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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md
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@@ -895,20 +895,20 @@ If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = <span class
짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make/build</span>
- 짓 + 어 = 지어
- 짓 + 어 = <TTS>지어</TTS>
- 나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I build a house</span>
- 짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
- 짓 + 었어요 = <TTS>지었어요</TTS>
- 저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built a house</span>
Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:
집을 짓는다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>
<TTS>집을 짓는다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>
The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.
Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’
- Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
- Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
- Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’
The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’ Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done.
@@ -919,18 +919,21 @@ Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too
Common words that this does not apply to are:
- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>) = 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>) = 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>) = 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>
- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>)
- 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>)
- 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>)
- 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>
Here is a table with the word “짓다 (<span class="md spoiler">to build</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 짓다 = build | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **지었어** | **지어** | 짓겠어 |
| Informal high | **지었어요** | **지어요** | 짓겠어요 |
| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
| 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">build</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **지었어** | **지어** | 짓겠어 |
| Informal high | **지었어요** | **지어요** | 짓겠어요 |
| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ <TTS>없다</TTS>_, which you will learn about in the next lesson._
@@ -967,9 +970,12 @@ The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your
This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>) are:
- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>) = 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>) = 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>) = 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>)
- 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>)
- 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>)
- 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
@@ -984,7 +990,7 @@ Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.
This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs (some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>), <TTS>눕다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>)). For example:
This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs. (Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>, <TTS>눕다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>.) For example:
쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>
docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/08-adverbs.md
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@@ -978,17 +978,15 @@ Though you can do that, using two adverbs that indicate the ‘degree of somethi
There are two ways you can make a sentence negative:
1. By adding 안, which acts as an adverb in the sentence. 안 is typically placed immediately before the final verb or adjective. For example:
1. By adding <TTS>안</TTS>, which acts as an adverb in the sentence. 안 is typically placed immediately before the final verb or adjective. For example:
- 그 여자는 안 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-10That-girl-isnt-pretty.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl isn’t pretty</span>
- 저는 생선을 안 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-21-I-dont-like-fish.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t like fish</span>
- 저는 내일 학교에 안 가겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-19-Im-not-going-to-school-tomorrow.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m not going to school tomorrow</span>
그 여자는 안 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-10That-girl-isnt-pretty.mp3" /> = That girl isn’t pretty
저는 생선을 안 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-21-I-dont-like-fish.mp3" /> = I don’t like fish
저는 내일 학교에 안 가겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-19-Im-not-going-to-school-tomorrow.mp3" /> = I’m not going to school tomorrow
2. By adding ~지 않다 to the stem of the final verb or adjective. 않다 then becomes the verb or adjective in that sentence and must be conjugated accordingly. For example:
그 여자는 예쁘지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-11That-girl-isnt-pretty.mp3" /> = That girl isn’t pretty
저는 생선을 좋아하지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-22-I-dont-like-fish.mp3" /> = I don’t like fish
저는 내일 학교에 가지 않겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-20-Im-not-going-to-school-tomorrow.mp3" /> = I’m not going to school tomorrow
2. By adding ~지 <TTS>않다</TTS> to the stem of the final verb or adjective. 않다 then becomes the verb or adjective in that sentence and must be conjugated accordingly. For example:
- 그 여자는 예쁘지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-11That-girl-isnt-pretty.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl isn’t pretty</span>
- 저는 생선을 좋아하지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-22-I-dont-like-fish.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t like fish</span>
- 저는 내일 학교에 가지 않겠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-20-Im-not-going-to-school-tomorrow.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m not going to school tomorrow</span>
Their respective meanings are identical. It is up to the speaker to decide which one will be used. There are times when it will be more natural to use “안” and there will be times when it will be more natural to use “~지 않다.” At this point, you can consider them the same. Throughout your studies you will constantly be exposed to 안 and ~지 않다, and through this exposure you can gradually develop a preference for which one should be used and in which circumstance.
@@ -998,124 +996,115 @@ I like to share my observations that I have made through my experiences with the
As you know, most verbs ending in ~하다 can be turned into a noun-form of that verb by removing ~하다. For example:
공부하다 = to study
공부 = the noun form of “study”
실수하다 = to make a mistake
실수 = a mistake
여행하다 = to travel
여행 = a trip
- 공부하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to study</span>
- <TTS>공부</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the noun form of “study”</span>
- 실수하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make a mistake</span>
- <TTS>실수</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a mistake</span>
- 여행하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to travel</span>
- <TTS>여행</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">a trip</span>
When indicating that one “does not do” a ~하다 verb, it is common to separate ~하다 from the noun and place “안” in between them. For example:
저는 공부를 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent7.mp3" /> = I didn’t study
Instead of:
저는 안 공부했어요
저는 실수를 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent8.mp3" /> = I didn’t make (do) a mistake
Instead of:
저는 안 실수했어요
저는 여행을 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent.mp3" /> = I didn’t travel
Instead of:
저는 안 여행했어요
- 저는 공부를 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent7.mp3" /> =<span class="md spoiler"> I didn’t study</span>
- Instead of: 저는 안 공부했어요
- 저는 실수를 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t make (do) a mistake</span>
- Instead of: 저는 안 실수했어요
- 저는 여행을 안 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t travel</span>
- Instead of: 저는 안 여행했어요
It would also be appropriate to use the ~지 않다 form with these words. However, in these cases, it doesn’t matter if the noun is separated from ~하다 or not. For example:
저는 공부하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-16-I-didnt-study.mp3" /> = I didn’t study
저는 공부를 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent2.mp3" /> = I didn’t study
저는 실수하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent3.mp3" /> = I didn’t make a mistake
저는 실수를 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent4.mp3" /> = I didn’t make a mistake
저는 여행하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent5.mp3" /> = I didn’t travel
저는 여행을 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent6.mp3" /> = I didn’t travel
- 저는 공부하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-16-I-didnt-study.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t study</span>
- 저는 공부를 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t study</span>
- 저는 실수하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t make a mistake</span>
- 저는 실수를 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t make a mistake</span>
- 저는 여행하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t travel</span>
- 저는 여행을 하지 않았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t travel</span>
Many adjectives end in ~하다. It is unnatural to remove the ~하다 in these words and place “안” between them. You can’t separate an adjective and “act” on it with ~하다 because they are adjectives. For example, the following would be incorrect:
저는 행복을 안 해요 (This does not mean “I am not happy”)
- 저는 행복을 안 해요 (This does not mean <span class="md spoiler">“I am not happy”</span>)
However, you could use ~지 않다 on a -하다 adjective or place “안” before the word without separating it. For example:
저는 안 행복해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent1.mp3" /> = I am not happy
저는 행복하지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-18-Im-not-happy.mp3" /> = I am not happy
- 저는 안 행복해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not happy</span>
- 저는 행복하지 않아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-8-18-Im-not-happy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not happy</span>
---
I have had people ask me about the word order of sentences using an adverb _and_ the negative adverb “안”. One learner asked me if this sentence would be okay:
저는 빨리 안 공부했어요
- 저는 빨리 안 공부했어요
While it might be understood, this sentence sounds very awkward in Korean. The reason is probably due to the fact that there are two adverbs being used. In this sentence, both “빨리” and “안” act as adverbs that indicate the degree to which the studying was done. As I mentioned earlier, this usually isn’t done in Korean. Instead, if you wanted to express that meaning, you can use the ~지않다 negative addition instead. By doing this, you effectively remove one of the adverbs and are left with:
저는 빨리 공부하지 않았어요 = I didn’t study quickly
- 저는 빨리 공부하지 않았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t study quickly</span>
Even still, though. This sentence could still be a little awkward in Korean – because when would you ever say “I didn’t study quickly”? In most cases, it would be more natural to simply use an adverb that has the opposite meaning. For example, this sentence:
저는 밥을 빨리 먹지 않았어요 = I didn’t eat (rice) quickly
- 저는 밥을 빨리 먹지 않았어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t eat (rice) quickly</span>
Would be more naturally said as:
저는 밥을 천천히 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-12I-ate-rice-slowly.mp3" />= I ate rice slowly
- 저는 밥을 천천히 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-12I-ate-rice-slowly.mp3" />= <span class="md spoiler">I ate rice slowly</span>
### To not be: 아니다
### To not be: <TTS>아니다</TTS>
아니다 (to not be) is the opposite of the word 이다 (to be), but they are used a little bit differently. Remember that 이다 is always attached directly to a noun. For example:
나는 선생님이다 = I am a teacher
나는 대학생이다 = I am a university student
- <TTS>나는 선생님이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a teacher</span>
- <TTS>나는 대학생이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am a university student</span>
However, when using 아니다, the particle ~이/가 is attached to the noun, and 아니다 is used as a separate word:
나는 선생님이 아니다 = I am not a teacher
나는 대학생이 아니다 = I am not a university student
- <TTS>나는 선생님이 아니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a teacher</span>
- <TTS>나는 대학생이 아니다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a university student</span>
Below are some examples, with possible conjugations of 아니다. You have learned how to conjugate verbs and adjectives, but you still haven’t learned how to conjugate 이다 and 아니다. You will learn this in [the next lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/).
나는 선생님이 아니다 = I am not a teacher
(저는 선생님이 아니에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-13I-am-not-a-teacher.mp3" />)
- 나는 선생님이 아니다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a teacher</span>
- (저는 선생님이 아니에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-13I-am-not-a-teacher.mp3" />)
- 나는 너의 친구가 아니다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am not your friend</span>
- (나는 너의 친구가 아니야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-14I-am-not-your-friend.mp3" />)
- 나는 대학생이 아니다 = <span class="md spoiler">I am not a university Student</span>
- (저는 대학생이 아니에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-15I-am-not-a-University-Student.mp3" />)
나는 너의 친구가 아니다 = I am not your friend
(나는 너의 친구가 아니야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-14I-am-not-your-friend.mp3" />)
나는 대학생이 아니다 = I am not a University Student
(저는 대학생이 아니에요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-15I-am-not-a-University-Student.mp3" />)
### To not have: 없다
### To not have: <TTS>없다</TTS>
Just like how 아니다 is the opposite of 이다 – 없다 is the opposite of 있다. In [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), you learned some ways to use 있다. 없다 can indicate that one “does not have” something or that something “wasn’t at a particular location.” For example:
To not have:
저는 돈이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/25-I-dont-have-money.mp3" /> = I don’t have money
저는 시간이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-I-dont-have-time.mp3" /> = I don’t have time
우리는 차가 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-16We-dont-have-a-car.mp3" /> = We don’t have a car
- 저는 돈이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/25-I-dont-have-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t have money</span>
- 저는 시간이 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-I-dont-have-time.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t have time</span>
- 우리는 차가 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-16We-dont-have-a-car.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We don’t have a car</span>
To not be in a location:
저의 친구는 지금 한국에 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/27-My-friend-is-not-in-Korea-now.mp3" /> = My friend is not in Korea now
사람이 없었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/28-There-was-nobody-there.mp3" /> = There was no people
### To not like: 싫어하다 and 싫다
- 저의 친구는 지금 한국에 없어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/27-My-friend-is-not-in-Korea-now.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend is not in Korea now</span>
- 사람이 없었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/28-There-was-nobody-there.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">There was no people</span>
### To not like: <TTS>싫어하다</TTS> and <TTS>싫다</TTS>
While we are talking about negative words, I want to talk about 싫어하다 quickly. “싫어하다” is a verb that is used to indicate that one dislikes something. 싫어하다 is the opposite of 좋아하다 (to like). For example:
저는 과일을 싫어해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/29-I-dislike-fruit.mp3" /> = I dislike fruit
저는 과일을 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent9.mp3" /> = I like fruit
- 저는 과일을 싫어해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/29-I-dislike-fruit.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I dislike fruit</span>
- 저는 과일을 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like fruit</span>
In [Lesson 3](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-3/), you learned how 좋다 and 좋아하다 are different. I explained that 좋다 is an adjective (meaning “to be good”), and thus cannot act on an object. For example:
In [Lesson 3](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-3/), you learned how 좋다 and 좋아하다 are different. I explained that 좋다 is <span class="md spoiler">an adjective</span> (meaning <span class="md spoiler">“to be good”</span>), and thus cannot act on an object. For example:
그 선생님은 좋다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-teacher-is-good.mp3" /> = That teacher is good
이 학교는 좋다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/22.mp3" /> = This school is good
- 그 선생님은 좋다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-teacher-is-good.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That teacher is good</span>
- 이 학교는 좋다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This school is good</span>
The adjective form of 싫어하다 is 싫다. However, contrary to what you probably expect, 싫다 is not used to mean “to not be good.” In order to indicate that something is “not good” (i.e. “bad”), the adjective 나쁘다 is commonly used. Instead, 싫다 is often used to indicate that one dislikes something (just like 싫어하다). For example:
저는 과일이 싫어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-18I-dislike-fruit.mp3" /> = I dislike fruit
- 저는 과일이 싫어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson8-18I-dislike-fruit.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I dislike fruit</span>
Notice that because 싫다 is an adjective, it cannot act on an object, so the particles ~이/가 are attached to the noun. This type of sentence is a little bit too complex right now, so I don’t want to dig too deep into it. I discuss this more deeply in [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/).
Be careful to not make double negative sentences. Although technically grammatically correct, this one reads funny:
저는 과일을 싫어하지 않아요 = I don’t dislike fruit
- <TTS>저는 과일을 싫어하지 않아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t dislike fruit</span>
That’s it for this lesson!