add points

2026-04-16 16:51:21 +07:00
1 parent ebf254b686
commit 279b5886b1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
 # Expressing purpose with "为了"
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK3](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK3_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Expressing "for" with "为"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22for%22_with_%22wei%22) (B1)
  - [Expressing "in this way" with "这样"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22in_this_way%22_with_%22zheyang%22) (B1)
  - [Using "来" to connect two verb phrases](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22lai%22_to_connect_two_verb_phrases) (B1)
  - [Expressing purpose with "好"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22hao%22) (B2)
  - [Stating the effect before the cause](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Stating_the_effect_before_the_cause) (B2)
  - [Explaining purpose with "为... 而..."](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Explaining_purpose_with_%22wei..._er...%22) (C1)
 - Used for: [Expressing purpose](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose)
 - Keywords: [为了](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86), [为](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%BA)
 </TOC>
 为了 (wèile) is most often used to indicate the purpose of an action or the person that will benefit from some act of kindness. In the "purpose" sense, it almost exactly corresponds to "in order to" or "for the purpose of" in English.
 ## Basic Usage
 When 为了 indicates the purpose of an action, it's usually acting as a [preposition](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Preposition). In this role, the _whole_ "为了 phrase" should come **before** the verb.
 ### Structure
 为了 ⋯⋯ ，Subj. ⋯⋯
 Note also that 为了 is a single word; the 了 here is not serving its role as a particle in this case.
 ### Examples
 - _为了_ 钱 ，他 什么 都 愿意 做 。
  - _Wèile_ qián, tā shénme dōu yuànyì zuò.
  - He's willing to do anything for money.
 - _为了_ 孩子 的 未来 ，他 决定 搬到 上海 。
  - _Wèile_ háizi de wèilái, tā juédìng bāndào Shànghǎi.
  - He decided to move to Shanghai for his children's future.
 - _为了_ 这个 面试 ，他 买 了 一 套 很 贵 的 西服 。
  - _Wèile_ zhège miànshì, tā mǎi le yī tào hěn guì de xīfú.
  - He bought a very expensive suit for this job interview.
 - _为了_ 找 灵感 ，那个 作家 搬到 了 农村 。
  - _Wèile_ zhǎo línggǎn, nàge zuòjiā bān dào le nóngcūn.
  - In order to find inspiration, that writer moved to the countryside.
 - 五年 前 ，_为了_ 女朋友 ，他 放弃 了 上海 的 工作。
  - wǔniánqián，_Wèile_ nǚpéngyou, tā fàngqì le Shànghǎi de gōngzuò.Five years ago he passed up a job in Shanghai for his girlfriend.
 - _为了_ 奖励 大家 ，公司 明年 带 你们 去 日本 旅行 。
  - _Wèile_ jiǎnglì dàjiā, gōngsī míngnián dài nǐmen qù Rìběn lǚxíng.
  - In order to reward everyone, the company will take you all on a trip to Japan next year.
 ## Expressing "the Reason Why"
 Sometimes you will see 为了 following 是. In this case, 为了 mean "for." Note that 为了 and 因为 both have the character 为 in them, and they have sort of similar meanings. You will also see 因为 following 是, instead of 为了. It literally means "is because (of)."
 ### Structure
 ⋯⋯ 是 + 为了 / 因为 ⋯⋯
 ### Examples
 - 我 这么 做 _是 为了_ 帮 你 。
  - Wǒ zhème zuò _shì wèile_ bāng nǐ.
  - I did all this to help you.
 - 他 做 兼职 _是 为了_ 多 赚 点 钱 。
  - Tā zuò jiānzhí _shì wèile_ duō zhuàn diǎn qián.
  - The reason why he has a part time job is to make a little more money.
 - 你 学 中文 _是 因为_ 你 的 中国 女朋友 吗 ？
  - Nǐ xué Zhōngwén _shì yīnwèi_ nǐde Zhōngguó nǚpéngyou ma?
  - Are you studying Chinese because of your Chinese girlfriend?
 - 我们 之 所以 反对 _是 因为_ 风险 太 大 。
  - Wǒmen zhī suǒyǐ fǎnduì _shì yīnwèi_ fēngxiǎn tài dà.
  - The reason why we oppose it is because the risk is too high.
 Note that [之所以](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Stating_the_effect_before_the_cause) is a more difficult pattern, which means "the reason why" in a more formal way.
 ## See also
 - [Expressing "for" with "为"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22for%22_with_%22wei%22)
 - [Expressing purpose with "好"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22hao%22)
 - [Using "来" to connect two verb phrases](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22lai%22_to_connect_two_verb_phrases)
 - [Stating the effect before the cause](../B2/之所以.md)
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1)](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Home_With_Kids1_(%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%89%E5%84%BF%E5%A5%B31)>) (pp. 32) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4)](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_4_(%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%BE%E6%9C%AC4)>) (pp. 40) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (pp. 12) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
 - [现代汉语虚词例释](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A) (pp. 484, 572) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
 - [Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_1) (pp. 347-8) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 ### Websites
 - Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: [Uses of 为 and 为了](http://comet.cls.yale.edu/chineseusagedictionary/0236.html)
 ### Podcasts
 - [ Chinesepod Qingwen 为 and 为了](http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E4%B8%BA-and-%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86)
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
 # Emphasis with "就是"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 那个 人 _就是_ 她 的 新 男朋友。
  <!-- - Nàge rén _jiùshì_ tā de xīn nánpéngyou. -->
  - That guy is her new boyfriend.
 - 他 _就是_ 你 要 找 的 人 。
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nǐ yào zhǎo de rén. -->
  - He's just the person that you're looking for.
 - 我们 _就是_ 他 的 家人 。
  <!-- - Wǒmen _jiùshì_ tā de jiārén. -->
  - We're his family.
 - 你 _就是_ 个 笨蛋！
  <!-- - Nǐ _jiùshì_ gè bèndàn! -->
  - A moron is precisely what you are!
 - 他 _就是_ 那个 骗子！
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nàge piànzi! -->
  - That con man is him!
 - 他 不 去 旅游 _就是_ 不 想 花钱 。
  <!-- - Tā bù qù lǚyóu _jiùshì_ bù xiǎng huāqián. -->
  - He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money.
 - 你 不 参加 比赛 _就是_ 怕 输 吗 ？
  <!-- - Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài _jiùshì_ pà shū ma? -->
  - You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of losing?
 - 他 这样 说 _就是_ 不 喜欢 我 。
  <!-- - Tā zhèyàng shuō _jiùshì_ bù xǐhuan wǒ. -->
  - He said this only because he doesn't like me.
 - 她 问 这么 多，_就是_ 担心 你 。
  <!-- - Tā wèn zhème duō, _jiùshì_ dānxīn nǐ. -->
  - She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you.
 - 她 _就是_ 漂亮 ，没 别的 优势 。
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì. -->
  - She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths.
 - 我 _就_ 要 去！
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ yào qù! -->
  - I just want to go!
 - 我 _就是_ 喜欢 他。
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù shì_ xǐhuan tā. -->
  - I just like him.
 - 我 _就_ 不 告诉 你 。
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ bù gàosu nǐ. -->
  - I'm just not going to tell you.
 - 我 父母 _就是_ 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
  <!-- - Wǒ fùmǔ _jiùshì_ bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù. -->
  - My parents simply won't let me go alone.
 - 这个 学生 *就是*不 听 老师 的 话 。
  <!-- - Zhège xuéshēng _jiùshì_ bù tīng lǎoshī de huà. -->
  - The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher.
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK2_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for: [Emphasizing](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Emphasizing)
 - Keywords: [就](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%B0%B1), [就是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF)
 </TOC>
 As an adverb, 就 (jiù) can be placed before the [predicate](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Predicate) to add emphasis. It often has an intense or provocative feel to it, similar to "just." In English we might say, "it's _just_ not right!" This emphasis very often appears as 就是 in Chinese.
 ## Used as "Is Exactly"
 ### Structure
 就是 + Noun
 ### Examples
 - 那个 人 _就是_ 她 的 新 男朋友。
  <!-- - Nàge rén _jiùshì_ tā de xīn nánpéngyou. -->
  - That guy is her new boyfriend.
 - 他 _就是_ 你 要 找 的 人 。
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nǐ yào zhǎo de rén. -->
  - He's just the person that you're looking for.
 - 我们 _就是_ 他 的 家人 。
  <!-- - Wǒmen _jiùshì_ tā de jiārén. -->
  - We're his family.
 - 你 _就是_ 个 笨蛋！
  <!-- - Nǐ _jiùshì_ gè bèndàn! -->
  - A moron is precisely what you are!
 - 他 _就是_ 那个 骗子！
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nàge piànzi! -->
  - That con man is him!
 ## Used as "Only Because"
 就是 can be used to intensify the predicate to mean "only (because of) that and nothing else." In this case, 是 can't be omitted. In many cases, you could also add in an 因为, but it's not required.
 ### Examples
 - 他 不 去 旅游 _就是_ 不 想 花钱 。
  <!-- - Tā bù qù lǚyóu _jiùshì_ bù xiǎng huāqián. -->
  - He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money.
 - 你 不 参加 比赛 _就是_ 怕 输 吗 ？
  <!-- - Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài _jiùshì_ pà shū ma? -->
  - You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of losing?
 - 他 这样 说 _就是_ 不 喜欢 我 。
  <!-- - Tā zhèyàng shuō _jiùshì_ bù xǐhuan wǒ. -->
  - He said this only because he doesn't like me.
 - 她 问 这么 多，_就是_ 担心 你 。
  <!-- - Tā wèn zhème duō, _jiùshì_ dānxīn nǐ. -->
  - She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you.
 - 她 _就是_ 漂亮 ，没 别的 优势 。
  <!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì. -->
  - She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths.
 ## Other Usage
 In the examples above, 就 pairs exclusively with the verb 是. But 就 can also come before other verbs, with similar emphatic effect. In these cases, it's also OK to use 就是 before the other verbs as well.
 ### Structure
 就(是) + (不) + Verb
 ### Examples
 - 我 _就_ 要 去！
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ yào qù! -->
  - I just want to go!
 - 我 _就是_ 喜欢 他。
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù shì_ xǐhuan tā. -->
  - I just like him.
 - 我 _就_ 不 告诉 你 。
  <!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ bù gàosu nǐ. -->
  - I'm just not going to tell you.
 - 我 父母 _就是_ 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
  <!-- - Wǒ fùmǔ _jiùshì_ bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù. -->
  - My parents simply won't let me go alone.
 - 这个 学生 *就是*不 听 老师 的 话 。
  <!-- - Zhège xuéshēng _jiùshì_ bù tīng lǎoshī de huà. -->
  - The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher.
 As you may have noticed, many of these uses of 就 or 就是 carry a flippant, stubborn tone, referred to as 任性 (rènxìng) in Chinese.
 ## See also
 - ["Just" with "就" ](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%22Just%22_with_%22jiu%22)
 - [Comparing "才" and "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Comparing_%22cai%22_and_%22jiu%22)
 - [Events in quick succession with "以... 就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Events_in_quick_succession_with_%22yi..._jiu%22)
 - [Expressing earliness with "就" ](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_earliness_with_%22jiu%22)
 - [Expressing indifference with "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_indifference_with_%22jiu%22)
 - [Limiting scope with "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Limiting_scope_with_%22jiu%22)
 - ["If…, then…" with "如果, 就…"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%22If%E2%80%A6,_then%E2%80%A6%22_with_%22ruguo%E2%80%A6,_jiu%E2%80%A6%22)
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [现代汉语虚词例释](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A) (pp. 316) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
 ### Dictionaries
 - [现代汉语词典（第5版）](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89) (pp. 733) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
 # Expressing "as a result" with "结果"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 她 穿 得 很 少 ，_结果_ 感冒 了 。
  <!-- - Tā chuān de hěn shǎo, _jiéguǒ_ gǎnmào le. -->
  - She didn't dress warmly enough, and as a result, she caught a cold.
 - 我 太 紧张 了 ，_结果_ 说 错 了 很 多 。
  <!-- - Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, _jiéguǒ_ shuō cuò le hěn duō. -->
  - I was too nervous. As a result, I misspoke a lot.
 - 他 开 得 太 快 了 ，_结果_ 撞到 了 一 个 人 。
  <!-- - Tā kāi de tài kuài le, _jiéguǒ_ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén. -->
  - He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone.
 - 他 没 好好 复习，_结果_ 考试 没 考 好 。
  <!-- - Tā méi hǎohāo fùxí, _jiéguǒ_ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo. -->
  - He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam.
 - 他 总是 迟到 ，_结果_ 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。
  <!-- - Tā zǒngshì chídào, _jiéguǒ_ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú. -->
  - He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him.
 - 我 去 机场 接 他 ，_结果_ 没 接到 他 。
  <!-- - Wǒ qù jīchǎng jiē tā, _jiéguǒ_ méi jiēdào tā. -->
  - I went to the airport to pick him up. But in the end, I didn't find him there.
 - 我 跟 朋友 打赌 ，_结果_ 我 输 了 。
  <!-- - Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, _jiéguǒ_ wǒ shū le. -->
  - I made a bet with a friend. I lost in the end.
 - 我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒 ，_结果_ 喝醉 了 。
  <!-- - Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, _jiéguǒ_ hēzuì le. -->
  - I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I ended up getting drunk.
 - 他 吃 了 很 多 药 ，_结果_ 都 没有 用 。
  <!-- - Tā chī le hěn duō yào, _jiéguǒ_ dōu méiyǒu yòng. -->
  - He took a lot of pills. None of them worked in the end.
 - 我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ，_结果_ 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。
  <!-- - Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, _jiéguǒ_ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de. -->
  - I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich instead.
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md) (A2)
  - [Expressing "therefore" with "因此"](../B2/因此.md) (B2)
  - [Expressing difficulty with "好(不)容易"](../B2/好不容易.md) (B2)
  - [Stating the effect before the cause](../B2/之所以.md) (B2)
  - [Using "because" with "而" to indicate effect](../C1/而.md) (C1)
 - Used for: [Expressing attitude](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_attitude)
 - Keywords: [结果](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C)
 </TOC>
 结果 (jiéguǒ) can be used as a conjunction or adverb, meaning "as a result" or "consequently." It normally starts the second half of a sentence and can also introduce an unexpected or undesirable result.
 ## Indicating a Logical Result
 ### Structure
 Reason / Condition ，结果 + Result
 ### Examples
 - 她 穿 得 很 少 ，_结果_ 感冒 了 。
  <!-- - Tā chuān de hěn shǎo, _jiéguǒ_ gǎnmào le. -->
  - She didn't dress warmly enough, and as a result, she caught a cold.
 - 我 太 紧张 了 ，_结果_ 说 错 了 很 多 。
  <!-- - Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, _jiéguǒ_ shuō cuò le hěn duō. -->
  - I was too nervous. As a result, I misspoke a lot.
 - 他 开 得 太 快 了 ，_结果_ 撞到 了 一 个 人 。
  <!-- - Tā kāi de tài kuài le, _jiéguǒ_ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén. -->
  - He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone.
 - 他 没 好好 复习，_结果_ 考试 没 考 好 。
  <!-- - Tā méi hǎohāo fùxí, _jiéguǒ_ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo. -->
  - He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam.
 - 他 总是 迟到 ，_结果_ 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。
  <!-- - Tā zǒngshì chídào, _jiéguǒ_ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú. -->
  - He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him.
 ## Indicating an Unexpected Result
 Sometimes there is no cause-effect relationship between what comes before and after 结果 (no logical connection). In these sentences, the second half of the sentence usually emphasizes that what actually happened was unexpected or undesired.
 ### Structure
 Situation ，结果 + [Unexpected Result]
 ### Examples
 - 我 去 机场 接 他 ，_结果_ 没 接到 他 。
  <!-- - Wǒ qù jīchǎng jiē tā, _jiéguǒ_ méi jiēdào tā. -->
  - I went to the airport to pick him up. But in the end, I didn't find him there.
 - 我 跟 朋友 打赌 ，_结果_ 我 输 了 。
  <!-- - Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, _jiéguǒ_ wǒ shū le. -->
  - I made a bet with a friend. I lost in the end.
 - 我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒 ，_结果_ 喝醉 了 。
  <!-- - Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, _jiéguǒ_ hēzuì le. -->
  - I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I ended up getting drunk.
 - 他 吃 了 很 多 药 ，_结果_ 都 没有 用 。
  <!-- - Tā chī le hěn duō yào, _jiéguǒ_ dōu méiyǒu yòng. -->
  - He took a lot of pills. None of them worked in the end.
 - 我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ，_结果_ 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。
  <!-- - Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, _jiéguǒ_ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de. -->
  - I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich instead.
 ## See also
 - [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md)
 - [Expressing "due to…" with "由于"](../B2/由于.md)
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [HSK Standard Course 4上](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8A) (pp. 110) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) ](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Chinese_Grammar_-_Broken_down_into_100_items_-_Basic_and_Intermediate_Levels_(%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E7%99%BE%E9%A1%B9%E8%AE%B2%E7%BB%83_-_%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7)>) (pp. 342) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@
 - Level： [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK5](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK5_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md) (A2)
-  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22as_a_result%22_with_%22jieguo%22) (B1)
+  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](../B1/结果.md) (B1)
  - [Expressing purpose with "为了"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22weile%22) (B1)
-  - [Expressing "due to…" with "由于"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22due_to%E2%80%A6%22_with_%22youyu%22) (B2)
+  - [Expressing "due to…" with "由于"](./由于.md) (B2)
 - Used for： [Sequencing events in time](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Sequencing_events_in_time), [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect)
 - Keywords： [是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%98%AF), [因为](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA), [所以](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A5), [于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%BA%8E), [由于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E), [之所以](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B9%8B%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A5)
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 ## See also
 - [Expressing purpose with "为了"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22weile%22)
- ["Due to…" with "由于"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%22Due_to%E2%80%A6%22_with_%22youyu%22)
+- ["Due to…" with "由于"](./由于.md)
 - ["Because" with "而" indicating effect](../C1/而.md)
 - [Explaining results with "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Explaining_results_with_%22suoyi%22)
 - [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
 # Expressing difficulty with "好(不)容易"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 她 _好容易_ **才** 减肥 成功。
  <!-- - Tā _hǎo róngyì_ **cái** jiǎnféi chénggōng. -->
  - She had a hard time losing weight and succeeded..
 - 我 _好不容易_ **才** 打通 了 银行 的 服务 热线 。
  <!-- - Wǒ _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** dǎtōng le yínháng de fúwù rèxiàn. -->
  - It was no easy task to get through to the bank's customer service hotline.
 - 我们 _好不容易_ **才** 做完 这 个 项目，结果 合同 取消 了。
  <!-- - Wǒmen _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** zuò wán zhège xiàngmù, jiéguǒ hétóng qǔxiāo le. -->
  - It was with great difficulty that we finally finished this project. But then the contract was canceled.
 - 我 _好不容易_ **才** 到 市中心， 发现 没 带 手机，只好 回去 拿。
  <!-- - Wǒ _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** dào shì zhōngxīn, fāxiàn méi dài shǒujī, zhǐhǎo huíqù ná. -->
  - It was a lot of trouble to get to the city center, but then I realized I had forgotten my cell phone and had to go back and get it.
 - 金融 危机 之后 他 _好不容易_ **才** 找到 工作，现在 又 辞职 了 。
  <!-- - Jīnróng wéijī zhīhòu tā _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** zhǎodào gōngzuò, xiànzài yòu cízhí le. -->
  - After the financial crisis, he had a hard time finally finding a job. And now he's resigning.
 - 他们 _好不容易_ **才** 爬 到 了 山顶，结果 下起 了 大雨 。
  <!-- - Tāmen _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** pá dào le shāndǐng, jiéguǒ xià qǐ le dàyǔ. -->
  - With great difficulty, they finally climbed to the top of the mountain. And then it started raining heavily.
 - 老师 _好容易_ **才** 让 学生 订正 了 错误 的 句子。
  <!-- - Lǎoshī _hǎo róngyì_ **cái** ràng xuéshēng dìngzhèng le cuòwù de jùzi. -->
  - The teacher had a difficult time making the students correct the wrong sentences.
 - 要 完成 这 个 大 项目 _好不容易_ 啊。
  <!-- - Yào wánchéng zhège dà xiàngmù _hǎobù róngyì_ a. -->
  - Finishing this big project will not be an easy task.
 - 养 大 一 个 孩子 _好不容易_。
  <!-- - Yǎng dà yī gè háizi _hǎobù róngyì_. -->
  - Raising a child is not an easy thing to do.
 - 创办 一 个 公司 _好不容易_ 啊。
  <!-- - Chuàngbàn yī gè gōngsī _hǎobù róngyì_ a. -->
  - Starting a company isn't easy.
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK5](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK5_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Expressing "difficult" with "难"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22difficult%22_with_%22nan%22) (A2)
  - [Using "好" to mean "easy"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22hao%22_to_mean_%22easy%22) (A2)
  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](../B1/结果.md) (B1)
  - [Expressing not knowing how to do something using "好"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_not_knowing_how_to_do_something_using_%22hao%22) (B1)
  - [Expressing "only after" with "才"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22only_after%22_with_%22cai%22) (B2)
 - Used for: [Expressing quality](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_quality)
 - Keywords: [不](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%8D), [好](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%A5%BD), [好容易](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%A5%BD%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93), [好不容易](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%A5%BD%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93), [容易](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93)
 </TOC>
 好不容易 (hǎo bù róngyì) means "very difficult" or "really not easy." It is often used where the speaker wants to comment on the result of their hard work, something like "It was really hard for me to x, but then I realized y."
 ## Adverbial Structure with 才
 Sentences using 好不容易 are often followed by [才 (cái)](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_lateness_with_%22cai%22), emphasizing the action has been completed only with great difficulty.
 ### Structure
 Strange as it might seem, 好容易 has _the same meaning_ as 好不容易, and can be used interchangeably. 好不容易 is more common.
 Subj. + 好 (不) 容易 + 才 + [Result]
 The "result" part can be a simple phrase or a whole clause.
 ### Examples
 - 她 _好容易_ **才** 减肥 成功。
  <!-- - Tā _hǎo róngyì_ **cái** jiǎnféi chénggōng. -->
  - She had a hard time losing weight and succeeded..
 - 我 _好不容易_ **才** 打通 了 银行 的 服务 热线 。
  <!-- - Wǒ _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** dǎtōng le yínháng de fúwù rèxiàn. -->
  - It was no easy task to get through to the bank's customer service hotline.
 - 我们 _好不容易_ **才** 做完 这 个 项目，结果 合同 取消 了。
  <!-- - Wǒmen _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** zuò wán zhège xiàngmù, jiéguǒ hétóng qǔxiāo le. -->
  - It was with great difficulty that we finally finished this project. But then the contract was canceled.
 - 我 _好不容易_ **才** 到 市中心， 发现 没 带 手机，只好 回去 拿。
  <!-- - Wǒ _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** dào shì zhōngxīn, fāxiàn méi dài shǒujī, zhǐhǎo huíqù ná. -->
  - It was a lot of trouble to get to the city center, but then I realized I had forgotten my cell phone and had to go back and get it.
 - 金融 危机 之后 他 _好不容易_ **才** 找到 工作，现在 又 辞职 了 。
  <!-- - Jīnróng wéijī zhīhòu tā _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** zhǎodào gōngzuò, xiànzài yòu cízhí le. -->
  - After the financial crisis, he had a hard time finally finding a job. And now he's resigning.
 - 他们 _好不容易_ **才** 爬 到 了 山顶，结果 下起 了 大雨 。
  <!-- - Tāmen _hǎobù róngyì_ **cái** pá dào le shāndǐng, jiéguǒ xià qǐ le dàyǔ. -->
  - With great difficulty, they finally climbed to the top of the mountain. And then it started raining heavily.
 - 老师 _好容易_ **才** 让 学生 订正 了 错误 的 句子。
  <!-- - Lǎoshī _hǎo róngyì_ **cái** ràng xuéshēng dìngzhèng le cuòwù de jùzi. -->
  - The teacher had a difficult time making the students correct the wrong sentences.
 ## Adjectival Structure (without 才)
 ### Structure
 Verb / [Verb Phrase] + 好容易 / 好不容易
 In this simpler structure we use 好(不)容易 by itself to express “with great difficulty”. At the end of the sentence particles such as 啊 or 哦 will also often be used to add emotion.
 ### Examples
 - 要 完成 这 个 大 项目 _好不容易_ 啊。
  <!-- - Yào wánchéng zhège dà xiàngmù _hǎobù róngyì_ a. -->
  - Finishing this big project will not be an easy task.
 - 养 大 一 个 孩子 _好不容易_。
  <!-- - Yǎng dà yī gè háizi _hǎobù róngyì_. -->
  - Raising a child is not an easy thing to do.
 - 创办 一 个 公司 _好不容易_ 啊。
  <!-- - Chuàngbàn yī gè gōngsī _hǎobù róngyì_ a. -->
  - Starting a company isn't easy.
 ## See also
 - [Easy to do something](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Easy_to_do_something)
 - [Difficult to do something](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Difficult_to_do_something)
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 2 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) ](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Boya_Chinese_Lower_Intermediate_2_(%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%85%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%87%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E7%AF%87)>) (pp. 100，110-11) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (pp. 77-8) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
 # Emphasizing the doer of an action with "由"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 这 件 事 _由_ 我 说了算。
  <!-- - Zhè jiàn shì _yóu_ wǒ shuō le suàn. -->
  - This matter is up to me.
 - 这 件 事 _由_ 我 负责。
  <!-- - Zhè jiàn shì _yóu_ wǒ fùzé. -->
  - I am responsible for this matter.
 - 这 件 事 是 _由_ 她 引起 的。
  <!-- - Zhèjiàn shì shì _yóu_ tā yǐnqǐ de. -->
  - The incident was caused by her.
 - 这次 的 广告 是 _由_ 他 一个人 拍摄 的。
  <!-- - Zhècì de guǎnggào shì _yóu_ tā yīgèrén pāishè de. -->
  - The advertisement was shot by him alone.
 - 你 想 怎么样 生活，完全 _由_ 你 自己 规划。
  <!-- - Nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng shēnghuó, wánquán _yóu_ nǐ zìjǐ guīhuà. -->
  - How you want to live your life is entirely up to you.
 - 你 去 过 上海，那 这次 就 _由_ 你 做 导游 。
  <!-- - Nǐ qù guo Shànghǎi, nà zhècì jiù _yóu_ nǐ zuò dǎoyóu. -->
  - You have been to Shanghai before, so you will be the tour guide this time.
 - 这 个 国家 的 粮食 主要 _由_ 加拿大 进口。
  <!-- - Zhège guójiā de liángshi zhǔyào _yóu_ Jiānádà jìnkǒu. -->
  - This country's grain is mainly imported from Canada.
 - 这个 规定 是 _由_ 政府 发布 的。
  <!-- - Zhège guīdìng shì _yóu_ zhèngfǔ fābù de. -->
  - This is a regulation issued by the government.
 - 这 是 _由_ 他 决定 的，你 就 别 干涉 了。
  <!-- - Zhè shì _yóu_ tā juédìng de, nǐ jiù bié gānshè le. -->
  - This is for him to decide. Stop interfering.
 - 太 悲剧 了，会议 _由_ 王总 主持，肯定 会 很 无聊！
  <!-- - Tài bēijù le, huìyì _yóu_ Wáng zǒng zhǔchí, kěndìng huì hěn wúliáo! -->
  - Oh no. This meeting is being led by the General Manager Wang.It's definitely going to be boring.
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Expressing "due to…" with "由于"](./由于.md) (B2)
 - Used for: [Indicating conditions](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_conditions), [Describing people](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Describing_people), [Emphasizing](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Emphasizing)
 - Keywords: [由](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%94%B1)
 </TOC>
 由 (yóu) is used to emphasize who is the doer or initiator of an action, a bit like in English where we might say: "Andy _is the one who...."_
 ## Structure
 Topic + 由 + Person + Verb
 This use of 由 is common in formal contexts such as business communications.
 ## Examples
 - 这 件 事 _由_ 我 说了算。
  <!-- - Zhè jiàn shì _yóu_ wǒ shuō le suàn. -->
  - This matter is up to me.
 - 这 件 事 _由_ 我 负责。
  <!-- - Zhè jiàn shì _yóu_ wǒ fùzé. -->
  - I am responsible for this matter.
 - 这 件 事 是 _由_ 她 引起 的。
  <!-- - Zhèjiàn shì shì _yóu_ tā yǐnqǐ de. -->
  - The incident was caused by her.
 - 这次 的 广告 是 _由_ 他 一个人 拍摄 的。
  <!-- - Zhècì de guǎnggào shì _yóu_ tā yīgèrén pāishè de. -->
  - The advertisement was shot by him alone.
 - 你 想 怎么样 生活，完全 _由_ 你 自己 规划。
  <!-- - Nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng shēnghuó, wánquán _yóu_ nǐ zìjǐ guīhuà. -->
  - How you want to live your life is entirely up to you.
 - 你 去 过 上海，那 这次 就 _由_ 你 做 导游 。
  <!-- - Nǐ qù guo Shànghǎi, nà zhècì jiù _yóu_ nǐ zuò dǎoyóu. -->
  - You have been to Shanghai before, so you will be the tour guide this time.
 - 这 个 国家 的 粮食 主要 _由_ 加拿大 进口。
  <!-- - Zhège guójiā de liángshi zhǔyào _yóu_ Jiānádà jìnkǒu. -->
  - This country's grain is mainly imported from Canada.
 - 这个 规定 是 _由_ 政府 发布 的。
  <!-- - Zhège guīdìng shì _yóu_ zhèngfǔ fābù de. -->
  - This is a regulation issued by the government.
 - 这 是 _由_ 他 决定 的，你 就 别 干涉 了。
  <!-- - Zhè shì _yóu_ tā juédìng de, nǐ jiù bié gānshè le. -->
  - This is for him to decide. Stop interfering.
 - 太 悲剧 了，会议 _由_ 王总 主持，肯定 会 很 无聊！
  <!-- - Tài bēijù le, huìyì _yóu_ Wáng zǒng zhǔchí, kěndìng huì hěn wúliáo! -->
  - Oh no. This meeting is being led by the General Manager Wang.It's definitely going to be boring.
 It may seem like it due to the way most of these sentences are translated into English, but please note that 由 not a passive marker. Stick to [被](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E8%A2%AB) for that.
 ## See also
 - ["Due to…" with "由于"](./由于.md)
 - [Adding emphasis with "就是"](../B1/就是.md)
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [HSK Standard Course 4下](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8B) (pp. 34) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 2 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) ](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Boya_Chinese_Lower_Intermediate_2_(%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%85%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%87%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E7%AF%87)>) (pp. 111) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (pp. 245) [卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
 # Expressing "due to…" with "由于"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - _由于_ 温室效应 的 影响，全球 的 气候 变得 越 来 越 反常 了。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ wēnshì xiàoyìng de yǐngxiǎng, quánqiú de qìhòu biàn de yuèláiyuè fǎncháng le. -->
  - Due to the influence of the greenhouse effect, the whole Earth's climate is getting more and more abnormal.
 - _由于_ 意见 不一致 ，两 位 老板 吵 了 起来。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ yìjiàn bù yīzhì, liǎng wèi lǎobǎn chǎo le qǐlái. -->
  - Due to differing opinions, the two bosses started to argue.
 - _由于_ 公司 发展 的 需要，我们 打算 再 招聘 一些 新的 员工。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ gōngsī fāzhǎn de xūyào, wǒmen dǎsuàn zài zhāopìn yīxiē xīn de yuángōng. -->
  - Due to the our company's needs for development, we plan to hire more new staff.
 - _由于_ 目标 客户 的 变化，企业 的 营销 策略 需要 做出 一些 调整。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ mùbiāo kèhù de biànhuà, qǐyè de yíngxiāo cèlüè xūyào zuò chū yīxiē tiáozhěng. -->
  - Due to the changes in our target clients, our comorporate marketing strategies need some adjustments.
 - _由于_ 人口 的 快速 增加，大 城市 的 社会 问题 越来越 严重 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ rénkǒu de kuàisù zēngjiā, dà chéngshì de shèhuì wèntí yuèláiyuè yánzhòng. -->
  - Due to the rapid growth of the population, social problems in big cities are getting more and more serious.
 - _由于_ 地址 没 写 清楚 ，所以 这 封 信 没有 寄 出去 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ dìzhǐ méi xiě qīngchu, suǒyǐ zhè fēng xìn méiyǒu jì chūqù. -->
  - Due to the address not being clearly written, this letter was not sent.
 - _由于_ 天气 原因 ，所有 的 航班 都 要 推迟 起飞。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ tiānqì yuányīn, suǒyǒu de hángbān dōu yào tuīchí qǐfēi. -->
  - All departing flights have been postponed due to weather conditions.
 - _由于_ 采用 了 新 技术 ，工厂 的 效率 大大 提高。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ cǎiyòng le xīn jìshù, gōngchǎng de xiàolǜ dàdà tígāo. -->
  - Owing to the use of new technology, the efficiency of the factory has improved significantly.
 - _由于_ 工作 关系 ，我 经常 去 北京。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ gōngzuò guānxi, wǒ jīngcháng qù Běijīng. -->
  - I often go to Beijing for my work.
 - _由于_ 加强 了 管理 ，生产 的 饮料 全部 合格 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ jiāqiáng le guǎnlǐ, shēngchǎn de yǐnliào quánbù hégé. -->
  - Thanks to better management, all the beverages we produced passed the test.
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [B2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B2_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](../B1/结果.md) (B1)
  - [Emphasizing the doer of an action with "由"](./由.md) (B2)
  - [Stating the effect before the cause](./之所以.md) (B2)
 - Used for: [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect)
 - Keywords: [于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%BA%8E), [由于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E)
 </TOC>
 由于 (yóuyú) means "due to” or "owing to" and is formal in use.
 ## Structure
 由于 + Cause，Effect
 ## Examples
 - _由于_ 温室效应 的 影响，全球 的 气候 变得 越 来 越 反常 了。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ wēnshì xiàoyìng de yǐngxiǎng, quánqiú de qìhòu biàn de yuèláiyuè fǎncháng le. -->
  - Due to the influence of the greenhouse effect, the whole Earth's climate is getting more and more abnormal.
 - _由于_ 意见 不一致 ，两 位 老板 吵 了 起来。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ yìjiàn bù yīzhì, liǎng wèi lǎobǎn chǎo le qǐlái. -->
  - Due to differing opinions, the two bosses started to argue.
 - _由于_ 公司 发展 的 需要，我们 打算 再 招聘 一些 新的 员工。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ gōngsī fāzhǎn de xūyào, wǒmen dǎsuàn zài zhāopìn yīxiē xīn de yuángōng. -->
  - Due to the our company's needs for development, we plan to hire more new staff.
 - _由于_ 目标 客户 的 变化，企业 的 营销 策略 需要 做出 一些 调整。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ mùbiāo kèhù de biànhuà, qǐyè de yíngxiāo cèlüè xūyào zuò chū yīxiē tiáozhěng. -->
  - Due to the changes in our target clients, our comorporate marketing strategies need some adjustments.
 - _由于_ 人口 的 快速 增加，大 城市 的 社会 问题 越来越 严重 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ rénkǒu de kuàisù zēngjiā, dà chéngshì de shèhuì wèntí yuèláiyuè yánzhòng. -->
  - Due to the rapid growth of the population, social problems in big cities are getting more and more serious.
 - _由于_ 地址 没 写 清楚 ，所以 这 封 信 没有 寄 出去 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ dìzhǐ méi xiě qīngchu, suǒyǐ zhè fēng xìn méiyǒu jì chūqù. -->
  - Due to the address not being clearly written, this letter was not sent.
 - _由于_ 天气 原因 ，所有 的 航班 都 要 推迟 起飞。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ tiānqì yuányīn, suǒyǒu de hángbān dōu yào tuīchí qǐfēi. -->
  - All departing flights have been postponed due to weather conditions.
 - _由于_ 采用 了 新 技术 ，工厂 的 效率 大大 提高。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ cǎiyòng le xīn jìshù, gōngchǎng de xiàolǜ dàdà tígāo. -->
  - Owing to the use of new technology, the efficiency of the factory has improved significantly.
 - _由于_ 工作 关系 ，我 经常 去 北京。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ gōngzuò guānxi, wǒ jīngcháng qù Běijīng. -->
  - I often go to Beijing for my work.
 - _由于_ 加强 了 管理 ，生产 的 饮料 全部 合格 。
  <!-- - _Yóuyú_ jiāqiáng le guǎnlǐ, shēngchǎn de yǐnliào quánbù hégé. -->
  - Thanks to better management, all the beverages we produced passed the test.
 ## See also
 - [Emphasizing the doer of an action with "由"](./由.md)
 - [Stating the effect before the cause](./之所以.md)
 ## Sources and Further Reading
 ### Website
 - Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: [How to use 因为 and 由于](http://comet.cls.yale.edu/chineseusagedictionary/0201.html)
 ### Books
 - [HSK Standard Course 4上](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8A) (pp. 124) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
@@ -52,18 +52,18 @@ These following grammar points fit pretty neatly into one part of speech categor
 ### Particles
-| Grammar Point                                                                                            | Pattern               | Examples                                         |
+| Grammar Point                                                  | Pattern               | Examples                                         |
-| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
-| [Expressing "is or is not" with "是否"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGNLGGX)   | 是否 + Verb/Adjective | 我 不 知道 如果 那 个 房间 _是否_ 有 足够 空间。 |
+| [Expressing "is or is not" with "是否"](./particles/是否.md)   | 是否 + Verb/Adjective | 我 不 知道 如果 那 个 房间 _是否_ 有 足够 空间。 |
-| [Expressing possession with "之"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGBAIMA)         | Noun + 之 + Noun      | 这些 解决 问题 的 方式 仍然 有 不足 _之_ 处。    |
+| [Expressing possession with "之"](./particles/之.md)           | Noun + 之 + Noun      | 这些 解决 问题 的 方式 仍然 有 不足 _之_ 处。    |
-| [Expressing "whether or not" with "与否"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGTVKAR) | Verb/Adjective + 与否 | 成功 _与否_，都 靠 自己。                        |
+| [Expressing "whether or not" with "与否"](./particles/与否.md) | Verb/Adjective + 与否 | 成功 _与否_，都 靠 自己。                        |
-| [Using the particle "呗"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGVBH2H)                 | Sentence + 呗         | 如果 你 不 想 去 就 不 去 _呗_。                 |
+| [Using the particle "呗"](./particles/呗.md)                   | Sentence + 呗         | 如果 你 不 想 去 就 不 去 _呗_。                 |
 ### Prepositions
-| Grammar Point                                                                                         | Pattern                                   | Examples                                        |
+| Grammar Point                                                  | Pattern                                   | Examples                                        |
-| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
-| [Expressing "in light of" with "鉴于"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGC1BI5) | 鉴于 + observation, conclusion/suggestion | _鉴于_ 是 紧急 情况，我们 应该 尽快 做出 决定。 |
+| [Expressing "in light of" with "鉴于"](./prepositions/鉴于.md) | 鉴于 + observation, conclusion/suggestion | _鉴于_ 是 紧急 情况，我们 应该 尽快 做出 决定。 |
 ### Sentence patterns
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
 # Expressing "whether or not" with "与否"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 成功 _与否_，要 靠 自己。
 - 国家 发达 _与否_，取决于 它 的 人均 国内 生产 总值 有 多 高。
 - 头发、 皮肤、 眼睛 等 可以 显示 身体 健康 _与否_。
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for
 - Keywords: [与](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%8E), [与否](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%A6), [否](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%90%A6)
 </TOC>
 与否 is a grammatical particle that comes from classical Chinese meaning "whether or not." It is typically used at the end of the sentence or phrase.
 ## Structure
 Verb/Adjective + 与否
 ## Examples
 - 成功 _与否_，要 靠 自己。
 - 国家 发达 _与否_，取决于 它 的 人均 国内 生产 总值 有 多 高。
 - 头发、 皮肤、 眼睛 等 可以 显示 身体 健康 _与否_。
 ## Sources and further reading
 NEEDS SOURCES!
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
 # Expressing possession with "之"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 害 人 _之_ 心 不 可 有，防 人 _之_ 心 不 可 无。
 - 这些 解决 问题 的 方式 仍然 有 不足 _之_ 处。
 - 粗心 _之_ 害 大于 无知。
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for: [Expressing possession](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_possession)
 - Keywords: [之](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B9%8B)
 </TOC>
 之 is one of the characters from classical Chinese that has come into common usage. It a formal written way to express possession.
 ## Structure
 之 functions similarly to 的 in that it indicates possession. Remember that 之 is used this way formally, and most of the time it is used for titles of works, poems, formal documents etc.
 Noun + 之 + Noun
 ### Examples
 - 害 人 _之_ 心 不 可 有，防 人 _之_ 心 不 可 无。
 - 这些 解决 问题 的 方式 仍然 有 不足 _之_ 处。
 - 粗心 _之_ 害 大于 无知。
 之 cannot simply take the place of any 的. Pay attention to the kinds of words it can be paired with.
 ## Sources and Further Reading
 ### Books
 - [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (p. 199) [→buy](https://www.amazon.cn/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87-%E8%83%A1%E7%81%B5%E5%9D%87/dp/B003QZWQ6M/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1347863170&sr=8-1)
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
 # Using the particle "呗"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 别问 我们 为什么 去 KTV 唱歌，热闹 好 玩儿 _呗_！
 - 如果 你 不 知道 怎么 说，就 查 词典 _呗_！
 - 要是 不懂，就 好好 学 _呗_。
 - 如果 你 不 想 去 就 不 去 _呗_。
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for: [Expressing the obvious](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_the_obvious)
 - Keywords: [呗](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%91%97)
 </TOC>
 In advanced, colloquial Chinese, you may hear 呗 at the end of sentences. This particle is similar to 吧 and expresses "it's just this way." It points out something that is obvious.
 ## Structure
 Use 呗 the same way you would any other particle, like 吧. Put it at the end of your sentence.
 Sentence + 呗
 呗 is one of those nuanced particles that has a few possible explanations. It can indicate that something is obvious, or it can express resignation. It can also express a lack of enthusiasm, or that something should or can only be done a certain way.
 ### Examples
 - 别问 我们 为什么 去 KTV 唱歌，热闹 好 玩儿 _呗_！
 - 如果 你 不 知道 怎么 说，就 查 词典 _呗_！
 - 要是 不懂，就 好好 学 _呗_。
 - 如果 你 不 想 去 就 不 去 _呗_。
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Websites
 - [[1]](http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%286994ca04dfe1230f5f053f0002dcc46b%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-4819265646660.html&ie=utf-8&sc_us=3166075360886003009)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
 # Expressing "is or is not" with "是否"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - 他们 _是否_ 考虑 过 在 上海 买 房？
 - 你 父母 _是否_ 同意 你们 住 在 一起？
 - 你 _是否_ 清楚 这样 做 的 后果？
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for
 - Keywords: [是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%98%AF), [否](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%90%A6), [是否](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6)
 </TOC>
 The simplest way to understand 是否 is to think of it as a formal written version of 是不是.
 ## Structure
 是否 is used together with a verb or an adjective.
 是否 + Verb / Adj.
 ## Examples
 - 他们 _是否_ 考虑 过 在 上海 买 房？
 - 你 父母 _是否_ 同意 你们 住 在 一起？
 - 你 _是否_ 清楚 这样 做 的 后果？
 ## Sources and further reading
 ### Books
 - [HSK Standard Course 4下](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8B) (pp. 104) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
 - [卓越汉语－公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (p. 189) [→buy](https://www.amazon.cn/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87-%E8%83%A1%E7%81%B5%E5%9D%87/dp/B003QZWQ6M/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1347863170&sr=8-1)
 NEEDS SOURCES!!
 - [HSK Standard Course 4下](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8B) (pp. 60) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
 # Expressing "in light of" with "鉴于"
 <SentenceQuiz>
 - _鉴于_ 是 紧急 情况，我们 应该 尽快 做出 决定。
 - _鉴于_ 我 儿子 的 成绩 不 太 好，所以 我 让 他 去 补习班。
 - _鉴于_ 上周 的 恐怖 袭击 事件，当地 政府 采取 了 特殊 的 安保 措施。
 </SentenceQuiz>
 <TOC>
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
 - Used for: [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect)
 - Keywords: [于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%BA%8E), [鉴于](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E9%89%B4%E4%BA%8E)
 </TOC>
 鉴于 (jiànyú) is a preposition that expresses that a certain situation has gone through previous thought and consideration. 鉴于 can be thought of as "in light of," "in view of," "seeing that," etc.
 ## Structure
 鉴于 is used the same way as "in regards to." Just put it in the beginning of your sentence. This grammar structure is used in written or formal contexts.
 鉴于 + observation, conclusion/suggestion
 ### Examples
 - _鉴于_ 是 紧急 情况，我们 应该 尽快 做出 决定。
 - _鉴于_ 我 儿子 的 成绩 不 太 好，所以 我 让 他 去 补习班。
 - _鉴于_ 上周 的 恐怖 袭击 事件，当地 政府 采取 了 特殊 的 安保 措施。
 ## See also
 - ["Due to…" with "由于"](../../B2/由于.md)
 - [Stating the Effect before the Cause](../../B2/之所以.md)
 - [Explaining results with "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Explaining_results_with_%22suoyi%22)
 - [Cause and Effect with "因为" and "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Cause_and_Effect_with_%22yinwei%22_and_%22suoyi%22)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 - Level: [C1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/C1_grammar_points) / [HSK6](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK6_grammar_points)
 - Similar to
-  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22as_a_result%22_with_%22jieguo%22) (B1)
+  - [Expressing "as a result" with "结果"](../B1/结果.md) (B1)
 - Used for: [Indicating conditions](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_conditions), [Sequencing events in time](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Sequencing_events_in_time), [Indicating cause and effect](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Indicating_cause_and_effect)
 - Keywords: [因为](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA), [而](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E8%80%8C)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Sometimes, 因为 can be shortened to just 因. This is used more in sentences t
 ## See also
- [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Cause_and_effect_with_%22yinwei%22_and_%22suoyi%22)
+- [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md)
 - [Explaining results with "所以"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Explaining_results_with_%22suoyi%22)
 ## Sources and further reading
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 use tauri::Manager;
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
  tauri::Builder::default()
@@ -9,6 +11,16 @@ pub fn run() {
            .build(),
        )?;
      }
      let webview = app.get_webview_window("main").unwrap();
      webview.eval("
      document.addEventListener('click', (ev) => {
        if (ev.target?.href && ev.target.matches('a') && ev.target.href.startsWith('https://resources.allsetlearning.com/')) {
          ev.preventDefault();
        }
      })
      ")?;
      Ok(())
    })
    .run(tauri::generate_context!())