lesson 7-8 grammar sections
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@@ -895,20 +895,20 @@ If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = <span class
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짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make/build</span>
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- 짓 + 어 = 지어
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- 짓 + 어 = <TTS>지어</TTS>
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- 나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I build a house</span>
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- 짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
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- 짓 + 었어요 = <TTS>지었어요</TTS>
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- 저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built a house</span>
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Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:
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집을 짓는다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>
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<TTS>집을 짓는다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>
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The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.
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Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
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Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
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Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’
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- Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
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- Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
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- Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’
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The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’ Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done.
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@@ -919,18 +919,21 @@ Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too
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Common words that this does not apply to are:
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- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>) = 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
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- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>) = 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
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- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>) = 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>
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- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>)
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- 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
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- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>)
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- 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
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- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>)
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- 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>
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Here is a table with the word “짓다 (<span class="md spoiler">to build</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
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| 짓다 = build | Past | Present | Future |
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| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
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| Informal low | **지었어** | **지어** | 짓겠어 |
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| Informal high | **지었어요** | **지어요** | 짓겠어요 |
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| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
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| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
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| 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">build</span> | Past | Present | Future |
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| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
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| Informal low | **지었어** | **지어** | 짓겠어 |
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| Informal high | **지었어요** | **지어요** | 짓겠어요 |
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| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
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| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
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_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ <TTS>없다</TTS>_, which you will learn about in the next lesson._
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@@ -967,9 +970,12 @@ The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your
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This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>) are:
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- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>) = 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
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- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>) = 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
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- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>) = 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
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- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>)
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- 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
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- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>)
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- 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
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- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>)
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- 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
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Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
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@@ -984,7 +990,7 @@ Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>
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If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.
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This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs (some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>), <TTS>눕다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>)). For example:
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This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs. (Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>, <TTS>눕다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>.) For example:
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쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>
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