From dd35cb2418e722c0103a110855b901067d2394aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2026 17:09:56 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] add points and fixes --- docs/allsetlearning/B2/于是.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++++++ docs/allsetlearning/B2/因此.md | 96 +++++++++++++++ docs/allsetlearning/C1/conjunctions/总之.md | 36 ++++++ docs/allsetlearning/C1/index.md | 12 +- 4 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) create mode 100644 docs/allsetlearning/B2/于是.md create mode 100644 docs/allsetlearning/B2/因此.md create mode 100644 docs/allsetlearning/C1/conjunctions/总之.md diff --git a/docs/allsetlearning/B2/于是.md b/docs/allsetlearning/B2/于是.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9c7c94 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/allsetlearning/B2/于是.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +# Expressing "and then" with "于是" + + + +- 我 看 大家 都 买 了 ，_于是_ 我 也 买 **了** 。 + + - I saw everyone was buying it. So then I bought it, too. +- 昨天 突然 下雨 了 ，_于是_ 我们 取消 **了** 野餐 的 计划 。 + + - It rained yesterday, so we cancelled the picnic. +- 网站 上 的 票 已经 卖光 了 ，_于是_ 我们 买 **了** 黄牛票 。 + + - The tickets on the website were all sold out. So then we bought tickets from scalpers. +- 他 的 英语 太差 了，_于是_ ，他 妈妈 给 他 请 **了** 一个 英语 家教 。 + + - His English was too terrible. So then his mother hired an English tutor for him. +- 她 发现 男朋友 已经 结婚 了 。_于是_ ，她 马上 跟 他 分手 **了** 。 + + - She found out that her boyfriend was already married. So she immediately broke up with him. +- 电影 太 暴力 了 ，我们 实在 看 不 下去 了 ，_于是_ **就** 走 **了** 。 + + - This movie was so violent, we couldn't bear watching it anymore. So then we left. +- 他 实在 太 懒 了 ，_于是_ 老板 **就** 把 他 辞 **了** 。 + + - He was way too lazy, so the boss just let him go. +- 我 很 喜欢 这个 手机 ，_于是_ **就** 买 下来 **了** 。 + + - I really like this cell phone, so I just bought it. +- 那个 学生 学习 不 认真，_于是_ **就** 被 他的 妈妈 骂 **了** 。 + + - That student didn't study seriously, so he was scolded by his mother. +- 刚刚 跟 朋友 聊到 了 旅行 ， 于是 两 个 人 就 打开 了 话匣子 ， 聊 了 起来 。 + + - While chatting they had just gotten to the topic of travel, and then the two of them really got going, talking non-stop. +- 他 经常 随便 开玩笑 ，_因此_ ，大家 都 不 喜欢 跟 他 说话 。 + + - He often makes jokes recklessly. Therefore, people doesn't like to talk to him. + + + + + +- Level: [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points) +- Similar to +- Used for: [Expressing result](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_result), [Sequencing events in time](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Sequencing_events_in_time), [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect) +- Keywords: [是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%98%AF), [于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%BA%8E), [于是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%BA%8E%E6%98%AF) + + + +于是 is a conjunction used to express a continuation between two events. The second event is the direct result of the first event. You'll often hear 于是 used in storytelling. + +## Structure + +于是 is a conjunction that comes between two clauses. Its closest English equivalent would be "and then." Since 于是 can only be used to talk about the past, 了 is often used in the same sentence. + +⋯⋯ ，于是 ⋯⋯ + 了 + +## Examples + +- 我 看 大家 都 买 了 ，_于是_ 我 也 买 **了** 。 + + - I saw everyone was buying it. So then I bought it, too. +- 昨天 突然 下雨 了 ，_于是_ 我们 取消 **了** 野餐 的 计划 。 + + - It rained yesterday, so we cancelled the picnic. +- 网站 上 的 票 已经 卖光 了 ，_于是_ 我们 买 **了** 黄牛票 。 + + - The tickets on the website were all sold out. So then we bought tickets from scalpers. +- 他 的 英语 太差 了，_于是_ ，他 妈妈 给 他 请 **了** 一个 英语 家教 。 + + - His English was too terrible. So then his mother hired an English tutor for him. +- 她 发现 男朋友 已经 结婚 了 。_于是_ ，她 马上 跟 他 分手 **了** 。 + + - She found out that her boyfriend was already married. So she immediately broke up with him. + +## 于是 Used with 就 + +于是 is often used with 就 to emphasize that the actions or events that come after 就 are immediately after the first event. + +- 电影 太 暴力 了 ，我们 实在 看 不 下去 了 ，_于是_ **就** 走 **了** 。 + + - This movie was so violent, we couldn't bear watching it anymore. So then we left. +- 他 实在 太 懒 了 ，_于是_ 老板 **就** 把 他 辞 **了** 。 + + - He was way too lazy, so the boss just let him go. +- 我 很 喜欢 这个 手机 ，_于是_ **就** 买 下来 **了** 。 + + - I really like this cell phone, so I just bought it. +- 那个 学生 学习 不 认真，_于是_ **就** 被 他的 妈妈 骂 **了** 。 + + - That student didn't study seriously, so he was scolded by his mother. +- 刚刚 跟 朋友 聊到 了 旅行 ， 于是 两 个 人 就 打开 了 话匣子 ， 聊 了 起来 。 + + - While chatting they had just gotten to the topic of travel, and then the two of them really got going, talking non-stop. + +## 因此 vs. 于是 + +While they may seem very similar, 因此 is not quite the same as 于是. When using 因此, it acts as a conjunction that expresses the cause and effect. Because of the reasons in clause one, clause two reaches this result or conclusion. + +- 因此 emphasizes a cause and effect relationship. 于是 emphasizes that the first event is closely followed by the second event. + +- 于是 can only be used to recount events that happened in the past. + +- 因此 is more formal and mostly used in writing. 于是 is more commonly used when speaking. + +
+ +- 他 经常 随便 开玩笑 ，_于是_ ，大家 都 不 喜欢 跟 他 说话 。 + + +
+ +- 他 经常 随便 开玩笑 ，_因此_ ，大家 都 不 喜欢 跟 他 说话 。 + + - He often makes jokes recklessly. Therefore, people doesn't like to talk to him. + +In the incorrect sentence above, it is not two sequential events that happened in the past, so 于是 is not appropriate. In the correct sentence, there is a clear cause-effect relationship, so 因此 is used. + +## Sources and further reading + +### Books + +- [HSK Standard Course 4下](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8B) (pp. 49) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,) +- [现代汉语虚词手册](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C) (pp. 326) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,) +- [现代汉语八百词（增订本）](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%9E%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89) (pp. 636) [ →buy] +- [对外汉语教学语法释疑201例](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8A%E7%96%91201%E4%BE%8B) (pp. 362) [ →buy] diff --git a/docs/allsetlearning/B2/因此.md b/docs/allsetlearning/B2/因此.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4b5015 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/allsetlearning/B2/因此.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Expressing "therefore" with "因此" + + + +- 我 病 了 ， _因此_ 心情 不好。 + + - I am sick, therefore I am not in a good mood. +- 昨天 下雨 了， _因此_ 我 没有 出门。 + + - It rained yesterday, therefore I did not go out. +- 她 在 农村 长大， _因此_ 很 了解 农民 的 生活。 + + - She grew up in the country, so she understands the country people's way of life. +- 我 没有 准备 好 所有 的 东西， _因此_ 有些 紧张。 + + - I didn't fully prepare everything, so I was a little nervous. +- 小王 说话 不 好听， _因此_ 他 得罪 了 很 多 人 。 + + - Xiao Wang spoke overly bluntly, so he offended many people. +- 下个 月 考试， _因此_ 这个 月 我 没有 出去 玩，在 好好 准备。 + + - I will have an exam next month, therefore this month I am not going out to play. I am preparing well. +- 韩寒 的 文笔 好， _因此_ 他 写 的 小说 很 受 欢迎。 + + - Han Han's writing style is very good, therefore the novels that he writes are very popular. +- 工厂 已经 停产 很 久 了， _因此_ 无法 给 工人 发 工资。 + + - The factory has long since ceased production, and therefore is unable to give its workers their wages. +- 上海 的 冬天 经常 下雨， _因此_ 在 我的 印象 中，上海的 冬天 湿冷 湿冷 的。 + + - It often rains in winter in Shanghai, therefore my impression is that winter in Shanghai is wet and cold. +- 希腊 政府 决定 停止 使用 自动 取款机 ， _因此_ ， 取款机 外面 有 很 多 人 排队 取钱 。 + + - The Greek government decided to end the use of automated teller machines. As a result, there were lots of people outside lined up to withdraw money from the ATMs. + + + + + +- Level: [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points) +- Similar to + - [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Cause_and_effect_with_%22yinwei%22_and_%22suoyi%22) (A2) + - [Expressing "and then" with "于是"](./于是.md) (B2) + - [Expressing "in short" with "总之"](../C1/conjunctions/总之.md) (C1) +- Used for: [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect) +- Keywords: [因此](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4) + + + +因此 (yīncǐ), literally "because of this," is a conjunction meaning "therefore," and is used in formal writing. + +## Structure + +Cause， + 因此 + Effect + +## Examples + +- 我 病 了 ， _因此_ 心情 不好。 + + - I am sick, therefore I am not in a good mood. +- 昨天 下雨 了， _因此_ 我 没有 出门。 + + - It rained yesterday, therefore I did not go out. +- 她 在 农村 长大， _因此_ 很 了解 农民 的 生活。 + + - She grew up in the country, so she understands the country people's way of life. +- 我 没有 准备 好 所有 的 东西， _因此_ 有些 紧张。 + + - I didn't fully prepare everything, so I was a little nervous. +- 小王 说话 不 好听， _因此_ 他 得罪 了 很 多 人 。 + + - Xiao Wang spoke overly bluntly, so he offended many people. +- 下个 月 考试， _因此_ 这个 月 我 没有 出去 玩，在 好好 准备。 + + - I will have an exam next month, therefore this month I am not going out to play. I am preparing well. +- 韩寒 的 文笔 好， _因此_ 他 写 的 小说 很 受 欢迎。 + + - Han Han's writing style is very good, therefore the novels that he writes are very popular. +- 工厂 已经 停产 很 久 了， _因此_ 无法 给 工人 发 工资。 + + - The factory has long since ceased production, and therefore is unable to give its workers their wages. +- 上海 的 冬天 经常 下雨， _因此_ 在 我的 印象 中，上海的 冬天 湿冷 湿冷 的。 + + - It often rains in winter in Shanghai, therefore my impression is that winter in Shanghai is wet and cold. +- 希腊 政府 决定 停止 使用 自动 取款机 ， _因此_ ， 取款机 外面 有 很 多 人 排队 取钱 。 + + - The Greek government decided to end the use of automated teller machines. As a result, there were lots of people outside lined up to withdraw money from the ATMs. + +## Sources and further reading + +### Books + +- [HSK Standard Course 4上](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8A) (pp. 96) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,) +- [New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5)]() (pp. 29) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,) +- [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (pp. 67) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,) +- [40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD40%E8%AF%BE%E4%B8%8B%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89) (pp. 430) [ →buy] diff --git a/docs/allsetlearning/C1/conjunctions/总之.md b/docs/allsetlearning/C1/conjunctions/总之.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f930e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/allsetlearning/C1/conjunctions/总之.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# Expressing "in short" with "总之" + + + +- 不管 他 的 理由 是 什么 ，_总之_ ，我 不会 再 相信 他 了 。 +- _总之_ ，我们 这么 做 都是 为了 孩子 好 。 +- 他 经常 迟到 ，工作 也 不 负责任 ，_总之_ ，公司 必须 要 解雇 他 。 +- 我 喜欢 画画 ，你 喜欢 弹吉他 ，他 喜欢 打篮球 。_总之_ ，每个人 都 有 自己 的 爱好 。 + + + + + +- Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points) +- Similar to +- Used for: [Concluding](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Concluding) +- Keywords: [总之](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%8B) + + + +总而言之 。总结或者概括前面所说的话的意思。 + +## Structure + +（⋯⋯ ，）总之 ，⋯⋯ + +## Examples + +- 不管 他 的 理由 是 什么 ，_总之_ ，我 不会 再 相信 他 了 。 +- _总之_ ，我们 这么 做 都是 为了 孩子 好 。 +- 他 经常 迟到 ，工作 也 不 负责任 ，_总之_ ，公司 必须 要 解雇 他 。 +- 我 喜欢 画画 ，你 喜欢 弹吉他 ，他 喜欢 打篮球 。_总之_ ，每个人 都 有 自己 的 爱好 。 + +## See also + +- [Expressing "therefore" with "因此"](../../B2/因此.md) diff --git a/docs/allsetlearning/C1/index.md b/docs/allsetlearning/C1/index.md index 317817e..9f3f065 100644 --- a/docs/allsetlearning/C1/index.md +++ b/docs/allsetlearning/C1/index.md @@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ These following grammar points fit pretty neatly into one part of speech categor ### Conjunctions -| Grammar Point | Pattern | Examples | -| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | -| [Expressing "as well as" with "以及"](./conjunctions/以及.md) | Subj. + 何必 + Predicate | A ，B + 以及 + C | -| [Expressing "in short" with "总之"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGF561D) | （⋯⋯ ，）总之 ，⋯⋯ | 不管 他 的 理由 是 什么 ，_总之_ ，我 不会 再 相信 他 了 。 | -| [Indicating contrast with "则"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASG3GX2H) | Clause 1，+ 则 + Clause 2 | 南方 人 喜欢 吃 甜 的 东西，北方 人 _则_ 喜欢 吃 咸 的 东西。 | -| ["In order to avoid" with "以免"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASG0A67E) | 以免 + Verb Phrase | 这儿 有 高压电线，请 不要 靠近，_以免_ 发生 危险。 | +| Grammar Point | Pattern | Examples | +| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | +| [Expressing "as well as" with "以及"](./conjunctions/以及.md) | [Noun Phrase 1]，[Noun Phrase 2] + 以及 + [Noun Phrase 3] | A ，B + 以及 + C | +| [Expressing "in short" with "总之"](./conjunctions/总之.md) | （⋯⋯ ，）总之 ，⋯⋯ | 不管 他 的 理由 是 什么 ，_总之_ ，我 不会 再 相信 他 了 。 | +| [Indicating contrast with "则"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASG3GX2H) | Clause 1，+ 则 + Clause 2 | 南方 人 喜欢 吃 甜 的 东西，北方 人 _则_ 喜欢 吃 咸 的 东西。 | +| ["In order to avoid" with "以免"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASG0A67E) | 以免 + Verb Phrase | 这儿 有 高压电线，请 不要 靠近，_以免_ 发生 危险。 | ### Nouns