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# Expressing purpose with "为了"
<TOC>
- Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK3](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK3_grammar_points)
- Similar to
- [Expressing "for" with "为"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22for%22_with_%22wei%22) (B1)
- [Expressing "in this way" with "这样"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22in_this_way%22_with_%22zheyang%22) (B1)
- [Using "来" to connect two verb phrases](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22lai%22_to_connect_two_verb_phrases) (B1)
- [Expressing purpose with "好"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22hao%22) (B2)
- [Stating the effect before the cause](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Stating_the_effect_before_the_cause) (B2)
- [Explaining purpose with "为... 而..."](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Explaining_purpose_with_%22wei..._er...%22) (C1)
- Used for: [Expressing purpose](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose)
- Keywords: [为了](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86), [为](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%BA)
</TOC>
为了 (wèile) is most often used to indicate the purpose of an action or the person that will benefit from some act of kindness. In the "purpose" sense, it almost exactly corresponds to "in order to" or "for the purpose of" in English.
## Basic Usage
When 为了 indicates the purpose of an action, it's usually acting as a [preposition](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Preposition). In this role, the _whole_ "为了 phrase" should come **before** the verb.
### Structure
为了 ⋯⋯ ,Subj. ⋯⋯
Note also that 为了 is a single word; the 了 here is not serving its role as a particle in this case.
### Examples
- _为了_ 钱 ,他 什么 都 愿意 做 。
- _Wèile_ qián, tā shénme dōu yuànyì zuò.
- He's willing to do anything for money.
- _为了_ 孩子 的 未来 ,他 决定 搬到 上海 。
- _Wèile_ háizi de wèilái, tā juédìng bāndào Shànghǎi.
- He decided to move to Shanghai for his children's future.
- _为了_ 这个 面试 ,他 买 了 一 套 很 贵 的 西服 。
- _Wèile_ zhège miànshì, tā mǎi le yī tào hěn guì de xīfú.
- He bought a very expensive suit for this job interview.
- _为了_ 找 灵感 ,那个 作家 搬到 了 农村 。
- _Wèile_ zhǎo línggǎn, nàge zuòjiā bān dào le nóngcūn.
- In order to find inspiration, that writer moved to the countryside.
- 五年 前 ,_为了_ 女朋友 ,他 放弃 了 上海 的 工作。
- wǔniánqián,_Wèile_ nǚpéngyou, tā fàngqì le Shànghǎi de gōngzuò.Five years ago he passed up a job in Shanghai for his girlfriend.
- _为了_ 奖励 大家 ,公司 明年 带 你们 去 日本 旅行 。
- _Wèile_ jiǎnglì dàjiā, gōngsī míngnián dài nǐmen qù Rìběn lǚxíng.
- In order to reward everyone, the company will take you all on a trip to Japan next year.
## Expressing "the Reason Why"
Sometimes you will see 为了 following 是. In this case, 为了 mean "for." Note that 为了 and 因为 both have the character 为 in them, and they have sort of similar meanings. You will also see 因为 following 是, instead of 为了. It literally means "is because (of)."
### Structure
⋯⋯ 是 + 为了 / 因为 ⋯⋯
### Examples
- 我 这么 做 _是 为了_ 帮 你 。
- Wǒ zhème zuò _shì wèile_ bāng nǐ.
- I did all this to help you.
- 他 做 兼职 _是 为了_ 多 赚 点 钱 。
- Tā zuò jiānzhí _shì wèile_ duō zhuàn diǎn qián.
- The reason why he has a part time job is to make a little more money.
- 你 学 中文 _是 因为_ 你 的 中国 女朋友 吗 ?
- Nǐ xué Zhōngwén _shì yīnwèi_ nǐde Zhōngguó nǚpéngyou ma?
- Are you studying Chinese because of your Chinese girlfriend?
- 我们 之 所以 反对 _是 因为_ 风险 太 大 。
- Wǒmen zhī suǒyǐ fǎnduì _shì yīnwèi_ fēngxiǎn tài dà.
- The reason why we oppose it is because the risk is too high.
Note that [之所以](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Stating_the_effect_before_the_cause) is a more difficult pattern, which means "the reason why" in a more formal way.
## See also
- [Expressing "for" with "为"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_%22for%22_with_%22wei%22)
- [Expressing purpose with "好"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_purpose_with_%22hao%22)
- [Using "来" to connect two verb phrases](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22lai%22_to_connect_two_verb_phrases)
- [Stating the effect before the cause](../B2/之所以.md)
## Sources and further reading
### Books
- [Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1)](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Home_With_Kids1_(%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%89%E5%84%BF%E5%A5%B31)>) (pp. 32) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
- [New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4)](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_4_(%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%BE%E6%9C%AC4)>) (pp. 40) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
- [卓越汉语-公司实战篇](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87) (pp. 12) [卓越汉语-公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
- [现代汉语虚词例释](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A) (pp. 484, 572) [卓越汉语-公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
- [Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_1) (pp. 347-8) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
### Websites
- Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: [Uses of 为 and 为了](http://comet.cls.yale.edu/chineseusagedictionary/0236.html)
### Podcasts
- [ Chinesepod Qingwen 为 and 为了](http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E4%B8%BA-and-%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86)
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# Emphasis with "就是"
<SentenceQuiz>
- 那个 人 _就是_ 她 的 新 男朋友。
<!-- - Nàge rén _jiùshì_ tā de xīn nánpéngyou. -->
- That guy is her new boyfriend.
- 他 _就是_ 你 要 找 的 人 。
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nǐ yào zhǎo de rén. -->
- He's just the person that you're looking for.
- 我们 _就是_ 他 的 家人 。
<!-- - Wǒmen _jiùshì_ tā de jiārén. -->
- We're his family.
- 你 _就是_ 个 笨蛋!
<!-- - Nǐ _jiùshì_ gè bèndàn! -->
- A moron is precisely what you are!
- 他 _就是_ 那个 骗子!
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nàge piànzi! -->
- That con man is him!
- 他 不 去 旅游 _就是_ 不 想 花钱 。
<!-- - Tā bù qù lǚyóu _jiùshì_ bù xiǎng huāqián. -->
- He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money.
- 你 不 参加 比赛 _就是_ 怕 输 吗 ?
<!-- - Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài _jiùshì_ pà shū ma? -->
- You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of losing?
- 他 这样 说 _就是_ 不 喜欢 我 。
<!-- - Tā zhèyàng shuō _jiùshì_ bù xǐhuan wǒ. -->
- He said this only because he doesn't like me.
- 她 问 这么 多,_就是_ 担心 你 。
<!-- - Tā wèn zhème duō, _jiùshì_ dānxīn nǐ. -->
- She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you.
- 她 _就是_ 漂亮 ,没 别的 优势 。
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì. -->
- She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths.
- 我 _就_ 要 去!
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ yào qù! -->
- I just want to go!
- 我 _就是_ 喜欢 他。
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù shì_ xǐhuan tā. -->
- I just like him.
- 我 _就_ 不 告诉 你 。
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ bù gàosu nǐ. -->
- I'm just not going to tell you.
- 我 父母 _就是_ 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
<!-- - Wǒ fùmǔ _jiùshì_ bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù. -->
- My parents simply won't let me go alone.
- 这个 学生 *就是*不 听 老师 的 话 。
<!-- - Zhège xuéshēng _jiùshì_ bù tīng lǎoshī de huà. -->
- The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher.
</SentenceQuiz>
<TOC>
- Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK2](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK2_grammar_points)
- Similar to
- Used for: [Emphasizing](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Emphasizing)
- Keywords: [就](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%B0%B1), [就是](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF)
</TOC>
As an adverb, 就 (jiù) can be placed before the [predicate](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Predicate) to add emphasis. It often has an intense or provocative feel to it, similar to "just." In English we might say, "it's _just_ not right!" This emphasis very often appears as 就是 in Chinese.
## Used as "Is Exactly"
### Structure
就是 + Noun
### Examples
- 那个 人 _就是_ 她 的 新 男朋友。
<!-- - Nàge rén _jiùshì_ tā de xīn nánpéngyou. -->
- That guy is her new boyfriend.
- 他 _就是_ 你 要 找 的 人 。
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nǐ yào zhǎo de rén. -->
- He's just the person that you're looking for.
- 我们 _就是_ 他 的 家人 。
<!-- - Wǒmen _jiùshì_ tā de jiārén. -->
- We're his family.
- 你 _就是_ 个 笨蛋!
<!-- - Nǐ _jiùshì_ gè bèndàn! -->
- A moron is precisely what you are!
- 他 _就是_ 那个 骗子!
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ nàge piànzi! -->
- That con man is him!
## Used as "Only Because"
就是 can be used to intensify the predicate to mean "only (because of) that and nothing else." In this case, 是 can't be omitted. In many cases, you could also add in an 因为, but it's not required.
### Examples
- 他 不 去 旅游 _就是_ 不 想 花钱 。
<!-- - Tā bù qù lǚyóu _jiùshì_ bù xiǎng huāqián. -->
- He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money.
- 你 不 参加 比赛 _就是_ 怕 输 吗 ?
<!-- - Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài _jiùshì_ pà shū ma? -->
- You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of losing?
- 他 这样 说 _就是_ 不 喜欢 我 。
<!-- - Tā zhèyàng shuō _jiùshì_ bù xǐhuan wǒ. -->
- He said this only because he doesn't like me.
- 她 问 这么 多,_就是_ 担心 你 。
<!-- - Tā wèn zhème duō, _jiùshì_ dānxīn nǐ. -->
- She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you.
- 她 _就是_ 漂亮 ,没 别的 优势 。
<!-- - Tā _jiùshì_ piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì. -->
- She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths.
## Other Usage
In the examples above, 就 pairs exclusively with the verb 是. But 就 can also come before other verbs, with similar emphatic effect. In these cases, it's also OK to use 就是 before the other verbs as well.
### Structure
就(是) + (不) + Verb
### Examples
- 我 _就_ 要 去!
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ yào qù! -->
- I just want to go!
- 我 _就是_ 喜欢 他。
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù shì_ xǐhuan tā. -->
- I just like him.
- 我 _就_ 不 告诉 你 。
<!-- - Wǒ _jiù_ bù gàosu nǐ. -->
- I'm just not going to tell you.
- 我 父母 _就是_ 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
<!-- - Wǒ fùmǔ _jiùshì_ bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù. -->
- My parents simply won't let me go alone.
- 这个 学生 *就是*不 听 老师 的 话 。
<!-- - Zhège xuéshēng _jiùshì_ bù tīng lǎoshī de huà. -->
- The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher.
As you may have noticed, many of these uses of 就 or 就是 carry a flippant, stubborn tone, referred to as 任性 (rènxìng) in Chinese.
## See also
- ["Just" with "就" ](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%22Just%22_with_%22jiu%22)
- [Comparing "才" and "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Comparing_%22cai%22_and_%22jiu%22)
- [Events in quick succession with "以... 就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Events_in_quick_succession_with_%22yi..._jiu%22)
- [Expressing earliness with "就" ](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_earliness_with_%22jiu%22)
- [Expressing indifference with "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_indifference_with_%22jiu%22)
- [Limiting scope with "就"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Limiting_scope_with_%22jiu%22)
- ["If…, then…" with "如果, 就…"](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%22If%E2%80%A6,_then%E2%80%A6%22_with_%22ruguo%E2%80%A6,_jiu%E2%80%A6%22)
## Sources and further reading
### Books
- [现代汉语虚词例释](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A) (pp. 316) [卓越汉语-公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
### Dictionaries
- [现代汉语词典(第5版)](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89) (pp. 733) [卓越汉语-公司实战篇 →buy](http://amzn.to/2z4g8q6,)
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# Expressing "as a result" with "结果"
<SentenceQuiz>
- 她 穿 得 很 少 ,_结果_ 感冒 了 。
<!-- - Tā chuān de hěn shǎo, _jiéguǒ_ gǎnmào le. -->
- She didn't dress warmly enough, and as a result, she caught a cold.
- 我 太 紧张 了 ,_结果_ 说 错 了 很 多 。
<!-- - Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, _jiéguǒ_ shuō cuò le hěn duō. -->
- I was too nervous. As a result, I misspoke a lot.
- 他 开 得 太 快 了 ,_结果_ 撞到 了 一 个 人 。
<!-- - Tā kāi de tài kuài le, _jiéguǒ_ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén. -->
- He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone.
- 他 没 好好 复习,_结果_ 考试 没 考 好 。
<!-- - Tā méi hǎohāo fùxí, _jiéguǒ_ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo. -->
- He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam.
- 他 总是 迟到 ,_结果_ 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。
<!-- - Tā zǒngshì chídào, _jiéguǒ_ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú. -->
- He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him.
- 我 去 机场 接 他 ,_结果_ 没 接到 他 。
<!-- - Wǒ qù jīchǎng jiē tā, _jiéguǒ_ méi jiēdào tā. -->
- I went to the airport to pick him up. But in the end, I didn't find him there.
- 我 跟 朋友 打赌 ,_结果_ 我 输 了 。
<!-- - Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, _jiéguǒ_ wǒ shū le. -->
- I made a bet with a friend. I lost in the end.
- 我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒 ,_结果_ 喝醉 了 。
<!-- - Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, _jiéguǒ_ hēzuì le. -->
- I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I ended up getting drunk.
- 他 吃 了 很 多 药 ,_结果_ 都 没有 用 。
<!-- - Tā chī le hěn duō yào, _jiéguǒ_ dōu méiyǒu yòng. -->
- He took a lot of pills. None of them worked in the end.
- 我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ,_结果_ 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。
<!-- - Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, _jiéguǒ_ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de. -->
- I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich instead.
</SentenceQuiz>
<TOC>
- Level: [B1](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points) / [HSK4](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK4_grammar_points)
- Similar to
- [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md) (A2)
- [Expressing "therefore" with "因此"](../B2/因此.md) (B2)
- [Expressing difficulty with "好(不)容易"](../B2/好不容易.md) (B2)
- [Stating the effect before the cause](../B2/之所以.md) (B2)
- [Using "because" with "而" to indicate effect](../C1/而.md) (C1)
- Used for: [Expressing attitude](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_attitude)
- Keywords: [结果](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C)
</TOC>
结果 (jiéguǒ) can be used as a conjunction or adverb, meaning "as a result" or "consequently." It normally starts the second half of a sentence and can also introduce an unexpected or undesirable result.
## Indicating a Logical Result
### Structure
Reason / Condition ,结果 + Result
### Examples
- 她 穿 得 很 少 ,_结果_ 感冒 了 。
<!-- - Tā chuān de hěn shǎo, _jiéguǒ_ gǎnmào le. -->
- She didn't dress warmly enough, and as a result, she caught a cold.
- 我 太 紧张 了 ,_结果_ 说 错 了 很 多 。
<!-- - Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, _jiéguǒ_ shuō cuò le hěn duō. -->
- I was too nervous. As a result, I misspoke a lot.
- 他 开 得 太 快 了 ,_结果_ 撞到 了 一 个 人 。
<!-- - Tā kāi de tài kuài le, _jiéguǒ_ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén. -->
- He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone.
- 他 没 好好 复习,_结果_ 考试 没 考 好 。
<!-- - Tā méi hǎohāo fùxí, _jiéguǒ_ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo. -->
- He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam.
- 他 总是 迟到 ,_结果_ 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。
<!-- - Tā zǒngshì chídào, _jiéguǒ_ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú. -->
- He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him.
## Indicating an Unexpected Result
Sometimes there is no cause-effect relationship between what comes before and after 结果 (no logical connection). In these sentences, the second half of the sentence usually emphasizes that what actually happened was unexpected or undesired.
### Structure
Situation ,结果 + [Unexpected Result]
### Examples
- 我 去 机场 接 他 ,_结果_ 没 接到 他 。
<!-- - Wǒ qù jīchǎng jiē tā, _jiéguǒ_ méi jiēdào tā. -->
- I went to the airport to pick him up. But in the end, I didn't find him there.
- 我 跟 朋友 打赌 ,_结果_ 我 输 了 。
<!-- - Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, _jiéguǒ_ wǒ shū le. -->
- I made a bet with a friend. I lost in the end.
- 我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒 ,_结果_ 喝醉 了 。
<!-- - Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, _jiéguǒ_ hēzuì le. -->
- I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I ended up getting drunk.
- 他 吃 了 很 多 药 ,_结果_ 都 没有 用 。
<!-- - Tā chī le hěn duō yào, _jiéguǒ_ dōu méiyǒu yòng. -->
- He took a lot of pills. None of them worked in the end.
- 我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ,_结果_ 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。
<!-- - Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, _jiéguǒ_ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de. -->
- I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich instead.
## See also
- [Cause and effect with "因为" and "所以"](../A2/因为...所以.md)
- [Expressing "due to…" with "由于"](../B2/由于.md)
## Sources and further reading
### Books
- [HSK Standard Course 4上](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/HSK_Standard_Course_4%E4%B8%8A) (pp. 110) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)
- [Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) ](<https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Chinese_Grammar_-_Broken_down_into_100_items_-_Basic_and_Intermediate_Levels_(%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E7%99%BE%E9%A1%B9%E8%AE%B2%E7%BB%83_-_%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7)>) (pp. 342) [Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy](https://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA,)