀리 살고 있어요 = I live far from school -1에서 10까지 센다 = Count from 1 to 10 -그들은 많은 후보자들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 = They chose me from many candidates -1시에서 2시까지 오세요 = Please come from 1:00 to 2:00 -10에서 5를 뺀다 = Subtract 5 from 10 +- 저는 학교에서 멀리 살고 있어요 = I live far from school +- 1에서 10까지 센다 = Count from 1 to 10 +- 그들은 많은 후보자들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 = They chose me from many candidates +- 1시에서 2시까지 오세요 = Please come from 1:00 to 2:00 +- 10에서 5를 뺀다 = Subtract 5 from 10 As you can see, ‘from’ (in English) has many usages as well. When a word has a lot of meanings in Korean – and the corresponding English word also has a lot of meanings – mastering the usage can be challenging, but also rewarding when it all comes together. -[![|1192x292](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Unit-1-Amazona.png)](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/amazon/) - -Korean Particles ~부터 and ~까지 +## Korean Particles ~부터 and ~까지 Two more important Korean particles you need to know are ~부터 and ~까지. ~까지 can be used in sentences with or without ~에서 to have the meaning of “to/until a place/time.” For example: -3시까지 기다릴 거예요 = I will wait until 3:00 -그 여자를 지금까지 좋아했어요 = I liked that girl until now -저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 일할 거예요 = I will work at that company until May -저는 그때까지 김치를 먹지 않았어요 = I hadn’t eaten Kimchi until that time -저는 오늘 이 책을 여기까지 읽었어요 = Today, I read up to here in this book -저는 한강까지 달렸어요 = I ran until (I reached) the Han River +- 3시까지 기다릴 거예요 = I will wait until 3:00 +- 그 여자를 지금까지 좋아했어요 = I liked that girl until now +- 저는 그 회사에서 5월까지 일할 거예요 = I will work at that company until May +- 저는 그때까지 김치를 먹지 않았어요 = I hadn’t eaten Kimchi until that time +- 저는 오늘 이 책을 여기까지 읽었어요 = Today, I read up to here in this book +- 저는 한강까지 달렸어요 = I ran until (I reached) the Han River ~부터 is a particle that is often confused with ~에서 because both can translate to “from” and have seemingly overlapping usages. You learned earlier that one usage of ~에서 is to indicate the location from which an action is departing. For example: