--- vocabulary: nouns: - ko: 길 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-1.mp3 en: street notes: |

This is also used to indicate that somebody is "on the way" somewhere. For example: 저는 집에 가는 길이에요 = I am on my way home. This grammar is taught in Lesson 113.

examples: - ko: 이 **길**에서 오른 쪽으로 가세요 en: Turn right at this **street** - ko: 이 **길**에서 직진하세요 en: Go straight on this **road** - ko: 우리는 옛**길**을 따라 걸었어요 en: We walked along, following the old **road** - ko: 거리 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-2.mp3 en: street/road examples: - ko: "**거리**에 사람이 많았어요" en: There was a lot of people on the **street** - ko: 저는 긴 **거리**를 건넜어요 en: I crossed the long **street** - ko: 저는 **거리**를 안전하게 건넜어요 en: I crossed the **street** safely - ko: 우리는 사**거리**에서 왼쪽으로 돌았어요 en: We turned left at the **intersection** - ko: 손 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-4.mp3 en: hand examples: - ko: 저는 (저의) **손**을 들었어요 en: I raised/lifted my **hand** - ko: "**손**을 씻으세요!" en: Wash your **hands**! - ko: 손을 잘 **씻**고 먹어요 en: To wash one's **hands** well, and then eat - ko: 영어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-5.mp3 en: English examples: - ko: 제가 수업을 하면 항상 **영어**로 해요 en: When I teach, I always do so in **English** - ko: 저는 **영어**를 공부할 거예요 en: I will study **English** - ko: 한국 사람들은 외국 사람들과 **영어**를 연습하고 싶어요 en: Korean people want to practice their **English** with foreigners - ko: 저는 **영어**랑 한국어를 학교에서 배웠어요 en: I learned **English** and Korean at school - ko: 그 사람은 **영어**를 자연스럽게 말해요 en: That person speaks **English** naturally - ko: "**영어**를 어떻게 배웠어요?" en: How did you learn **English**? - ko: 한국어는 **영어**보다 훨씬 어려워요 en: Korean is much more difficult than **English** - ko: 그 선생님은 **영어**를 가르친 지 20 년 됐어요 en: That teacher has been teaching **English** for 20 years - ko: 택시 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-6.mp3 en: taxi examples: - ko: "**택시**는 버스보다 더 빨라요" en: The **taxi** is quicker than the bus - ko: 지하철을 놓쳤기 때문에 **택시**를 타야 돼요 en: I missed the subway, so I must take a **taxi** - ko: 열차 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-7.mp3 en: train examples: - ko: "**열차**는 택시보다 더 빨라요" en: The **train** is faster than the taxi - ko: 역 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-8.mp3 en: train/subway station examples: - ko: "홍대**역**에서 어떻게 가요?" en: How do I get to Hong-dae **station**? - ko: 저는 서울**역**에서 내릴 거예요 en: I will get off at Seoul **station** - ko: "전철**역**까지 걸어갈래요?" en: Shall we walk to the subway **station**? - ko: 이 기차는 서울**역**까지 가요 en: This train goes to/until Seoul **Station** - ko: 버스 정류장 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-9.mp3 en: bus stop notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "버스 정뉴장"

This refers to the bus stop for a public transportation style city bus. For inter-city buses, the word "버스 터미널" (bus terminal) is more frequently used.

examples: - ko: "**버스 정류장**에서 버스를 타야 돼요" en: You must get on the bus at the **bus station** - ko: 다음 버스는 저 **정류장**에서 출발할 거예요 en: The next bus will leave from that **stop** - ko: 비행기 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-10.mp3 en: airplane examples: - ko: "**비행기**가 아직 출발할 준비가 안 됐습니까?" en: Is the **plane** not yet ready to depart? - ko: 하늘에 **비행기**가 있어요 en: There is a **plane** in the sky - ko: 거기에 가고 싶으면 **비행기**를 타야 돼요 en: If you want to go there, you must take an **airplane** - ko: "**비행기**가 9시에 출발할 예정이지만 눈이 많이 와서 못 출발할 것 같아요" en: The **plane** is scheduled to depart at 9:00, but it probably won't because it is snowing a lot - ko: 자전거 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-11.mp3 en: bicycle notes: |

This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation [Video #6]

examples: - ko: 저는 **자전거**를 타는 것이 너무 좋아요 en: I like riding **bicycles** - ko: 무릎이 아플 때 **자전거**를 타지 마세요 en: When your knee hurts, don't ride a **bike** - ko: 아내 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-12.mp3 en: wife notes: The word "와이프" is commonly used these days. examples: - ko: 저의 **아내**는 너무 예뻐요 en: My **wife** is very pretty - ko: 저는 **아내**한테 꽃을 줬어요 en: I gave flowers to my **wife** - ko: 저는 저의 **아내**와 유럽에서 사랑에 빠졌어요 en: I fell in love with my **wife** in Europe - ko: 저의 **아내**는 자기가 요리한 것을 보통 안 먹어요 en: My **wife** usually doesn't eat the food she cooks - ko: 제가 **아내**와 결혼하기 전에 우리는 2년 동안 사귀었어요 en: Before marrying my **wife**, we went out/dated for 2 years - ko: 아이 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-13.mp3 en: child examples: - ko: 우리 **아이**는 아직 두 살이에요 en: My **child** is still 2 years old - ko: 우리 셋째 **아이**는 야구를 좋아해요 en: Our third **child** likes baseball - ko: 이 **아이**는 우리 첫째 아들이에요 en: This (**child**) is our first son - ko: 부모님들은 **아이**에 영향을 준다/미친다 en: Parents have an influence on their **children** - ko: "**아이**들은 나무 주위에서 놀고 있어요" en: The **children** are playing around the tree - ko: 저는 **아이**를 잃어버려서 걱정이 되었어요 en: I was worried because I lost the **baby** - ko: 그녀는 **아이**가 죽었다는 사실을 숨겼어요 en: She hid (the fact that) her **child** died - ko: "**아이**들은 자기 부모님을 존경해야 돼요" en: "**Children** must respect their parents" - ko: 저는 **아이**들이랑 바다에서 수영했어요 en: I swam in the sea with the **kids** - ko: "**아이**들은 만화영화를 매우 좋아해요" en: "**Children** really like animated movies" - ko: 아들 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-14.mp3 en: son examples: - ko: 우리 **아들**은 대학생이에요 en: Our **son** is a university student - ko: 할아버지는 우리 **아들**에게 돈을 주었어요 en: Grandpa gave money to our **son** - ko: 저의 **아들**은 열이 났어요 en: My **son** had a fever - ko: 저는 우리 **아들**이 자랑스러워요 en: I am proud of our **son** - ko: 너는 나쁜 **아들**이야 en: You are a bad **son** - ko: 저는 **아들** 세 명이 있어요 en: I have three **sons** - ko: 그 사람은 **아들** 한 명만 있어요 en: That person only has one **son** - ko: "**아들**은 엄마를 위해 박스를 들었어요" en: The **son** carried the box for his mother - ko: 우리 **아들**은 자기(의) 일을 항상 혼자 하고 싶어요 en: Our **son** always wants to do his work alone - ko: 딸 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-15.mp3 en: daughter examples: - ko: 우리 **딸**은 그 고등학교를 다녀요 en: Our **daughter** attends that high school - ko: 저는 저의 **딸**이 아주 자랑스러워요 en: I am very proud of my **daughter** - ko: 우리 **딸**은 사랑스러운 여자예요 en: Our **daughter** is a loving/lovely girl - ko: "**딸**은 어제부터 아팠어요" en: The/our **daughter** has been sick (was sick) since yesterday - ko: 남편 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-16.mp3 en: husband examples: - ko: 저의 **남편**은 선생님이에요 en: my **husband** is a teacher - ko: 저는 **남편**을 공원에서 만날 거예요 en: I will meet my **husband** at the park - ko: 그 여자의 **남편**이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요 en: There is a rumor that that woman's **husband** is having an affair with his secretary - ko: 아버지 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-17.mp3 en: father notes: The word "아빠" is used colloquially examples: - ko: "**아버지**는 지금 일하고 있어요" en: "**Dad** is working now" - ko: 형하고 **아버지**는 영화를 봤어요 en: My brother and **dad** saw a movie - ko: 저와 저의 **아버지**는 너무 비슷해요 en: I am very similar to my **father** - ko: 저의 **아버지**는 모자를 항상 써요 en: My **father** always wears a hat - ko: 우리 **아버지**는 예전에 옷을 팔았어요 en: Our **dad** sold clothes in the past - ko: 우리 **아버지**는 고모와 살고 있어요 en: Our **father** lives with our aunt - ko: 나는 **아버지**랑 공원에 갈 거야 en: I will go to the park with my **dad** - ko: 어머니 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-18.mp3 en: mother notes: The word "엄마" is used colloquially examples: - ko: 우리 **어머니**는 서울대학교를 다녔어요 en: Our **mom** attended Seoul University - ko: 저는 밥을 친구랑 저의 **어머니**랑 먹었어요 en: I ate (rice) with my **mom** and my friend - ko: 저의 **어머니**는 언니 세 명이 있어요 en: My **mother** has three (older) sisters - ko: 저의 **어머니**는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 en: My **mom** will come to Korea this year - ko: 편지 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-19.mp3 en: letter examples: - ko: 저는 여자 친구를 위해 **편지**를 썼어요 en: I wrote a **letter** for my girlfriend - ko: 저는 여자친구에게서 **편지**를 받았어요 en: I received a **letter** from my girlfriend - ko: 저는 여자친구를 위해 **편지**를 쓰고 싶어요 en: I want to write a **letter** for my girlfriend - ko: 우리는 서로 **편지**를 줬어요 en: We gave **letters** to each other - ko: 저는 옛날 친구한테 **편지**를 보냈어요 en: I sent a **letter** to an old friend - ko: 저의 여자 친구는 제가 쓴 **편지**를 찢었어요 en: My girlfriend ripped up the **letter** that I wrote for her - ko: 맛 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-20.mp3 en: taste notes: |

맛 and 있다 come together to make "delicious" but this literally means "to have taste." Likewise, the direct translation for "맛없다" or (맛이 없다) is "to have no taste"

examples: - ko: "**맛**이 조금 이상해요" en: The **taste** is a little bit strange - ko: 빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 en: Red apples are the most **delicious** - ko: 이 떡은 쓰레기 **맛** 같아 en: This 떡 **tastes** like garbage - ko: 식사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-21.mp3 en: meal notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "식싸" examples: - ko: 저는 할머니를 위해 **식사**를 준비했어요 en: I prepared a **meal** for grandmother - ko: 저는 아침**식사**를 안 먹었어요 en: I didn't eat **breakfast** - ko: 저는 보통 점심**식사**로 과일만 먹어요 en: I usually only eat fruit for **lunch** - ko: 엄마가 온 후에 저는 저녁**식사**를 먹을 거예요 en: After mom comes home, I will eat **dinner** - ko: 교감선생님은 선생님들을 위해 **식사**를 살 거예요 en: The vice principal will buy a **meal** for all the teachers - ko: 아침 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-22.mp3 en: morning notes: | This can also be used to refer to "breakfast." For example: "저는 아침을 안 먹었어요" = "I didn't eat breakfast" examples: - ko: 저는 **아침**에 일찍 일어났어요 en: I woke up early in the **morning** - ko: 저는 **아침**부터 밤까지 공부만 했어요 en: I only studied from **morning** to night - ko: 대부분 사람들은 **아침**밥을 먹지 않는다 en: Most people don't eat **breakfast** (rice breakfast) - ko: 저는 항상 **아침**에 운동해요 en: I always exercise in the **morning** - ko: "**아침**으로 무엇을 먹었어요?" en: What did you eat for **breakfast**? - ko: 아침식사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-23.mp3 en: breakfast notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "아침식싸" examples: - ko: 저는 오늘 **아침식사**를 못 먹었어요 en: I didn't eat **breakfast** today - ko: 저는 **아침식사**로 밥을 먹었어요 en: I ate rice for **breakfast** - ko: 물 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-24.mp3 en: water examples: - ko: 잘하려면 **물**을 마셔야 돼요 en: If you want to do well, you must drink **water** - ko: 저는 **물**만 마셔요 en: I only drink **water** - ko: 애기는 우유 대신에 **물**만 마시고 싶어요 en: The baby wants to drink **water** instead of milk - ko: 사과 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-25.mp3 en: apple examples: - ko: 저는 **사과**랑 바나나를 샀어요 en: I bought **apples** and bananas - ko: 바나나는 **사과**보다 더 맛있어요 en: Bananas are more delicious than **apples** - ko: "**사과**도 여기서 파나요?" en: Do you sell **apples** here too? - ko: 빨간 **사과**는 가장 맛있어요 en: Red **apples** are the most delicious - ko: 돈 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-14.mp3 en: money examples: - ko: 저는 **돈**이 없어요 en: I don't have any **money** - ko: 어머님은 너에게 **돈**을 줬어? en: Did your mother give you **money**? - ko: 저는 **돈**을 받을 때 행복할 거예요 en: When I receive (the) **money**, I will be happy - ko: 의사들은 **돈**이 많아 en: Doctors have a lot of **money** - ko: 아버지는 아들에게 **돈**을 준다 en: The father gives **money** to his son - ko: 저는 **돈**을 정부로부터 받았어요 en: I received **money** from the government - ko: 얼마나 많은 **돈**을 가져갈 거야? en: How much **money** will you bring? verbs: - ko: 오다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-26.mp3 en: to come examples: - ko: 그 사람은 미국에서 **왔어요** en: That person **came** from the United States - ko: 친구들은 언제 **올 거예요**? en: When are the friends **coming**? - ko: "어디에서 **왔어요**?" en: Where are you from (from where did you **come**?) - ko: 저의 친구는 6시 30분에 **올** **거예요** en: My friend will **come** at 6:30 - ko: 그는 **올** **거**라고 약속했어요 en: He promised that he would **come** - ko: 캐나다에 언제 돌아**올** 거예요? en: When are you **coming** back to Canada? - ko: 선생님 몇 분 **올** **거예요**? en: How many teachers will **come**? - ko: 어제 어떤 남자가 **왔어요**? en: Which man **came** here yesterday? - ko: 끝내다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-27.mp3 en: to finish notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "끈내다"

It is often more common to use the passive form (끝나다) to indicate that you finished something. For example: "일이 끝났어요" = "The work is finished (which implies that you finished the work)". The grammar for this is talked about in Lesson 14.

examples: - ko: 저는 저의 숙제를 **끝냈어요** en: I **finished** my homework - ko: 저는 숙제를 **끝내**고 나서 집으로 갈 거예요 en: I will **finish** my homework then go home - ko: 저는 일을 만족스럽게 **끝냈어요** en: I finished the work/job **satisfactorily** - ko: 시험을 **끝내**기 전에 답을 확인하세요 en: Check your answers before **finishing** the test - ko: 춤추다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-28.mp3 en: to dance notes: The word "춤" is the noun "dance," as in "a dance." Coupled with the verb "추다" is means "to dance." examples: - ko: 저는 **춤추**는 것이 좋아요 en: I like **dancing** - ko: 알다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-29.mp3 en: to know notes: |

알다 follows the ㄹ irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.

examples: - ko: 저는 그 사람을 **알아요** en: I **know** that person - ko: 저는 그것을 **알**고 있어요 en: I **know** that - ko: 누구나 그 여자를 **알아요** en: Everybody **knows** that girl - ko: 서울에 어떻게 가는지 **알아요** en: I **know** how to get to Seoul - ko: "서울에 어떻게 가는지 **알아요**?" en: Do you **know** how to get to Seoul? - ko: 그 단어를 어떻게 발음하는지 **알아요** en: I **know** how to pronounce that word - ko: "그 단어를 어떻게 발음하는지 **알아요**?" en: Do you **know** how to pronounce that word? - ko: 그 학생이 책을 왜 버렸는지 **알아요** en: I **know** why that student threw out his book - ko: "그 학생이 책을 왜 버렸는지 **알아요**?" en: Do you **know** why that student threw out his book? - ko: "제가 한국어를 왜 배우고 싶은지 **알아요**?" en: Do you **know** why I want to learn Korean? - ko: 걷다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-30.mp3 en: to walk notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "걷따"

걷다 follows the ㄷ irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.

examples: - ko: 우리는 집에 **걸어**왔어요 en: We **walked** home - ko: 저는 10분 동안 **걸었어요** en: I **walked** for 10 minutes - ko: 여자는 학교에 걸었어요 en: The girl **walked** to school - ko: 그 여자는 항상 그렇게 **걸어요** en: That girl always **walks** like that - ko: 저는 너무 많이 **걸어**서 지금 발이 아파요 en: My feet are sore because I **walked** so much - ko: 우리는 차가 없어서 집에 **걸어**왔어요 en: We didn't have a car so we **walked** home - ko: "전철역까지 **걸어**갈래요?" en: Shall we **walk** to the subway station? - ko: 학생들은 교실 쪽으로 **걸어요** en: Students **walk** towards/in the direction of their class - ko: 우리가 천천히 안 **걸었더라면** 늦게 도착하지 않았을 거예요 en: If we hadn't **walk** slowly, we wouldn't have arrived late - ko: 배우다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-31.mp3 en: to learn examples: - ko: "한국어를 언제부터 **배웠어요**?" en: Since when did you **learn** Korean? - ko: 저는 그것을 지난 시간에 **배웠어요** en: I **learned** that (thing) last time - ko: 저는 한국어를 한국에서 **배웠어요** en: I **learned** Korean in Korea - ko: 저는 한국어를 **배우**고 싶어요 en: I want to **learn** Korean - ko: 우리는 다음 시간에 더 **배울** 거예요 en: We will **learn** more next time - ko: 저는 5년 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 **배우**고 싶어요 en: I want to **learn** 5 languages within five years - ko: 한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 **배우**고 있어요 en: Since coming to Korea, I have been **learning** Korean - ko: 연습하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-32.mp3 en: to practice notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "연스파다" examples: - ko: 한국 사람들은 외국 사람들과 영어를 **연습하**고 싶어요 en: Korean people want to **practice** their English with foreigners - ko: "**연습**을 많이 해도 시합에서 질 거예요" en: Regardless of how much you **practice**, you will lose the match - ko: 생각하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-33.mp3 en: to think notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "생가카다"

The noun form of this word translates to "a thought" or "an idea."

Typically the grammatical principle ~ㄴ/다고 precedes 생각하다 as if it is a quoted sentence. For more information, visit Lesson 52.

examples: - ko: 저도 그렇게 **생각해요** en: I **think** that way as well - ko: 나는 너에 대해 **생각했어** en: I **thought** about you - ko: 그 여자에 대해 어떻게 **생각해요**? en: What do you **think** about that girl? - ko: 저는 그렇게 **생각하지** **않아요** en: I don't **think** like that - ko: 저는 저의 엄마에 대해 **생각했어요** en: I **thought** about my mother - ko: 우리 집에 대해 어떻게 **생각해요**? en: What do you **think** about our house? - ko: 살다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-34.mp3 en: to live notes: |

살다 follows the ㄹ irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.

In order to say that you live in a place, it is acceptable to use "살고 있다." For example: 저는 한국에서 살고 있어요. Note that this directly translates to "I am living in Korea", whereas is English we would most likely say "I live in Korea." See Lesson 18.

examples: - ko: 저는 서울에서 **살**고 있어요 en: I **live** in Seoul - ko: "어느 집에서 **살아요**?" en: Which house do you **live** in? - ko: 저는 학교에서 멀리 **살**고 있어요 en: I **live** far from school - ko: "한국에서 언제부터 **살았어요**?" en: Since when have you **lived** in Korea? - ko: 저는 2년 동안 외국에서 **살았어요** en: I **lived** in a foreign country for 2 years - ko: 저는 7년 동안 한국에서 **살았어요** en: I **lived** in Korea for seven years - ko: 우리 아버지는 고모와 **살**고 있어요 en: Our father **lives** with our aunt - ko: 저는 멀리 **살**고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 힘들어요 en: It is difficult to walk home because I **live** far passive_verbs: - ko: 끝나다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-35.mp3 en: to be finished notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "끈나다"

This is the first passive verb you have come across. For more information on passive verbs, visit Lesson 14.

examples: - ko: 이 콘서트가 벌써 **끝났어요**? en: Is the concert already **finished?** - ko: 숙제는 **끝났어요** en: My homework is **finished** - ko: 수업은 2분 후에 **끝날** **거예요** en: Class will **finish** 2 minutes from now - ko: 그 일이 다 **끝나서** 지금 기분이 아주 좋아요 en: Now that that work is **finished**, I am very happy adjectives: - ko: 위험하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-36.mp3 en: to be dangerous notes: The noun form of this word translates to "danger" examples: - ko: 그 장소가 너무 **위험해**서 가지 마세요 en: That place is very **dangerous**, so don't go - ko: 이런 일은 **위험해요** en: This type of work is **dangerous** - ko: 그 사람은 **위험한** 남자입니다 en: That person is a **dangerous** man - ko: 잘생기다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-37.mp3 en: to be handsome notes: |

A composition of the adverb 잘 (well) and the verb 생기다 (to look like), which means it gets conjugated as a verb. It typically conjugates to the past tense (잘생겼다) even when talking about the present tense.

examples: - ko: 그 남자는 너무 **잘생겼어요** en: That man is very **handsome** - ko: 저는 **잘생긴** 남자를 만나요 en: I meet a **handsome** man - ko: 파란 눈이 있는 남자가 가장 **잘생겼어요** en: Men with blue eyes are the most **handsome** - ko: 그는 별로 **잘생기지** 않았다 en: He's not that **handsome** - ko: 그는 전혀 **잘생기지** 않았다 en: He's not **handsome** at all - ko: 못생기다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-38.mp3 en: to be ugly notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "몯쌩기다"

A composition of the adverb 못 (not well, poorly) and the verb 생기다. Like 잘생기다, it is conjugated as a verb in the past tense.

examples: - ko: 그 남자는 너무 **못생겼어요** en: That man is very **ugly** - ko: 그 여자는 우리 반에서 제일 **못생긴** 여자예요 en: That girl is the **ugliest** in our class - ko: 피곤하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-39.mp3 en: to be tired notes: The noun form of this word translates to "tiredness" or "fatigue" examples: - ko: 저는 일을 많이 해서 너무 **피곤해요** en: I am very **tired** because I worked a lot - ko: 너무 **피곤해**서 자고 싶어요 en: I want to sleep because I am so **tired** - ko: "**피곤한** 사람은 침대에 누워서 잤어요" en: The **tired** person lied on the bed and slept - ko: 잠을 못 자면 다음 날에 몸이 **피곤해져요** en: If you don't sleep well, the next day you will be **tired** - ko: 다르다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-40.mp3 en: to be different notes: |

다르다 follows the 르 irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information.

When saying something is different "from" something, 와/과/랑/이랑 must be attached to the noun that is being compared. See Lesson 15 for more information.

examples: - ko: 저는 **다른** 영화를 보고 싶어요 en: I want to see a **different** movie - ko: 우리는 매우 **달라요** en: We are so **different** - ko: 그 건물은 어제와 **달라요** en: That building is **different** from yesterday - ko: 고양이는 강아지와 **달라요** en: Cats are **different** from dogs - ko: 캐나다는 한국과 문화적으로 **달라요** en: Canada and Korea are culturally **different** - ko: 서양사람들은 동양사람들과 **달라요** en: Western people are **different** from Eastern people - ko: 그 여자가 오늘 화장을 하지 않아서 아주 **달라** 보여요 en: That girl looks very **different** today because she didn't do her makeup - ko: 슬프다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-41.mp3 en: to be sad notes: 슬프다 follows the ㅡ irregular. See Lesson 7 for more information. examples: - ko: 우리 할아버지가 죽어서 저는 너무 **슬퍼요** en: I am very **sad** because my grandfather died - ko: 저의 여자친구는 어제 너무 **슬퍼** 보였어요 en: My girlfriend looked really **sad** yesterday - ko: 제가 **슬프다**면 친구를 만나지 않을 거예요 en: If I am **sad**, I'm not going to meet my friend - ko: 맛있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-42.mp3 en: to be delicious notes: |

Although technically a combination of the noun "맛" (taste) and "있다" (to have) 맛있다 is officially seen as one word (literally meaning "to have taste") and the pronunciation of ㅅ in "맛" is transferred to the next syllable. This makes the entire word sound like "마싣따."

Conversely, 맛없다, which means "to not be delicious," is officially seen as two words (literally meaning "to not have taste"). As such, the pronunciation of ㅅ in "맛" is usually not transferred to the next syllable and the entire word sounds like "마덥따"

examples: - ko: "**맛있는** 것을 먹고 싶어요" en: I want to eat something **delicious** - ko: 빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 en: Red apples are the most **delicious** - ko: 사과는 가장 **맛있는** 과일이에요 en: Apples are the most **delicious** fruit - ko: 한식은 너무 **맛있어요** en: Korean food is very **delicious** - ko: 재미있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-43.mp3 en: to be fun, to be funny notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "재미읻따"

Like the word "맛있다," 재미있다 is made up of "재미" and "있다" (to have). Therefore, even though 재미있다 is an adjective (funny), it is conjugated like 있다.

examples: - ko: 그 영화가 너무 **재미있었어요** en: That movie was very **funny** - ko: 그 남자는 **재미있는** 남자예요 en: That man is a **funny** person - ko: 제가 보고 있는 영화는 **재미있어요** en: The movie I am watching is **funny** - ko: 친구를 만났으면 **재미있었을** 것이다 en: If I had met my friend, it would have been **fun** - ko: 설사를 하는 것은 **재미있어요** en: Having diarrhea is **fun** - ko: 많다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-44.mp3 en: to be many of, to be a lot of notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "만타"

An adjective that means "many," 많다 can be placed before a noun to describe it. For example: 많은 사람은 저를 좋아해요 (many people like me)

However, 많다 is more naturally used by using the ~는 것 principle. For example: "저를 좋아하는 사람은 많아요" (literally: there are many people who like me)

The ~는 것 principle is very difficult to describe, and is talked about in detail from Lessons 26 to 33.

examples: - ko: 그 회사에서 일하는 사람은 **많아요** en: There are **many** people who work at that company. - ko: 지난 주에 저는 계획이 **많았어요** en: I had **a lot** of plans last week - ko: 동대문시장에서 아주머니가 **많아요** en: There are **a lot** of older women in Dongdaemun market - ko: 그곳에서 구경하는 사람이 **많아요** en: There are **a lot** of people sightseeing in that place - ko: 저는 거기에 사람이 **많을** 것 같아서 가고 싶지 않아요 en: I don't want to go there because there will probably be too **many** people - ko: 행복하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-45.mp3 en: to be happy notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "행보카다" examples: - ko: 저는 매우 **행복한** 사람이에요 en: I am a very **happy** person - ko: 저는 공원에 가는 날에 항상 **행복해요** en: I am always **happy** on the days I go to the park - ko: 왜 그렇게 **행복해** 보여요? en: Why do you look so **happy**? - ko: 저는 **행복하**기 때문에 죽고 싶지 않아요 en: I don't want to die because I am **happy** - ko: 저는 돈을 받을 때 **행복할** **거예요** en: When I receive (the) money, I will be **happy** - ko: 내가 **행복하**면 숙제를 잘 해 en: When/If I am **happy**, I do my homework well - ko: 제가 **행복하다**면 일을 더 잘 할 거예요 en: If I am **happy**, I will work harder adverbs: - ko: 거기 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-46.mp3 en: there notes: |

The difference between "그" and "저" is the same as the difference between "거기" and "저기." "거기" is used when referring to a place that has already been mentioned, and "저기" is used when you are referring to a place that is farther away than "여기."

거기 and ~에세 form to make "거기서".

examples: - ko: "**거기**서 언제부터 살았어요?" en: Since when did you live **there**? - ko: "**거기**에 간 적이 없어요" en: I have never gone/been **there**/I haven't been **there** - ko: 제가 **거기**에 가는 중이에요 en: I am going **there** - ko: 밥을 **거기**에 두지 말아 주세요 en: Don't put the rice **there**, please - ko: "**거기**에 가고 싶으면 비행기를 타야 돼요" en: If you want to go **there**, you must take an airplane - ko: 친구가 **거기**에 많을 거라서 그 파티에 가고 싶어요 en: Many of my friends will be **there**, so/therefore I want to go to that party - ko: 저기 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-47.mp3 en: there (when farther away) notes: |

저기 and ~에서 form to make "저기서"

When trying to get the attention of somebody – for example, when you want to order something at a restaurant – it is common to say "저기요!" For example: "저기요! 지금 주문할게요!" = "Excuse me! We would like to order now!"

examples: - ko: "**저기**까지 걷자!" en: Let's walk that far/Let's walk as far as **there** - ko: 이불을 다 **저기**에 넣었어요 en: I put the blankets **there** - ko: "**저기**까지 아주 빨리 수영하더라도 그 사람을 구하지 못할 거예요" en: Even if you swim **there** very fast, you won't be able to save that person - ko: 지금 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-48.mp3 en: now notes: Though referring to a time, "에" is usually not attached to "지금" examples: - ko: 저는 밥을 **지금** 먹고 싶어요 en: I want to eat **now** - ko: 그 여자를 **지금**까지 좋아했어요 en: I liked that girl until **now** - ko: 여자들은 **지금** 영화를 보고 있어요 en: The girls are watching a movie **now** - ko: 저는 밥을 다 먹어서 **지금** 배불러요 en: I ate all the food, so/therefore, I am full **now** - ko: 열심히 운동하고 **지금** 힘이 빠졌어요 en: After exercising, I **now** have no energy - ko: 내가 밥을 벌써 먹어서 **지금** 먹고 싶지 않아 en: Because I already ate, I don't want to eat **now** - ko: 그 학생은 어떤 여자와 **지금** 사귀고 있어요 en: That student is going out with some girl **now** - ko: 하지만 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/wLesson-4-49.mp3 en: but notes: It would be more natural to connect sentences with a grammatical principle (like ~지만 or ~는데) than to separate them using 하지만. examples: - ko: 거기에 가고 싶어요. **하지만** 돈이 없어요 en: I want to go there. **But** I have no money - ko: 저는 먹고 싶어요. **하지만** 배고프지 않아요 en: I want to eat. **But**, I am not hungry --- # Lesson 4: Korean Adjectives ~ㄴ/은 ## Vocabulary ### Nouns 길 = street
Common Usages: - 길을 잃다 = to get lost (literally, to lose a street) - 길을 건너다 = to cross a street - 길이 막히다 = for the streets to be “clogged” with traffic Notes: This is also used to indicate that somebody is “on the way” somewhere. For example: 저는 집에 가는 길이에요 = I am on my way home This grammar is taught in [Lesson 113](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-109-116/lesson-113/). Example: - ⁠이 **길**에서 오른 쪽으로 가세요 = Turn right at this **street** - ⁠이 **길**에서 직진하세요 = Go straight on this **road** - ⁠우리는 옛**길**을 따라 걸었어요 = We walked along, following the old **road**
거리 = street/road
Common Usages: - 사거리 = intersection (with four ways) - 삼거리 = intersection (with three ways) Examples: - ⁠**거리**에 사람이 많았어요 = There was a lot of people on the **street** - ⁠저는 긴 **거리**를 건넜어요 = I crossed the long **street** - ⁠저는 **거리**를 안전하게 건넜어요 = I crossed the **street** safely - ⁠우리는 사**거리**에서 왼쪽으로 돌았어요 = We turned left at the **intersection**
손 = hand
Common Usages: - 손으로 = with one’s hand - 손가락 = finger - 손목 = wrist (literally “hand neck”) - 손잡이 = handle (literally “hand grabber”) - 저의 **손**은 커요 = My **hand** is big Example: - ⁠저는 (저의) **손**을 들었어요 = I raised/lifted my **hand** - ⁠**손**을 씻으세요! = Wash your **hands**! - ⁠손을 잘 **씻**고 먹어요 = To wash one’s **hands** well, and then eat
영어 = English
Common Usages: - 영어로 = in English - 영어로 말하다 = to speak in English - 영어회화 = English conversation - 영어 수업 = English class Examples: - ⁠제가 수업을 하면 항상 **영어**로 해요 = When I teach, I always do so in **English** - ⁠저는 **영어**를 공부할 거예요 = I will study **English** - ⁠한국 사람들은 외국 사람들과 **영어**를 연습하고 싶어요 = Korean people want to practice their **English** with foreigners - ⁠저는 **영어**랑 한국어를 학교에서 배웠어요 = I learned **English** and Korean at school - ⁠그 사람은 **영어**를 자연스럽게 말해요 = That person speaks **English** naturally - ⁠**영어**를 어떻게 배웠어요? = How did you learn **English**? - ⁠한국어는 **영어**보다 훨씬 어려워요 = Korean is much more difficult than **English** - ⁠그 선생님은 **영어**를 가르친 지 20 년 됐어요 = That teacher has been teaching **English** for 20 years
택시 = taxi
Common Usages: - 택시 기사 = taxi driver - 택시를 타다 = to ride/take a taxi - 택시로 가다 = to go by taxi Example: - ⁠**택시**는 버스보다 더 빨라요 = The **taxi** is quicker than the bus - ⁠지하철을 놓쳤기 때문에 **택시**를 타야 돼요 = I missed the subway, so I must take a **taxi**
열차 = train
Common Usages: - 열차로 가다 = to go by train - 열차를 타다 = to ride/take a train Example: - ⁠**열차**는 택시보다 더 빨라요 = The **train** is faster than the taxi
역 = train/subway station
Common Usages: - 서울역 = Seoul Station - 역에서 내리다 = to get off at a station - 출발역 = the first (departing) station Example: - ⁠홍대**역**에서 어떻게 가요? = How do I get to Hong-dae **station**? - ⁠저는 서울**역**에서 내릴 거예요 = I will get off at Seoul **station** - ⁠전철**역**까지 걸어갈래요? = Shall we walk to the subway **station**? - ⁠이 기차는 서울**역**까지 가요 = This train goes to/until Seoul **Station**
버스 정류장 = bus stop
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “버스 정뉴장” Common Usages: - 버스 아저씨 = bus driver (informal way to refer to a male bus driver) - 버스 기사 = bus driver - 버스를 타다 = to get on/ride a bus - 버스 카드 = bus/transportation card Notes: This refers to the bus stop for a public transportation style city bus. For inter-city buses, the word “버스 터미널” (bus terminal) is more frequently used. Example: - ⁠**버스 정류장**에서 버스를 타야 돼요 = You must get on the bus at the **bus station** - ⁠다음 버스는 저 **정류장**에서 출발할 거예요 = The next bus will leave from that **stop**
비행기 = airplane
Common Usages: - 비행기를 타다 = to take/ride an airplane Examples: - ⁠**비행기**가 아직 출발할 준비가 안 됐습니까? = Is the **plane** not yet ready to depart? - ⁠하늘에 **비행기**가 있어요 = There is a **plane** in the sky - ⁠거기에 가고 싶으면 **비행기**를 타야 돼요 = If you want to go there, you must take an **airplane** - ⁠**비행기**가 9시에 출발할 예정이지만 눈이 많이 와서 못 출발할 것 같아요 = The **plane** is scheduled to depart at 9:00, but it probably won’t because it is snowing a lot
자전거 = bicycle
Common Usages: - 자전거를 타다 = to ride a bicycle - 자전거로 가다 = to go by bicycle Example: - ⁠저는 **자전거**를 타는 것이 너무 좋아요 = I like riding **bicycles** - ⁠무릎이 아플 때 **자전거**를 타지 마세요 = When your knee hurts, don’t ride a **bike** This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation [Video #6]
아내 = wife
Notes: The word “와이프” is commonly used these days. Examples: - ⁠저의 **아내**는 너무 예뻐요 = My **wife** is very pretty - ⁠저는 **아내**한테 꽃을 줬어요 = I gave flowers to my **wife** - ⁠저는 저의 **아내**와 유럽에서 사랑에 빠졌어요 = I fell in love with my **wife** in Europe - ⁠저의 **아내**는 자기가 요리한 것을 보통 안 먹어요 = My **wife** usually doesn’t eat the food she cooks - ⁠제가 **아내**와 결혼하기 전에 우리는 2년 동안 사귀었어요 = Before marrying my **wife**, we went out/dated for 2 years
아이 = child
Common Usages: - 아이를 돌보다 = to look after a child Example: - ⁠우리 **아이**는 아직 두 살이에요 = My **child** is still 2 years old - ⁠우리 셋째 **아이**는 야구를 좋아해요 = Our third **child** likes baseball - ⁠이 **아이**는 우리 첫째 아들이에요 = This (**child**) is our first son - ⁠부모님들은 **아이**에 영향을 준다/미친다 = Parents have an influence on their **children** - ⁠**아이**들은 나무 주위에서 놀고 있어요 = The **children** are playing around the tree - ⁠저는 **아이**를 잃어버려서 걱정이 되었어요 = I was worried because I lost the **baby** - ⁠그녀는 **아이**가 죽었다는 사실을 숨겼어요 = She hid (the fact that) her **child** died - ⁠**아이**들은 자기 부모님을 존경해야 돼요 = **Children** must respect their parents - ⁠저는 **아이**들이랑 바다에서 수영했어요 = I swam in the sea with the **kids** - ⁠**아이**들은 만화영화를 매우 좋아해요 = **Children** really like animated movies
아들 = son
Common Usages: - 아드님 = polite way to refer to somebody else’s son - 큰아들 = one’s eldest son - 첫째 아들 = first son - 둘째 아들 = second son Examples: - ⁠우리 **아들**은 대학생이에요 = Our **son** is a university student - ⁠할아버지는 우리 **아들**에게 돈을 주었어요 = Grandpa gave money to our **son** - ⁠저의 **아들**은 열이 났어요 = My **son** had a fever - ⁠저는 우리 **아들**이 자랑스러워요 = I am proud of our **son** - ⁠너는 나쁜 **아들**이야 = You are a bad **son** - ⁠저는 **아들** 세 명이 있어요 = I have three **sons** - ⁠그 사람은 **아들** 한 명만 있어요 = That person only has one **son** - ⁠**아들**은 엄마를 위해 박스를 들었어요 = The **son** carried the box for his mother - ⁠우리 **아들**은 자기(의) 일을 항상 혼자 하고 싶어요 = Our **son** always wants to do his work alone
딸 = daughter
Common Usages: - 따님 = polite way to refer to somebody else’s daughter - 큰딸 = one’s eldest daughter - 첫째 딸 = first daughter - 둘째 딸 = second daughter Example: - ⁠우리 **딸**은 그 고등학교를 다녀요 = Our **daughter** attends that high school - ⁠저는 저의 **딸**이 아주 자랑스러워요 = I am very proud of my **daughter** - ⁠우리 **딸**은 사랑스러운 여자예요 = Our **daughter** is a loving/lovely girl - ⁠**딸**은 어제부터 아팠어요 = The/our **daughter** has been sick (was sick) since yesterday
남편 = husband
Examples: - ⁠저의 **남편**은 선생님이에요 = my **husband** is a teacher - ⁠저는 **남편**을 공원에서 만날 거예요 = I will meet my **husband** at the park - ⁠그 여자의 **남편**이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요 = There is a rumor that that woman’s **husband** is having an affair with his secretary
아버지 = father
Common Usages: - 큰아버지 = the eldest brother of one’s father Notes: The word “아빠” is used colloquially Example: - ⁠**아버지**는 지금 일하고 있어요 = **Dad** is working now - ⁠형하고 **아버지**는 영화를 봤어요 = My brother and **dad** saw a movie - ⁠저와 저의 **아버지**는 너무 비슷해요 = I am very similar to my **father** - ⁠저의 **아버지**는 모자를 항상 써요 = My **father** always wears a hat - ⁠우리 **아버지**는 예전에 옷을 팔았어요 = Our **dad** sold clothes in the past - ⁠우리 **아버지**는 고모와 살고 있어요 = Our **father** lives with our aunt - ⁠나는 **아버지**랑 공원에 갈 거야 = I will go to the park with my **dad**
어머니 = mother
Common Usages: - 큰어머니 = the wife of the eldest brother of one’s father Notes: The word “엄마” is used colloquially Example: - ⁠우리 **어머니**는 서울대학교를 다녔어요 = Our **mom** attended Seoul University - ⁠저는 밥을 친구랑 저의 **어머니**랑 먹었어요 = I ate (rice) with my **mom** and my friend - ⁠저의 **어머니**는 언니 세 명이 있어요 = My **mother** has three (older) sisters - ⁠저의 **어머니**는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 = My **mom** will come to Korea this year
편지 = letter
Common Usages: - 편지를 쓰다 = to write a letter - 편지를 받다 = to receive a letter Examples: - 저는 여자 친구를 위해 **편지**를 썼어요 = I wrote a **letter** for my girlfriend - 저는 여자친구에게서 **편지**를 받았어요 = I received a **letter** from my girlfriend - 저는 여자친구를 위해 **편지**를 쓰고 싶어요 = I want to write a **letter** for my girlfriend - 우리는 서로 **편지**를 줬어요 = We gave **letters** to each other - 저는 옛날 친구한테 **편지**를 보냈어요 = I sent a **letter** to an old friend - 저의 여자 친구는 제가 쓴 **편지**를 찢었어요 = My girlfriend ripped up the **letter** that I wrote for her
맛 = taste
Common Usages: - 맛있다 = delicious - 맛없다 = not delicious - 입맛 = one’s taste in food - 입맛에 맞다 = to fit one’s taste in food - 맛에 익숙하지 않다 = to not be accustomed to the taste of something Notes: 맛 and 있다 come together to make “delicious” but this literally means “to have taste.” Likewise, the direct translation for “맛없다” or (맛이 없다) is “to have no taste” Examples: - **맛**이 조금 이상해요 = The **taste** is a little bit strange - 빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 = Red apples are the most **delicious** - 이 떡은 쓰레기 **맛** 같아 = This 떡 **tastes** like garbage
식사 = meal
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “식싸” Common Usages: - 아침식사 = breakfast - 점심식사 = lunch - 저녁식사 = dinner Examples: - 저는 할머니를 위해 **식사**를 준비했어요 = I prepared a **meal** for grandmother - 저는 아침**식사**를 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat **breakfast** - 저는 보통 점심**식사**로 과일만 먹어요 = I usually only eat fruit for **lunch** - 엄마가 온 후에 저는 저녁**식사**를 먹을 거예요 = After mom comes home, I will eat **dinner** - 교감선생님은 선생님들을 위해 **식사**를 살 거예요 = The vice principal will buy a **meal** for all the teachers
아침 = morning
Common Usages: - 아침식사 = breakfast - 아침에 일어나다 = to wake up in the morning Notes: This can also be used to refer to “breakfast.” For example: - 저는 아침을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast Examples: - 저는 **아침**에 일찍 일어났어요 = I woke up early in the **morning** - 저는 **아침**부터 밤까지 공부만 했어요 = I only studied from **morning** to night - 대부분 사람들은 **아침**밥을 먹지 않는다 = Most people don’t eat **breakfast** (rice breakfast) - 저는 항상 **아침**에 운동해요 = I always exercise in the **morning** - **아침**으로 무엇을 먹었어요? = What did you eat for **breakfast**?
아침식사 = breakfast
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “아침식싸” Examples: - 저는 오늘 **아침식사**를 못 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat **breakfast** today - 저는 **아침식사**로 밥을 먹었어요 = I ate rice for **breakfast**
물 = water
Common Usages: - 물을 마시다 = to drink water - 바닷물 = sea water - 물병 = water bottle - 수돗물 = tap water - 얼음물 = fish (literally, “water meat”) - 물고기 = fish (literally, “water meat”) Examples: - 잘하려면 **물**을 마셔야 돼요 = If you want to do well, you must drink **water** - 저는 **물**만 마셔요 = I only drink **water** - 애기는 우유 대신에 **물**만 마시고 싶어요 = The baby wants to drink **water** instead of milk
사과 = apple
Example: - 저는 **사과**랑 바나나를 샀어요 = I bought **apples** and bananas - 바나나는 **사과**보다 더 맛있어요 = Bananas are more delicious than **apples** - **사과**도 여기서 파나요? = Do you sell **apples** here too? - 빨간 **사과**는 가장 맛있어요 = Red **apples** are the most delicious
돈 = money
Common Usages: - 용돈 = pocket money/allowance - 돈을 내다 = to pay (money) - 돈이 부족하다 = to not have enough money - 돈을 벌다 = to earn money - 돈을 주다 = to give money Examples: - 저는 **돈**이 없어요 = I don’t have any **money** - 어머님은 너에게 **돈**을 줬어? = Did your mother give you **money**? - 저는 **돈**을 받을 때 행복할 거예요 = When I receive (the) **money**, I will be happy - 의사들은 **돈**이 많아 = Doctors have a lot of **money** - 아버지는 아들에게 **돈**을 준다 = The father gives **money** to his son - 저는 **돈**을 정부로부터 받았어요 = I received **money** from the government - 얼마나 많은 **돈**을 가져갈 거야? = How much **money** will you bring?
### Verbs 오다 = to come
Common Usages: - ~에서 왔다 = to come from - 내려오다 = to come down - 올라오다 = to come up - 다녀오다 = to go, and then come back - 갔다 오다 = to go, and then come back - 돌아오다 = to come back - 걸어오다 = to come by walking Example: - 그 사람은 미국에서 **왔어요** = That person **came** from the United States - 친구들은 언제 **올 거예요**? = When are the friends **coming**? - 어디에서 **왔어요**? = Where are you from (from where did you **come**?) - 저의 친구는 6시 30분에 **올** **거예요** = My friend will **come** at 6:30 - 그는 **올** **거**라고 약속했어요 = He promised that he would **come** - 캐나다에 언제 돌아**올** 거예요? = When are you **coming** back to Canada? - 선생님 몇 분 **올** **거예요**? = How many teachers will **come**? - 어제 어떤 남자가 **왔어요**? = Which man **came** here yesterday?
끝내다 = to finish
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “끈내다” Notes: It is often more common to use the passive form (끝나다) to indicate that you finished something. For example: - 일이 끝났어요 = The work is finished (which implies that you finished the work) The grammar for this is talked about in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). Examples: - 저는 저의 숙제를 **끝냈어요** = I **finished** my homework - 저는 숙제를 **끝내**고 나서 집으로 갈 거예요 = I will **finish** my homework then go home - 저는 일을 만족스럽게 **끝냈어요** = I finished the work/job **satisfactorily** - 시험을 **끝내**기 전에 답을 확인하세요 = Check your answers before **finishing** the test
춤추다 = to dance
Notes: The word “춤” is the noun “dance,” as in “a dance.” Coupled with the verb “추다” is means “to dance.” Example: - 저는 **춤추**는 것이 좋아요 = I like **dancing**
알다 = to know
알다 follows the ㄹ irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: - 알겠습니다 = This is a formal way to say “okay, I understand.” - 알았어 = This is an informal way to say “okay, I understand” Examples: - 저는 그 사람을 **알아요** = I **know** that person - 저는 그것을 **알**고 있어요 = I **know** that - 누구나 그 여자를 **알아요** = Everybody **knows** that girl - 서울에 어떻게 가는지 **알아요** = I **know** how to get to Seoul - 서울에 어떻게 가는지 **알아요**? = Do you **know** how to get to Seoul? - 그 단어를 어떻게 발음하는지 **알아요** = I **know** how to pronounce that word - 그 단어를 어떻게 발음하는지 **알아요**? = Do you **know** how to pronounce that word? - 그 학생이 책을 왜 버렸는지 **알아요** = I **know** why that student threw out his book - 그 학생이 책을 왜 버렸는지 **알아요**? = Do you **know** why that student threw out his book? - 제가 한국어를 왜 배우고 싶은지 **알아요**? = Do you **know** why I want to learn Korean?
걷다 = to walk
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “걷따” 걷다 follows the ㄷ irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: - 걸어가다 = to go by walking - 걸어오다 = to come by walking Example: - 우리는 집에 **걸어**왔어요 = We **walked** home - 저는 10분 동안 **걸었어요** = I **walked** for 10 minutes - 여자는 학교에 걸었어요 = The girl **walked** to school - 그 여자는 항상 그렇게 **걸어요** = That girl always **walks** like that - 저는 너무 많이 **걸어**서 지금 발이 아파요 = My feet are sore because I **walked** so much - 우리는 차가 없어서 집에 **걸어**왔어요 = We didn’t have a car so we **walked** home - 전철역까지 **걸어**갈래요? = Shall we **walk** to the subway station? - 학생들은 교실 쪽으로 **걸어요** = Students **walk** towards/in the direction of their class - 우리가 천천히 안 **걸었더라면** 늦게 도착하지 않았을 거예요 = If we hadn’t **walk** slowly, we wouldn’t have arrived late
배우다 = to learn
Common Usages: - 한국어를 배우다 = to learn Korean - 영어를 배우다 = to learn English - 한국어를 배우고 싶다 = to want to learn Korean Examples: - 한국어를 언제부터 **배웠어요** **?** = Since when did you **learn** Korean? - 저는 그것을 지난 시간에 **배웠어요** = I **learned** that (thing) last time - 저는 한국어를 한국에서 **배웠어요** = I **learned** Korean in Korea - 저는 한국어를 **배우**고 싶어요 = I want to **learn** Korean - 우리는 다음 시간에 더 **배울** 거예요 = We will **learn** more next time - 저는 5년 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 **배우**고 싶어요 = I want to **learn** 5 languages within five years - 한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 **배우**고 있어요 = Since coming to Korea, I have been **learning** Korean
연습하다 = to practice
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “연스파다” Example: - 한국 사람들은 외국 사람들과 영어를 **연습하**고 싶어요 = Korean people want to **practice** their English with foreigners - **연습**을 많이 해도 시합에서 질 거예요 = Regardless of how much you **practice**, you will lose the match
생각하다 = to think
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “생가카다” The noun form of this word translates to “a thought” or “an idea.” Common Usages: - 좋은 생각이 났어요 = I have a good idea (literally, “a good thought came up”) - 무슨 생각 해? = What are you thinking? Notes: Typically the grammatical principle ~ㄴ/다고 precedes 생각하다 as if it is a quoted sentence. For more information, visit [Lesson 52](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-52/). Examples: - 저도 그렇게 **생각해요** = I **think** that way as well - 나는 너에 대해 **생각했어** = I **thought** about you - 그 여자에 대해 어떻게 **생각해요**? = What do you **think** about that girl? - 저는 그렇게 **생각하지** **않아요** = I don’t **think** like that - 저는 저의 엄마에 대해 **생각했어요** = I **thought** about my mother - 우리 집에 대해 어떻게 **생각해요**? = What do you **think** about our house?
살다 = to live
살다 follows the ㄹ irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: - 살아 있다 = to be living (the opposite of dead) Notes: In order to say that you live in a place, it is acceptable to use “살고 있다.” For example: 저는 한국에서 살고 있어요. Note that this directly translates to “I am living in Korea”, whereas is English we would most likely say “I live in Korea.” See [Lesson 18](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-18/). Example: - 저는 서울에서 **살**고 있어요 = I **live** in Seoul - 어느 집에서 **살아요**? = Which house do you **live** in? - 저는 학교에서 멀리 **살**고 있어요 = I **live** far from school - 한국에서 언제부터 **살았어요**? = Since when have you **lived** in Korea? - 저는 2년 동안 외국에서 **살았어요** = I **lived** in a foreign country for 2 years - 저는 7년 동안 한국에서 **살았어요** = I **lived** in Korea for seven years - 우리 아버지는 고모와 **살**고 있어요 = Our father **lives** with our aunt - 저는 멀리 **살**고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 힘들어요 = It is difficult to walk home because I **live** far
### Passive Verbs 끝나다 = to be finished
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “끈나다” Notes: This is the first passive verb you have come across. For more information on passive verbs, visit [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). Examples: - 이 콘서트가 벌써 **끝났어요**? = Is the concert already **finished?** - 숙제는 **끝났어요** = My homework is **finished** - 수업은 2분 후에 **끝날** **거예요** = Class will **finish** 2 minutes from now - 그 일이 다 **끝나서** 지금 기분이 아주 좋아요 = Now that that work is **finished**, I am very happy
### Adjectives 위험하다 = to be dangerous
The noun form of this word translates to “danger” Common Usages: - 위험성 = riskiness - 위험물 = something dangerous Examples: - 그 장소가 너무 **위험해**서 가지 마세요 = That place is very **dangerous**, so don’t go - 이런 일은 **위험해요** = This type of work is **dangerous** - 그 사람은 **위험한** 남자입니다 = That person is a **dangerous** man
잘생기다 = to be handsome
Notes: A composition of the adverb 잘 (well) and the verb 생기다 (to look like), which means it gets conjugated as a verb. It typically conjugates to the past tense (잘생겼다) even when talking about the present tense. Examples: - 그 남자는 너무 **잘생겼어요** = That man is very **handsome** - 저는 **잘생긴** 남자를 만나요 = I meet a **handsome** man - 파란 눈이 있는 남자가 가장 **잘생겼어요** = Men with blue eyes are the most **handsome** - 그는 별로 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not that **handsome** - 그는 전혀 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not **handsome** at all
못생기다 = to be ugly
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “몯쌩기다” Notes: A composition of the adverb 못 (not well, poorly) and the verb 생기다. Like 잘생기다, it is conjugated as a verb in the past tense. Example: - 그 남자는 너무 **못생겼어요** = That man is very **ugly** - 그 여자는 우리 반에서 제일 **못생긴** 여자예요 = That girl is the **ugliest** in our class
피곤하다 = to be tired
The noun form of this word translates to “tiredness” or “fatigue” Example: - 저는 일을 많이 해서 너무 **피곤해요** = I am very **tired** because I worked a lot - 너무 **피곤해**서 자고 싶어요 = I want to sleep because I am so **tired** - **피곤한** 사람은 침대에 누워서 잤어요 = The **tired** person lied on the bed and slept - 잠을 못 자면 다음 날에 몸이 **피곤해져요** = If you don’t sleep well, the next day you will be **tired**
다르다 = to be different
다르다 follows the 르 irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: - 또 따른 = another Notes: When saying something is different “from” something, 와/과/랑/이랑 must be attached to the noun that is being compared. See [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/) for more information. Examples: - 저는 **다른** 영화를 보고 싶어요 = I want to see a **different** movie - 우리는 매우 **달라요** = We are so **different** - 그 건물은 어제와 **달라요** = That building is **different** from yesterday - 고양이는 강아지와 **달라요** = Cats are **different** from dogs - 캐나다는 한국과 문화적으로 **달라요** = Canada and Korea are culturally **different** - 서양사람들은 동양사람들과 **달라요** = Western people are **different** from Eastern people - 그 여자가 오늘 화장을 하지 않아서 아주 **달라** 보여요 = That girl looks very **different** today because she didn’t do her makeup
슬프다 = to be sad
슬프다 follows the ㅡ irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: - 슬퍼하지 마세요 = Don’t be sad Example: - 우리 할아버지가 죽어서 저는 너무 **슬퍼요** = I am very **sad** because my grandfather died - 저의 여자친구는 어제 너무 **슬퍼** 보였어요 = My girlfriend looked really **sad** yesterday - 제가 **슬프다**면 친구를 만나지 않을 거예요 = If I am **sad**, I’m not going to meet my friend
맛있다 = to be delicious
Although technically a combination of the noun “맛” (taste) and “있다” (to have) 맛있다 is officially seen as one word (literally meaning “to have taste”) and the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is transferred to the next syllable. This makes the entire word sound like “마싣따.” Conversely, 맛없다, which means “to not be delicious,” is officially seen as two words (literally meaning “to not have taste”). As such, the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is usually not transferred to the next syllable and the entire word sounds like “마덥따” Common Usages: - 맛있는 음식 = delicious food Examples: - **맛있는** 것을 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat something **delicious** - 빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 = Red apples are the most **delicious** - 사과는 가장 **맛있는** 과일이에요 = Apples are the most **delicious** fruit - 한식은 너무 **맛있어요** = Korean food is very **delicious**
재미있다 = to be fun, to be funny
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “재미읻따” Notes: Like the word “맛있다,” 재미있다 is made up of “재미” and “있다” (to have). Therefore, even though 재미있다 is an adjective (funny), it is conjugated like 있다. Examples: - 그 영화가 너무 **재미있었어요** = That movie was very **funny** - 그 남자는 **재미있는** 남자예요 = That man is a **funny** person - 제가 보고 있는 영화는 **재미있어요** = The movie I am watching is **funny** - 친구를 만났으면 **재미있었을** 것이다 = If I had met my friend, it would have been **fun** - 설사를 하는 것은 **재미있어요** = Having diarrhea is **fun**
많다 = to be many of, to be a lot of
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만타” Notes: An adjective that means “many,” 많다 can be placed before a noun to describe it. For example: - 많은 사람은 저를 좋아해요 (many people like me) However, 많다 is more naturally used by using the ~는 것 principle. For example: - 저를 좋아하는 사람은 많아요 (literally: there are many people who like me) The ~는 것 principle is very difficult to describe, and is talked about in detail from [Lessons 26 to 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). Examples: - 그 회사에서 일하는 사람은 **많아요** = There are **many** people who work at that company. - 지난 주에 저는 계획이 **많았어요** = I had **a lot** of plans last week - 동대문시장에서 아주머니가 **많아요** = There are **a lot** of older women in Dongdaemun market - 그곳에서 구경하는 사람이 **많아요** = There are **a** **lot** of people sightseeing in that place - 저는 거기에 사람이 **많을** 것 같아서 가고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to go there because there will probably be too **many** people
행복하다 = to be happy
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “행보카다” Common Usages: - 행복한 사람 = happy person Example: - 저는 매우 **행복한** 사람이에요 = I am a very **happy** person - 저는 공원에 가는 날에 항상 **행복해요** = I am always **happy** on the days I go to the park - 왜 그렇게 **행복해** 보여요? = Why do you look so **happy**? - 저는 **행복하**기 때문에 죽고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to die because I am **happy** - 저는 돈을 받을 때 **행복할** **거예요** = When I receive (the) money, I will be **happy** - 내가 **행복하**면 숙제를 잘 해 = When/If I am **happy**, I do my homework well - 제가 **행복하다**면 일을 더 잘 할 거예요 = If I am **happy**, I will work harder
### Adverbs and Other Words 거기 = there
Notes: The difference between “그” and “저” is the same as the difference between “거기” and “저기.” “거기” is used when referring to a place that has already been mentioned, and “저기” is used when you are referring to a place that is farther away than “여기.” 거기 and ~에세 form to make “거기서.” Example: - **거기**서 언제부터 살았어요? = Since when did you live **there**? - **거기**에 간 적이 없어요 = I have never gone/been **there**/I haven’t been **there** - 제가 **거기**에 가는 중이에요 = I am going **there** - 밥을 **거기**에 두지 말아 주세요 = Don’t put the rice **there**, please - **거기**에 가고 싶으면 비행기를 타야 돼요 = If you want to go **there**, you must take an airplane - 친구가 **거기**에 많을 거라서 그 파티에 가고 싶어요 = Many of my friends will be **there**, so/therefore I want to go to that party
저기 = there (when farther away)
저기 and ~에서 form to make “저기서” When trying to get the attention of somebody – for example, when you want to order something at a restaurant – it is common to say “저기요!.” For example: - 저기요! 지금 주문할게요! = Excuse me! We would like to order now! Examples: - **저기**까지 걷자! = Let’s walk that far/Let’s walk as far as **there** - 이불을 다 **저기**에 넣었어요 = I put the blankets **there** - **저기**까지 아주 빨리 수영하더라도 그 사람을 구하지 못할 거예요 = Even if you swim **there** very fast, you won’t be able to save that person
지금 = now
Notes: Though referring to a time, “에” is usually not attached to “지금” Common Usages: - 지금부터 = from now - 지금까지 = until now Example: - 저는 밥을 **지금** 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat **now** - 그 여자를 **지금**까지 좋아했어요 = I liked that girl until **now** - 여자들은 **지금** 영화를 보고 있어요 = The girls are watching a movie **now** - 저는 밥을 다 먹어서 **지금** 배불러요 = I ate all the food, so/therefore, I am full **now** - 열심히 운동하고 **지금** 힘이 빠졌어요 = After exercising, I **now** have no energy - 내가 밥을 벌써 먹어서 **지금** 먹고 싶지 않아 = Because I already ate, I don’t want to eat **now** - 그 학생은 어떤 여자와 **지금** 사귀고 있어요 = That student is going out with some girl **now**
하지만 = but
Notes: It would be more natural to connect sentences with a grammatical principle (like ~지만 or ~는데) than to separate them using 하지만. Example: - 거기에 가고 싶어요. **하지만** 돈이 없어요 = I want to go there. **But** I have no money - 저는 먹고 싶어요. **하지만** 배고프지 않아요 = I want to eat. **But**, I am not hungry
There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/app/). You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video] ## Common Greeting Words I wish I could tell you not to worry about these. Of course, I can tell you “don’t worry about these,” but I don’t think that will do. When learning a language, everybody wants to learn these words as soon as possible. I understand that completely, but I have purposely waited to teach you these types of words. In fact, I _still_ don’t want to show them to you – but at this point I am sure you are asking yourself “I’ve gotten this far and I still don’t even know how to say ‘goodbye’ yet!” In Korean, it is much easier to understand these words/phrases if you also understand why they are used the way they are. Unfortunately, we haven’t reached the point where you can understand this. We will get to that in a few more lessons. Either way, here are some very common phrases which I am sure you are dying to know: - 안녕히 가세요 = Goodbye (said to somebody going) - 안녕히 계세요 = Goodbye (said to somebody staying) - 만나서 반갑습니다 = Nice to meet you - 실례합니다 = Excuse me - 죄송합니다 / 미안합니다 = Sorry - 이름이 뭐예요? = What is your name? - 저의 이름은 **\_\_**이에요 = My name is \_\_ - 어디에서 왔어요? = Where are you from? - 저는 **\_\_**에서 왔어요 = I am from \_\_ If you can’t memorize them, that is okay. I still maintain the position that _you should put off memorizing these until you can understand the grammar within them._ Now that we have gotten that out of the way, let’s start studying some actual material. ## Using Adjectives ~ㄴ/은 Alright, this won’t help you understand those greeting words any better, but what you are about to learn is a major step in learning Korean. You should remember these two important facts from the previous lesson: - All sentences must end with either a verb or adjective - All verbs/adjectives end with the syllable ‘다’ Although both of those are true (and always will be), let’s look at them more deeply: - All sentences must end with either a verb or adjective Yes, but verbs and adjectives can ALSO go elsewhere in a sentence. In the previous lesson, you learned this sentence: - 저는 배를 원하다 = I want a boat (나는 배를 원해 / 저는 배를 원해요 ) But what if you want to say: “I want a big boat.” In that sentence, there is a verb and an adjective. Where should we put the adjective? In Korean, this adjective is placed in the same position as in English. For example: - 나는 배를 원하다 = I want a boat - 나는 big 배를 원하다 = I want a big boat Simple. So we just substitute the Korean word for big (크다) into that sentence?: - 나는 크다 배를 원하다 = Not correct. Not by a long shot. Remember that second rule I taught you?: - All verbs/adjectives end with the syllable ‘다’ – Yes, but the version of the word with ‘다’ as the last syllable is simply the dictionary form of that word and is rarely used. Every verb/adjective in Korean has a ‘stem,’ which is made up of everything preceding 다 in the dictionary form of the word. Let’s look at some examples: --- - 크다 = 크 (stem) + 다 - 작다 = 작 (stem) + 다 - 좋다 = 좋 (stem) + 다 - 길다 = 길 (stem) + 다 - 배우다 = 배우 (stem) + 다 --- Most of the time, when you deal with a verb/adjective, you eliminate ~다 and add something to the stem. When you want to make an adjective that can describe a noun, as in: - small boy - big boat - delicious hamburger - soft hand you must eliminate ‘~다’ and add ~ㄴ or ~은 to the stem of the adjective. Words in which the last syllable of the stem ends in a vowel (크다/비싸다/싸다) you add ~ㄴ to the last syllable: | Word | Stem | Adjective that can describe a noun | Example | Translation | | ------ | ---- | ---------------------------------- | --------- | ---------------------------------------------- | | 크다 | 크 | 큰 | 큰 배 | Big boat | | 비싸다 | 비싸 | 비싼 | 비싼 음식 | Expensive food | | 싸다 | 싸 | 싼 | 싼 것 | Cheap thing | Words in which the last syllable of the stem ends in a consonant (작다/좋다/많다) you add ~은 to the stem: | Word | Stem | Adjective that can describe a noun | Example | Translation | | ---- | ---- | ---------------------------------- | --------- | ---------------------------------------------- | | 작다 | 작 | 작은 | 작은 남자 | Small man | | 좋다 | 좋 | 좋은 | 좋은 아들 | Good son | | 많다 | 많 | 많은 | 많은 돈 | A lot of money | Looking back to what we were trying to write before: - I want a big boat = 저는 크다 배를 원하다 = incorrect - I want a big boat = 저는 큰 배를 원하다 = correct The key to understanding this is being able to understand the difference between the following: - 음식은 비싸다 = The food is expensive - 비싼 음식 = expensive food The first example is a sentence. The second example is not a sentence. The second sentence needs more words in order for it to be a sentence. You need to add either a verb or adjective that predicates the noun of “expensive food.” For example: - 나는 비싼 음식을 먹다 = I eat expensive food - (나는 비싼 음식을 먹어 / 저는 비싼 음식을 먹어요 ) - The verb _“to eat”_ predicates this sentence. - 저는 비싼 음식을 좋아하다 = I like expensive food - (나는 비싼 음식을 좋아해 / 저는 비싼 음식을 좋아해요 ) - The verb _“to like”_ predicates this sentence. - 비싼 음식은 맛있다 = Expensive food is delicious - (비싼 음식은 맛있어 / 비싼 음식은 맛있어요 ) - The adjective _“to be delicious”_ predicates this sentence. Notice that there is no object in this sentence. --- (Remember, for the last time – you do not know how to conjugate verbs and adjectives at the end of a sentence yet. This will be introduced in the next lesson. Because you do not know how to conjugate verbs/adjectives at the ends of sentences, examples with un-conjugated forms are presented in this lesson. Remember that these sentences are technically incorrect, but understanding them is crucial to your understanding of the Korean sentence structure. As with the previous three lessons, I have provided conjugated examples below each un-conjugated example. You will probably not be able to understand these conjugations.) --- More examples of using adjectives to describe nouns within a sentence: - 나는 작은 집에 가다 = I go to the small house - (나는 작은 집에 가 / 저는 작은 집에 가요 ) - 나는 큰 차를 원하다 = I want a big car - (나는 큰 차를 원해 / 저는 큰 차를 원해요 ) - 나는 잘생긴 남자를 만나다 = I meet a handsome man - (나는 잘생긴 남자를 만나 / 저는 잘생긴 남자를 만나요 ) - 나는 많은 돈이 있다 = I have a lot of money - (나는 많은 돈이 있어 / 저는 많은 돈이 있어요 ) - 나는 뚱뚱한 학생을 만나다 = I meet a fat student - (나는 뚱뚱한 학생을 만나 / 저는 뚱뚱한 학생을 만나요 ) _In Lessons 1 and 2, I explained that adjectives cannot “act” on objects. Many learners look at the sentences above and say “Hey! Those sentences have an object and an adjective!” Adjectives cannot act on an object to predicate a sentence. This means you cannot use a sentence like this (in either language):_ 나는 집을 작다 = I small house _However, I didn’t say anything about adjectives and objects being used in the same sentence. Adjectives can be used to describe an object that is being predicated by a verb. I will continue to talk about this in the examples below._ In all of the examples above, notice the difference in function between when an adjective is used to describe a noun compared to when it is used to predicate a sentence. For example: - 나는 작은 집에 가다 = I go to the small house - (나는 작은 집에 가 / 저는 작은 집에 가요 ) - The verb _“to go”_ predicates this sentence. - 그 집은 작다 = That house is small - (그 집은 작아 / 그 집은 작아요 ) - The adjective _“to be small”_ predicates this sentence. - Notice that there is no object in this sentence. --- - 저는 큰 차를 원하다 = I want a big car - (나는 큰 차를 원해 / 저는 큰 차를 원해요 ) - The verb _“to want”_ predicates this sentence. - 이 차는 크다 = This car is big - (이 차는 커 / 이 차는 커요 ) - The adjective _“to be big”_ predicates this sentence. - Notice that there is no object in this sentence. --- In each of the examples above, even though the adjective always acts as a descriptive word, in the cases when they are placed before nouns to describe them – those nouns are able to be placed anywhere in the sentence (for example, as the subject, object, location, or other places). This same thing happens in English, where I can have a simple sentence like this: - 남자는 음식을 먹다 = The man eats food - (남자는 음식을 먹어 / 남자는 음식을 먹어요 ) I can use adjectives to describe each noun in the sentence. For example: - 행복한 여자는 작은 차 안에 있다 = The happy girl is inside the small car - (행복한 여자는 작은 차 안에 있어 / 행복한 여자는 작은 차 안에 있어요 ) You will see some adjectives that end in “~있다.” The most common of these for a beginner are: - 맛있다 = delicious - 재미있다 = fun, funny When an adjective ends in “~있다” like this, instead of attaching ~ㄴ/은 to the stem, you must attach ~는 to the stem. For example: - 그 남자는 재미있는 남자이다 = that man is a funny man - (그 남자는 재미있는 남자야 / 그 남자는 재미있는 남자예요 ) - 나는 맛있는 음식을 먹다 = I eat delicious food - (나는 맛있는 음식을 먹어 / 저는 맛있는 음식을 먹어요 ) The difference here is due to what I call the “~는 것” principle. For now, you do not need to think about why ~는 is added instead of ~ㄴ/은. It is sufficient at this point to just memorize it as an exception. The concept behind this grammatical rule is introduced in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/) and I continue to discuss it into [other Lessons in Unit 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). This concept is related to _verb_ _s_ being able to describe nouns. For example: “The man who I met yesterday will go to the park that I want to go to” However, this is very complex and is the whole basis to the ~는 것 principle that I mentioned earlier. As I said, you will begin to learn about this in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/). ## To be a lot of: 많다 A good way to practice your understanding of how adjectives can be used to describe a noun in a sentence or to predicate an entire sentence is to apply your knowledge to the word “많다.” 많다 is an adjective that describes that there is “many’ or “a lot” of something. Its translation to English usually depends on how it is used in a sentence. For example, when used to describe nouns in a sentence, it can be used in the following way: - 나는 많은 음식을 먹다 = I eat a lot of food - (나는 많은 음식을 먹어 / 저는 많은 음식을 먹어요 ) - 나는 많은 돈이 있다 = I have a lot of money - (나는 많은 돈이 있어 / 저는 많은 돈이 있어요 ) - 나는 많은 아내가 있다 = I have a lot of wives (ha!) - (나는 많은 아내가 있어 / 저는 많은 아내가 있어요 ) Now, if we use “많다” to predicate a sentence, it can be used like this: 사람이 많다 In your Korean studies, you need to realize that it is never effective to think of a Korean sentence as an exact translation in English. The fact is, Korean and English grammar are completely different, and trying to force the rules/structure of English into Korean is unnatural. If we stuck with the translation of “a lot of” for the meaning of “많다” and forced the English translation to the sentence “사람이 많다”, we would get: People are a lot of … But that clearly is not accurate. Instead, what is the sentence “사람이 많다” describing? It is describing that there is a lot of something, therefore, the translation should be: - 사람이 많다 = there is a lot of people - (사람이 많아 / 사람이 많아요 ) Therefore, when 많다 predicates a sentence, its translation is usually “There is/are a lot of…”. Here is another example: - 음식이 많다 = there is a lot of food - (음식이 많아 / 음식이 많아요 ) Of course, this can be applied to very complex sentences as well, but this is just the very beginning. Eventually, you will be able to make a sentence like: There are a lot of singers who become famous and spend all of their money too quickly This sentence as well would also end in “많다.” The structure would basically be: (singers who become famous and spend all of their money too quickly)가 많다 You are still very far from understanding how complex sentences like that work, but I want to show you that the content you learned in this lesson brings you one step closer. Also notice that the particles 이/가 are attached to the subjects in sentences ending with “많다.” There are some words where the use of the particles ~이/가 on the subject of the sentence is more natural than the use of ~는/은. 많다 is one of these words. We will continue to tell you in which situations it is more natural to use ~이/가 instead of ~은/는 as we progress through our lessons. ## Particle ~도 ~도 is another particle that is very useful in Korean. It has the meaning of “too/as well.” It can replace the subject particles (는/은) OR the object particles (를/을), depending on what you are saying “too” with. For example: - 저도 한국어를 말하다 = I speak Korean as well (In addition to other people) - (나도 한국어를 말해 / 저**도** 한국어를 말해요 ) which is different from: - 저는 한국어도 말하다 = I speak Korean as well (in addition to other languages) - (나는 한국어도 말해 / 저는 한국어**도** 말해요 ) Make sure you notice the difference between the previous two examples. In English these two are written the same, but sound different when speaking. In the first example, you are emphasizing that YOU also speak Korean, in addition to other people that you are talking about. In the second example, you are emphasizing that (in addition to other languages), you also speak Korean. See the two examples below for the same issue: - 저도 사과를 먹다 = I eat apples as well - (나도 사과를 먹어 / 저도 사과를 먹어요 ) - 저는 사과도 먹다 = I eat apples as well - (나는 사과도 먹어 / 저는 사과도 먹어요 ) Notice the difference in pronunciation in English. The first one has the meaning of “other people eat some apples, but I too eat some apples.” The second example has the meaning of “I eat some other food as well, but I also eat apples.” It is important to recognize that whatever noun “~도” is attached to is the thing that is being expressed as “too.” More examples: - 나도 그것을 알다 = I know that, too - (나도 그것을 알아 / 저도 그것을 알아요 ) - 나도 피곤하다 = I am tired, too - (나도 피곤해 / 저도 피곤해요 ) - 나의 딸도 행복하다 = My daughter is happy, too - (나의 딸도 행복해 / 저의 딸도 행복해요 ) There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). [Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=289) Or, [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit118) ## Summary Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson? This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson. Want to practice your listening skills? This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson. Want to _apply_ what you learned in this lesson? This YouTube video will prompt you with English sentences using the grammar from this lesson, but vocabulary you haven’t been exposed to yet! The following videos are available to reinforce the concepts taught in this lesson: [Word Listening] [Lesson Recap]