--- vocabulary: lesson: - ko: 경제 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v1.mp3 en: economy/economics examples: - ko: 요즘에 세계 **경제**는 좋아지고 있어요 en: The world **economy** is getting better these days - ko: 아시아의 **경제**는 요즘에 좋아지고 있어요 en: The Asian **economy** is getting better these days - ko: 경제적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v2.mp3 en: economic examples: - ko: 미국은 **경제적인** 결정을 했어요 en: The US made an **economical** decision - ko: 역사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v3.mp3 en: history notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "역싸" examples: - ko: 저는 한국**역사**에 관심이 있어요 en: I am interested in Korean **history** - ko: 우리 학교에서 학생들은 **역사**와 지리를 같이 배워요 en: At our school, students learn **history** and geography together - ko: 역사적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v4.mp3 en: historical notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "역싸적" examples: - ko: 한국과 미국은 **역사적**으로 좋은 관계가 있다 en: "**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship" - ko: 과학 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v5.mp3 en: science examples: - ko: 한국 학생들은 다른 나라 학생들보다 **과학**을 더 잘 해요 en: Korean students are better at **science** than students of other countries - ko: 과학적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v6.mp3 en: scientific examples: - ko: 그들은 그 문제를 **과학적으로** 풀었다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3 en: They solved that problem **scientifically** - ko: 충동 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v7.mp3 en: impulse/shock examples: - ko: 저는 그녀한테 키스하고 싶은 **충동**을 참지 못했어요 en: I couldn't resist the **urge** to kiss her - ko: 충동적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v8.mp3 en: impulsive examples: - ko: 저는 자주 옷을 **충동적**으로 사요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3 en: I often buy clothes **impulsively** - ko: 저의 누나는 **충동적인** 여자예요 en: My older sister is an **impulsive** girl - ko: 문화 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v9.mp3 en: culture examples: - ko: 한국**문화**는 오래됐고 흥미로워요 en: Korean **culture** is long and interesting - ko: 문화적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v10.mp3 en: cultural examples: - ko: 한국 사람과 중국 사람은 **문화적**으로 달라요 en: Korean and Chinese people are **culturally** different - ko: 민주(주의) audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v11.mp3 en: democracy examples: - ko: 북한 사람들은 **민주주의**가 무엇인지 몰라요 en: North Koran people don't know what **democracy** is - ko: 민주적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v12.mp3 en: democratic examples: - ko: 미국은 **민주적인** 나라예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3 en: The US is a **democratic** nation - ko: 미국은 대통령을 **민주적으로** 선출해요 en: America elects its president **democratically** - ko: 개인 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v13.mp3 en: individual/personal examples: - ko: 그 헬스장은 **개인** 사물함을 제공해요 en: That gym provides a **personal** locker - ko: 개인적 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v14.mp3 en: individual examples: - ko: 저는 그녀랑 **개인적**으로 얘기하고 싶어요 en: I want to talk to her **personally** - ko: 자연 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v15.mp3 en: nature examples: - ko: 사람들은 **자연**을 지켜야 돼요 en: People need to protect **nature** - ko: 자연스럽다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v16.mp3 en: natural notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "자연스럽따"

자연스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 자연스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 자연스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 자연스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 자연스러울, ~니: 자연스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 자연스러움, ~(으)려고: 자연스러우려고, ~(으)시: 자연스러우시, ~(으)면: 자연스러우면, ~(으)니: 자연스러우니

examples: - ko: 그는 한국어를 **자연스럽게** 말해요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3 en: he speaks Korean **naturally** - ko: 그 여자는 **자연스러운** 머리를 가지고 있어요 en: That girl has **natural** hair - ko: 실망(하다) audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v17.mp3 en: disappointment (to be disappointed) notes: |

The noun form of this word translates to "disappointment"

실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "disappointed" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.

examples: - ko: 저는 **실망했어요** en: I was **disappointed** - ko: "**실망하**지 마세요" en: Don't be **disappointed** - ko: 실망스럽다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v18.mp3 en: to be disappointing notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "실망스럽따"

실망스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "disappointed" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See below in this lesson for more information.

~아/어: 실망스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 실망스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 실망스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 실망스러울, ~니: 실망스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 실망스러움, ~(으)려고: 실망스러우려고, ~(으)시: 실망스러우시, ~(으)면: 실망스러우면, ~(으)니: 실망스러우니

examples: - ko: 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3 en: The result was a little bit **disappointing** - ko: 저는 결과가 **실망스러웠어요** en: I was **disappointed** in the result - ko: 사랑(하다) audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v19.mp3 en: love (to love) examples: - ko: 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요** en: I **love** that girl - ko: 저는 그 여자를 그때만 **사랑했어요** en: I only **loved** her at that time - ko: 저의 여자 친구가 완벽해서 저는 그녀를 **사랑해요** en: I **love** my girlfriend because she is perfect - ko: 저는 친구들로부터 **사랑**을 많이 받았어요 en: I received a lot of **love** from friends - ko: 그 남자는 자기 여자 친구를 아직 **사랑해요** en: That man still **loves** his girlfriend - ko: 저는 내일 저의 여자 친구를 위해 **사랑**편지를 쓸 거예요 en: Tomorrow I will write a **love** letter for my girlfriend - ko: 사랑스럽다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v20.mp3 en: to be lovely notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "사랑스럽따"

사랑스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 사랑스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 사랑스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 사랑스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 사랑스러울, ~니: 사랑스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 사랑스러움, ~(으)려고: 사랑스러우려고, ~(으)시: 사랑스러우시, ~(으)면: 사랑스러우면, ~(으)니: 사랑스러우니

examples: - ko: 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요** en: That girl is **lovely** - ko: 우리 딸은 **사랑스러운** 여자예요 en: Our daughter is a **loving**/**lovely** girl - ko: 저는 그를 **사랑스럽게** 봤어요 en: I looked at him **lovingly** - ko: "아름다워 **사랑스러워** 그래 너 hey 그래 바로 너 hey" en: Lyrics from '강남스타일' - ko: 만족(하다) audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v21.mp3 en: satisfaction (to be satisfied) notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "만조카다"

The noun form of this word translates to "satisfaction"

만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "satisfied" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.

examples: - ko: 저는 **만족해요** en: I am **satisfied** - ko: 그는 **만족해요** en: He is **satisfied** - ko: 부장님을 **만족**시키는 것은 어려워요 en: Is it is difficult to **satisfy** our boss - ko: 만족스럽다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v22.mp3 en: to be satisfactory notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "만족스럽따"

만족스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular

만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one's feelings being "satisfied" using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16.

~아/어: 만족스러워, ~ㄴ/은: 만족스러운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 만족스럽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 만족스러울, ~니: 만족스러우니, ~ㅁ/음: 만족스러움, ~(으)려고: 만족스러우려고, ~(으)시: 만족스러우시, ~(으)면: 만족스러우면, ~(으)니: 만족스러우니

examples: - ko: 결과는 **만족스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3 en: The results were **satisfactory** - ko: 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요** en: I was **satisfied** with the food nouns: - ko: 관계 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v23.mp3 en: relationship examples: - ko: 미국과 한국의 **관계**가 좋아요 en: Korea and the US have a good **relationship** - ko: 저는 엄마랑 아무 **관계**도 없어요 en: I don't have any **relationship** with my mother - ko: 스트레스 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v24.mp3 en: stress examples: - ko: 운동은 **스트레스**를 풀어요 en: Exercise relieves **stress** - ko: 요즘에 저는 **스트레스**를 많이 받아요 en: These days I am very **stressed** - ko: 연필 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v25.mp3 en: pencil notes: |

개 can be used as a counter for 연필 for simplicity, but a more specific counter when counting pencils is "자루."

examples: - ko: "**연필** 몇 개가 있어요?" en: How many **pencils** do you have? - ko: 저는 그 수학문제를 **연필**과 종이로 풀었어요 en: I solved that math problem using a paper and a **pencil** - ko: 색깔 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v26.mp3 en: color notes: |

"색" is used after the words of most colors.

For example: 빨간색 (red), 노란색 (yellow), 녹색 (green)

examples: - ko: 보라색은 제가 가장 좋아하는 **색깔**이에요 en: Purple is my favorite **color** - ko: 가을에 잎의 **색깔**은 변해요 en: The **color** of the leaves changes in the fall - ko: 그 여자의 머리 **색깔**은 자연스러워 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3 en: That girl's hair **color** is natural - ko: 그 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v27.mp3 en: he, him notes: |

You should not use "그" when "he" refers to somebody who deserves high respect.

examples: - ko: "**그**는 학생이에요" en: "**He** is a student" - ko: 저는 여전히 **그**를 사랑해요 en: I still love **him** - ko: 주위 사람 중에 **그**를 좋아하는 사람은 하나도 없어요 en: There isn't even one person around him that likes **him** - ko: 소리를 많이 질러도 **그**는 제 말을 듣지 못했어요 en: Regardless of how much I screamed **he** didn't hear my voice - ko: 모든 사람들이 그를 싫어하지만 **그**는 파티에 나타났어요 en: Even though everybody hates **him**, **he** showed up at the party - ko: "**그**를 너무나 사랑했지만 언어장벽으로 인해 떠나야 했어요" en: I loved **him** a lot, but I had to leave (him) due to a language barrier - ko: 그 남자가 너무 수상하지 않았으면 **그**를 믿었을 거예요 en: If that man weren't so suspicious, I would have believed **him** - ko: 그녀 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v28.mp3 en: she, her notes: |

You should not use "그녀" when "she" refers to somebody who deserves high respect.

examples: - ko: "**그녀**는 친구랑 밖에 나갔어요" en: "**She** went outside with her friends" - ko: "**그녀**는 아주 순수해 보여요" en: "**She** looks really innocent" - ko: "**그녀**는 빨간 셔츠를 입고 있다" en: "**She** is wearing a red shirt" - ko: "**그녀**는 언제나 늦게 와요" en: "**She** comes late every time" - ko: 그 여자가 여신 같기 때문에 남자들은 **그녀**를 다 좋아해요 en: She's like a goddess, so all the boys like **her** - ko: 그 여자가 너무 예뻐서 저는 **그녀**를 만나고 싶어요 en: That girl is very pretty, therefore, I want to meet **her** - ko: 결과 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v29.mp3 en: result examples: - ko: 저의 시험 **결과**는 좋아요 en: The **result** of my exam is good (my exam results are good) - ko: 간부들은 그 **결과**를 회의에서 발표했어요 en: The executives announced that **result** at the meeting - ko: "**결과**는 만족스러웠어요" audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3 en: The **results** were satisfactory - ko: 우리가 만족스러운 **결과**를 받았어요 en: We received a satisfactory **result** - ko: 꿈 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v30.mp3 en: a dream examples: - ko: 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈**을 꿨어요 en: I had a strange **dream** last night - ko: 저의 **꿈**은 선생님이 되는 것이다 en: My **dream** is becoming a teacher - ko: 제가 배우가 되는 것은 **꿈**일 뿐이에요 en: Becoming an actor is just a **dream** - ko: 그 **꿈**이 이루어질 수 있을까요? en: Do you think that **dream** will come true? - ko: 그 사람의 얼굴이 기억 안 났지만 갑자기 제 **꿈**에 나타났어요 en: I had forgotten that person's face, but it suddenly appeared to me in my **dream** - ko: 세상 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v31.mp3 en: world examples: - ko: "**세상**에 가장 예쁜 여자는 누구예요?" en: Who is the most beautiful girl in the **world**? - ko: 제 남편은 **세상**에서 제일 멋있어요 en: My husband is the coolest in the **world** - ko: 힘과 권력이 있는 사람이 **세상**을 지배해요 en: People with power (and strength) rule the **world** - ko: 그 아이는 **세상**에서 고립된 채로 10년간 살아왔어요 en: That child lived isolated from the **world** for ten years - ko: 제가 **세상**에서 제일 싫어하는 것은 말다툼을 하는 거예요 en: The thing I hate the most in the **world** is arguing (with people) - ko: "**세상**에는 아직도 여성의 인권이 매우 낮은 곳이 많습니다" en: In this **world** even now, there are still many places where the rights of women are terribly low - ko: 댓글을 읽다 보니 **세상**에는 정말 다양한 사람들이 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었어요 en: After reading the comments I came to realize there really are all kinds of people in the **world** - ko: 세계 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v32.mp3 en: world examples: - ko: 요즘에 **세계** 경제는 좋아지고 있어요 en: The **world** economy is getting better these days - ko: 전 **세계**에서 온 관광객들은 그 축제에 갔어요 en: Tourists from all over the **world** went to that festival - ko: 회화 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v33.mp3 en: conversation notes: |

"회화" is usually placed after the name of a language to refer to the conversation aspect of that language. It is not used to mean "to have a conversation." The words 이야기하다 or 대화하다 should be used for that meaning.

examples: - ko: 저는 중국어**회화** 수업을 듣고 있어요 en: I am taking a Chinese **conversation** class - ko: 한국 학생들한테 영어**회화**는 중요하지 않아요 en: English **conversation** isn't important to Korean students - ko: 문자 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v34.mp3 en: text message notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "문짜" examples: - ko: 저는 저의 여자 친구한테 **문자**를 보냈어요 en: I sent a **text message** to my girlfriend - ko: 슬기는 남자친구의 **문자**에 답장을 빨리 해요 en: Seulgi responds to **messages** from her boyfriend quickly - ko: 핸드폰이 생기기 전에는 친구들과 **문자**를 보내는 대신에 쪽지를 주고 받았어요 en: Before cell phones, instead of sending **text messages** with friends, we exchanged notes - ko: 하지만 바로 그때였다. 핸드폰이 울렸다. '아 누구지?' 핸드폰을 확인해 봤다. 그 **문자**는 바로 민호한테서 온 것이었다 en: But, it was right at that moment. My phone rang. Who could it be? I checked the phone. That **message** had come from none other than 민호. - ko: 가슴 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v35.mp3 en: chest notes: |

Just like in English, this word can be used to refer to the general area of one's chest, or a woman's breasts. It can also be used to refer to one's "heart."

examples: - ko: 한국사람들이 **가슴**에 털이 없어요 en: Korean people don't have hair on their **chest** - ko: 그 여자가 **가슴**이 커요 en: That woman has big **breasts** - ko: 심장이 멈춘 듯이 **가슴**이 아파요 en: My **chest** hurts as if my heart has stopped - ko: 당신의 눈을 응시할 때 **가슴이** 설레어요 en: When I gaze into your eyes, my **heart** flutters - ko: "**가슴**이 떨릴 때는 심호흡을 깊게 하면 진정이 돼요" en: When you are **nervous**, if you breathe deeply you can be calmed down - ko: 제목 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v36.mp3 en: title of something (book, etc) examples: - ko: 그 책의 **제목**은 뭐에요? en: What is the **title** of that book? - ko: 근처 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v46.mp3 en: close/near by notes: |

근처 and 가깝다 are words that have similar meanings. 근처 is actually a noun but I feel it acts and feels like an adverb. 가깝다 is an adjective, which means it can predicate sentences and describe upcoming nouns. 근처 is most commonly used after a noun (like 위, 안, 밑, 뒤, etc…) to mean "close to…"

It can also be used to generally just mean "close" to here. In these cases, 여기 can be omitted.

examples: - ko: 대학로 **근처**에 극장이 많아요 en: There are a lot of theaters **near** 대학로 - ko: 저의 친구는 (여기) **근처**에 살아요 en: My friend lives **close** (to here) - ko: 나중 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-38.mp3 en: later examples: - ko: 저는 숙제를 **나중에** 할 거예요 en: I am going to do my homework **later** - ko: "나중에** 밥이 없을 거라서 저는 지금 먹고 싶어요" en: There will not be any food **later**, therefore, I want to eat now - ko: 선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. **나중**에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요? en: Teacher! I can't grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office **later**? - ko: 대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 **나중**에 선택하라고 말했어요 en: If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major **later** - ko: 최근 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-16-39.mp3 en: recently notes: |

This can be used before a noun to describe it. For example: "최근 날씨가 추워요" = "The recent weather is cold"

It can also be used with ~에 to generally mean "recently." For example: "최근에 사람이 많이 와요" = "Recently, many people have been coming"

examples: - ko: "**최근** 날씨가 추워요" en: The **recent** weather is cold - ko: "**최근에** 사람이 많이 와요" en: "**Recently**, many people have been coming" verbs: - ko: 풀다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v37.mp3 en: to untie, to unfasten, to loosen notes: |

풀다 follows the ㄹ irregular

~아/어: 풀어, ~ㄴ/은: 푼, ~ㄴ/는다: 푼다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 풉니다, ~ㄹ/을: 풀, ~니: 푸니, ~ㅁ/음: 풂, ~(으)려고: 풀려고, ~(으)시: 푸시, ~(으)면: 풀면, ~(으)니: 푸니

examples: - ko: 운동은 스트레스를 **풀어요** en: exercise **relieves** stress - ko: 저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요** en: I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil - ko: 이 붕대를 **풀자마자** 애기가 기어 다니기 시작해도 돼요 en: As soon as you **unravel** this bandage, the baby can start crawling around - ko: 꿈꾸다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v38.mp3 en: to dream examples: - ko: 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈을 꿨어요** en: I had a strange **dream** last night - ko: 태어나다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v39.mp3 en: to be born examples: - ko: 저는 캐나다에서 **태어났어요** en: I was **born** in Canada - ko: 저는 한국에서 **태어난** 게 아니라 캐나다에서 태어난 교포예요 en: I wasn't **born** is Korea, I am a foreign-born Korean born in Canada - ko: 가난한 집안에서 **태어나** 이렇게 큰 성공을 이룬 이 사람의 이야기는 신화와 같아요 en: The story of this person being **born** into a poor family and achieving this much success is like a myth/legend - ko: 저는 한국에서 **태어났지만** 태어나고 바로 미국으로 이사해서 한국어를 알아들을 수 없어요. 그래서 한국어를 이제 배우기로 했어요. en: I was **born** in Korea but moved to America right after I was born, so I can't understand Korean. Therefore, I decided to learn Korean now. - ko: 다니다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v40.mp3 en: to go somewhere frequently examples: - ko: "어느 학교를 **다녀요**?" en: What school do you **go to**? - ko: 우리 딸은 그 고등학교를 **다녀요** en: Our daughter **attends** that high school - ko: 우리 어머니는 서울대학교를 **다녔어요** en: Our mom **attended** Seoul University - ko: 저는 6개월 동안 동남아시아에서 **돌아다녔어요** en: I **wandered around** South East Asia for 6 months - ko: 믿다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v41.mp3 en: to believe, to trust notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "믿따" examples: - ko: 저는 그 사람을 **믿**을 수 없어요 en: I can't **believe/trust** that person - ko: 저는 그런 사람을 **믿지** 않아요 en: I don't **trust** that type of person/those types of people - ko: 관객은 대통령이 하는 말을 **믿지** 않았어요 en: The audience didn't **believe** what the president said - ko: 옛날에 그리스인들은 여러 가지의 신을 **믿었어요** en: A long time ago, Greek people **believed** in a variety of gods - ko: 그 친구는 남의 말만 **믿고** 저를 무시했어요 en: That friend **believed** what other people said (about me), and ignored me - ko: 그 생물 선생님이 종교를 **믿어서** 자기가 가르치는 내용을 안 **믿어요** en: That biology teacher doesn't **believe** the content he teaches because he is religious (**believes** in a religion) adjectives: - ko: 가깝다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v42.mp3 en: to be close to, to be near notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "가깝따"

가깝다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 가까워, ~ㄴ/은: 가까운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 가깝습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 가까울, ~니: 가까우니, ~ㅁ/음: 가까움, ~(으)려고: 가까우려고, ~(으)시: 가까우시, ~(으)면: 가까우면, ~(으)니: 가까우니

examples: - ko: 저의 친구의 집은 **가까워요** en: My friend's house is **close** - ko: 저의 친구는 **가까운** 집에 살아요 en: literally – my friend lives in a **near** by house - ko: 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요 en: As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive - ko: 그래서 나는 여행을 가기로 결심을 했다. 아일랜드와 지리적으로 매우 **가깝지만** 한 번 도 가지 않았던 영국에 가기로 결심했다 en: So, I decided to go traveling. I decided to go to England, which, although geographically very **close** to Ireland, I had not been to once. - ko: 힘들다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v43.mp3 en: to be difficult to do something notes: |

This is a word that is difficult to translate. It's usually used on things that are physically straining. However, something mentally straining (like solving a math problem) could also be '힘들다' because those types of things might also elicit a physical response as well.

You'd be surprised how often you hear this word in Korean. Everything is '힘들다.'

examples: - ko: 학생들을 가르치는 것은 **힘들어요** en: It is **hard** to teach students - ko: 이 문제를 극복하는 것이 **힘들** 거예요 en: It will be **difficult** to overcome this problem - ko: 그 일이 **힘들지** 모르겠어요 en: I don't know if that work will be **difficult** - ko: 소방 훈련이 **힘들어** 보여요 en: Firefighting training looks **difficult** - ko: 저는 멀리 살고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 **힘들어요** en: It is **difficult** to walk home because I live far - ko: 오늘 너무 **힘들**어서 저는 따뜻한 목욕을 하고 싶어요 en: Today was really **difficult**, so I want to take a warm bath - ko: 순수하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v44.mp3 en: to be pure examples: - ko: 그녀는 아주 **순수해** 보여요 en: She looks really **innocent** - ko: 하얀색은 가장 **순수한** 색깔이에요 en: White is the **purest** color adverbs: - ko: 조금 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v45.mp3 en: a little examples: - ko: 저는 **조금** 먹었어요 en: I ate a **little** - ko: 저는 **조금**만 먹었어요 en: I only ate a **little** - ko: "**조금** 있다가 가자" en: Let's go in a **bit** - ko: "**조금** 더 앞으로 가 주세요" en: Move a **little bit** more forward, please - ko: 그러나 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson16v49.mp3 en: but/however notes: |

Used as a conjunctive adverb, usually between two sentences.

examples: - ko: 친구가 한국에 왔어요. **그러나**, 그녀를 만날 수 없었어요 en: My friend came to Korea. **However**, I couldn't meet her - ko: 미연은 내게서 시선을 돌리며 텔레비전 화면을 쳐다봤다. **그러나** 화면 속 내용을 보고 있는 것 같지는 않았다 en: As 미연 removed her eyes from me, she stared at the TV screen. **However**, (despite the fact that she was looking at the TV, which would make you expect that she was actually watching the TV), she probably wasn't watching the TV sentence: 적으로: - ko: 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화**적으로** 많이 변했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-1.mp3 en: Korea has changed a lot **culturally** in the period of/during/for the past 50 years notes: | - ko: 그것은 경제**적으로** 가능하지 않아요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-2.mp3 en: That isn’t **economically** possible notes: | - ko: 한국과 미국은 역사**적으로** 좋은 관계가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-3.mp3 en: "**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship" notes: | - ko: 그들은 그 문제를 과학**적으로** 풀었다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3 en: They solved that problem **scientifically** notes: | - ko: 저는 자주 옷을 충동**적으로** 사요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3 en: I often buy clothes **impulsively** notes: | - ko: 미국은 대통령을 민주**적으로** 선출해요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-3.mp3 en: America elects its president **democratically** notes: | 적이다: - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3 en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference notes: - 차이 = difference - | - notes: | ko: 미국은 경제**적인** 결정을 했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-6.mp3 en: The US made an **economical** decision - notes: | ko: 저 학교는 역사**적인** 건물이에요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-9.mp3 en: That school is a **historical** building - notes: | ko: 이것은 과학**적인** 문제예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-7.mp3 en: This is a **scientific** problem - notes: | ko: 저는 너무 충동**적이에요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-11.mp3 en: I’m too **impulsive** - notes: - Notice that when a word ending in ~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다. - | ko: 미국은 민주**적인** 나라예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3 en: The US is a **democratic** nation - ko: 북한에는 민주**적** 정부가 없습니다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-9.mp3 en: There is not a **democratic** government in North Korea notes: | This is usually the only time that ~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don’t really need to worry much about the difference between ~적 and ~적이다. Just be aware that ~적이다 is more commonly used, and how they are used within a sentence. That is, when using “~적이다,” 이다 should be conjugated, and when using “~적” nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun. - ko: 경제**적** 문제가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-10.mp3 en: There is a **financial** problem notes: &describe-in | In all cases above, I would rather use the ~적인 form to describe the upcoming noun. The native Korean speaker beside me says the same thing. However, she also says that the first example of each (the examples just using ~적 instead of ~적인) are also acceptable. In my opinion, the use of ~적인 instead of ~적 is more common in speaking than in printed sources. - ko: 경제**적인** 문제가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-11.mp3 en: There is a **financial** problem notes: *describe-in - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적** 차이가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-4.mp3 en: Canada and the US have a cultural difference notes: *describe-in - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3 en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference notes: *describe-in - ko: 나는 개인**적** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-12.mp3 en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems) notes: *describe-in - ko: 나는 개인**적인** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-13.mp3 en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems) notes: - 그만두다 = to quit a job or school - *describe-in - ko: 이 건물은 역사**적** 건물이다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-14.mp3 en: This building is a **historical** building notes: *describe-in - ko: 이 건물은 역사**적인** 건물이다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-15.mp3 en: This building is a **historical** building notes: *describe-in 스럽다: - ko: 그 여자가 아주 사랑**스러워요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-16.mp3 en: That girl is something “with the properties of love” notes: lovely - ko: 그 여자의 머리 색깔은 자연**스러워** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3 en: That girl’s hair color has “the properties of nature” notes: natural - notes: &disappointed | 실망하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. ko: 저는 **실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3 en: I was **disappointed** - notes: *disappointed ko: 우리 아버지는 어제 **실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-18.mp3 en: Our dad was **disappointed** yesterday - notes: &disappointed-in | If you want to say that somebody is disappointed _in_ a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in. ko: 저는 친구**에게 실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3 en: I was **disappointed in** my friend - notes: *disappointed-in ko: 우리 아버지는 저**에게 실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-20.mp3 en: Our dad was **disappointed in** me - notes: &disappointed-object | If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in. ko: 저는 영화**에 실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3 en: I was disappointed in the movie - notes: *disappointed-object ko: 우리 아버지는 식당**에 실망했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-22.mp3 en: Our dad was **disappointed in** the restaurant - notes: &disappointing | 실망스럽다 usually is not describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the “properties of disappointment.” This usually translates to “disappointing.” ko: 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3 en: The result was a little bit **disappointing** - notes: *disappointing ko: 그 영화는 조금 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-23.mp3 en: The movie was a little bit **disappointing** - ko: 저는 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-27.mp3 en: I am **disappointed** notes: | most likely be from a person describing that something is disappointing, but they have omitted it from the sentence. - ko: 저는 친구가 **실망스러워요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-24.mp3 en: I am **disappointed** in my friend notes: My friend is disappointing, and therefore I am disappointed - ko: 저는 학생들이 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-25.mp3 en: I was **disappointed** in the students notes: My students were disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed - ko: 저는 그 영화가 **실망스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-26.mp3 en: I was **disappointed** in the movie notes: The movie was disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed - notes: &satisfied | Just like with 실망하다, 만족하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. ko: 저는 **만족해요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-28.mp3 en: I am **satisfied** - notes: *satisfied ko: 그는 **만족해요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-29.mp3 en: He is **satisfied** - notes: | just like with 실망스럽다, 만족스럽다 is _not_ describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is an adjective that is describing something that has the “properties of satisfaction.” This usually translates to “satisfactory.” ko: 결과는 **만족스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3 en: The results were **satisfactory** - notes: &satisfied-soa | 만족스럽다 can be used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate that one is satisfied in something. ko: 저는 결과가 **만족스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-30.mp3 en: I was **satisfied** with the results - notes: *satisfied-soa ko: 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-31.mp3 en: I was **satisfied** with the food - notes: | the object can be omitted and the speaker can indicate that _something_ was satisfactory (and thus he/she was satisfied). ko: 저는 **만족스러웠어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-40.mp3 en: I was **satisfied** (something was **satisfying…**) - ko: 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-32.mp3 en: I love that girl - ko: 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-33.mp3 en: That girl is **lovely** - notes: | 자랑하다 is a verb that can act on a noun ko: 저는 저의 한국어 실력을 **자랑했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-34.mp3 en: I **showed off/boasted** my Korean skills - notes: &proud-of | 자랑스럽다 is usually used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate who somebody is proud of. ko: 저는 저의 딸이 아주 **자랑스러워요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-35.mp3 en: I am very **proud of** my daughter - notes: *proud-of ko: 저는 학생들이 **자랑스러워요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-36.mp3 en: I am **proud of** the students - notes: | ~스럽다 words are adjectives, they can describe an upcoming noun (just like any other adjective) by placing ~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word. ko: 우리 딸은 사랑**스러운 여자예요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-37.mp3 en: Our daughter is a **loving/lovely** girl - notes: &turn-to-adverb | ~게 can be added to the end of the stem of –스럽다 to change the word into an adverb. ko: 그는 한국어를 자연**스럽게 말해요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3 en: he speaks Korean **naturally** - notes: *turn-to-adverb ko: 저는 그를 사랑**스럽게 봤어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-38.mp3 en: I looked at him **lovingly** - notes: *turn-to-adverb ko: 그는 실망**스럽게 행동했어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-39.mp3 en: He acted **disappointingly** (in a **disappointing** way) - notes: *turn-to-adverb ko: 저는 일을 만족**스럽게 끝냈어요** audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-40.mp3 en: I finished the work/job **satisfactorily** (in a **satisfactory** way) --- # Lesson 16: Noun + \~적, \~적으로, \~적이다, \~스럽다 ## Vocabulary --- 경제 = economy/economics
Common Usages: - 경제적이다 = economical - 세계 경제 = world economy - 경제학 = economics (the study of economy) Example: - 요즘에 세계 **경제**는 좋아지고 있어요 = The world **economy** is getting better these days - 아시아의 **경제**는 요즘에 좋아지고 있어요 = The Asian **economy** is getting better these days
경제적 = economic
Common Usages: - 경제적인 이유 = economic reason - 경제적인 결정 = economic decision - 경제적인 문제 = economic problem - 경제적으로 = economically Example: - 미국은 **경제적인** 결정을 했어요 = The US made an **economical** decision
역사 = history
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “역싸” Common Usages: - 역사적이다 = historical - 세계역사 = world history - 역사가 = historian - 역사 수업 = history class Example: - 저는 한국**역사**에 관심이 있어요 = I am interested in Korean **history** - 우리 학교에서 학생들은 **역사**와 지리를 같이 배워요 = At our school, students learn **history** and geography together
역사적 = historical
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “역싸적” Common Usages: - 역사적으로 = historically Example: - 한국과 미국은 **역사적**으로 좋은 관계가 있다 = **Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship
과학 = science
Common Usages: - 과학적이다 = scientific - 과학 기술 = science and technology - 과학자 = scientist - 과학연구 = science (scientific research) - 자연과학 = natural sciences - 과학수업 = science class Example: - 한국 학생들은 다른 나라 학생들보다 **과학**을 더 잘 해요 = Korean students are better at **science** than students of other countries
과학적 = scientific
Common Usages: - 과학적인 설명 = scientific explanation - 과학적으로 = scientific Example: - 그들은 그 문제를 **과학적으로** 풀었다 = They solved that problem **scientifically**
충동 = impulse/shock
Common Usages: - 충동적이다 = impulsive - 성적 충동 = sexual urge Example: - 저는 그녀한테 키스하고 싶은 **충동**을 참지 못했어요 = I couldn’t resist the **urge** to kiss her
충동적 = impulsive
Common Usages: - 충동적으로 = impulsively Examples: - 저는 자주 옷을 **충동적**으로 사요 = I often buy clothes **impulsively** - 저의 누나는 **충동적인** 여자예요 = My older sister is an **impulsive** girl
문화 = culture
Common Usages: - 문화적이다 = cultural - 문화 차이 = differences in culture - 동구문화 = Eastern culture - 서구문화 = Western culture Example: - 한국**문화**는 오래됐고 흥미로워요 = Korean **culture** is long and interesting
문화적 = cultural
Common Usages: - 문화적으로 = culturally Example: - 한국 사람과 중국 사람은 **문화적**으로 달라요 = Korean and Chinese people are **culturally** different
민주(주의) = democracy
Common Examples: - 민주주의자 = democrat Example: - 북한 사람들은 **민주주의**가 무엇인지 몰라요 = North Koran people don’t know what **democracy** is
민주적 = democratic
Common Usages: - 민주적으로 = democratically Examples: - 미국은 **민주적인** 나라예요 = The US is a **democratic** nation - 미국은 대통령을 **민주적으로** 선출해요 = America elects its president **democratically**
개인 = individual/personal
Example: - 그 헬스장은 **개인** 사물함을 제공해요 = That gym provides a **personal** locker
개인적 = individual
Example: - 저는 그녀랑 **개인적**으로 얘기하고 싶어요 = I want to talk to her **personally**
자연 = nature
Common Usages: - 자연스럽다 = natural - 자연의 법칙 = the laws of nature - 자연과학 = natural science Example: - 사람들은 **자연**을 지켜야 돼요 = People need to protect **nature**
자연스럽다 = natural
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “자연스럽따” 자연스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular Examples: - 그는 한국어를 **자연스럽게** 말해요 = he speaks Korean **naturally** - 그 여자는 **자연스러운** 머리를 가지고 있어요 = That girl has **natural** hair
실망(하다) = disappointment (disappointed)
The noun form of this word translates to “disappointment” Notes: 실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “disappointed” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16. Examples: - 저는 **실망했어요** = I was **disappointed**. - **실망하**지 마세요 = Don’t be **disappointed**
실망스럽다 = to be disappointing
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “실망스럽따” 실망스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular Notes: 실망하다 describes the feeling of being disappointed. 실망스럽다 describes something that is disappointing. 실망스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “disappointed” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See below in this lesson for more information. Example: - 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요** = The result was a little bit **disappointing** - 저는 결과가 **실망스러웠어요** = I was **disappointed** in the result
사랑(하다) = love (to love)
Common Usages: - 사랑에 빠지다 = to fall in love - 서로 사랑하다 = to love each other - 사랑니 = wisdom tooth Example: - 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요** = I **love** that girl - 저는 그 여자를 그때만 **사랑했어요** = I only **loved** her at that time - 저의 여자 친구가 완벽해서 저는 그녀를 **사랑해요** = I **love** my girlfriend because she is perfect - 저는 친구들로부터 **사랑**을 많이 받았어요 = I received a lot of **love** from friends - 그 남자는 자기 여자 친구를 아직 **사랑해요** = That man still **loves** his girlfriend - 저는 내일 저의 여자 친구를 위해 **사랑**편지를 쓸 거예요 = Tomorrow I will write a **love** letter for my girlfriend
사랑스럽다 = to be lovely
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “사랑스럽따” 사랑스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular Common Usages: - 사랑스러운 여자 = A lovely girl Example: - 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요** = That girl is **lovely** - 우리 딸은 **사랑스러운** 여자예요 = Our daughter is a **loving**/**lovely** girl - 저는 그를 **사랑스럽게** 봤어요 = I looked at him **lovingly** - Lyrics from ‘강남스타일’: “아름다워 **사랑스러워** 그래 너 hey 그래 바로 너 hey”
만족(하다) = satisfaction (to be satisfied)
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만조카다” The noun form of this word translates to “satisfaction” Notes: 만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “satisfied” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16. Common Usages: - 만족시키다 = to satisfy Example: - 저는 **만족해요** = I am **satisfied** - 그는 **만족해요** = He is **satisfied** - 부장님을 **만족**시키는 것은 어려워요 = Is it is difficult to **satisfy** our boss
만족스럽다 = to be satisfactory
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만족스럽따” 만족스럽다 follows the ㅂ irregular Notes: 만족하다 describes the feeling of being satisfied. 만족스럽다 describes something that is satisfactory. 만족스럽다 is sometimes used in sentences that translate to one’s feelings being “satisfied” using the Subject – Object – Adjective form. See Lesson 16. Examples: - 결과는 **만족스러웠어요** = The results were **satisfactory** - 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요** = I was **satisfied** with the food
### Nouns 관계 = relationship
Example: - 미국과 한국의 **관계**가 좋아요 = Korea and the US have a good **relationship** - 저는 엄마랑 아무 **관계**도 없어요 = I don’t have any **relationship** with my mother
스트레스 = stress
Common Usages: - 스트레스를 풀다 = to relieve stress - 스트레스를 받다 = to be stressed Example: - 운동은 **스트레스**를 풀어요 = Exercise relieves **stress** - 요즘에 저는 **스트레스**를 많이 받아요 = These days I am very **stressed**
연필 = pencil
Notes: 개 can be used as a counter for 연필 for simplicity, but a more specific counter when counting pencils is “자루.” Example: - **연필** 몇 개가 있어요? = How many **pencils** do you have? - 저는 그 수학문제를 **연필**과 종이로 풀었어요 = I solved that math problem using a paper and a **pencil**
색깔 = color
Common Usages: “색” is used after the words of most colors. For example: 빨간색 (red), 노란색 (yellow), 녹색 (green) Example: - 보라색은 제가 가장 좋아하는 **색깔**이에요 = Purple is my favorite **color** - 가을에 잎의 **색깔**은 변해요 = The **color** of the leaves changes in the fall - 그 여자의 머리 **색깔**은 자연스러워 = That girl’s hair **color** is natural
그 = he, him
Common Usages: - 그들 = they - 그냐 = she Notes: You should not use “그” when “he” refers to somebody who deserves high respect. Example: - **그**는 학생이에요 = **He** is a student - 저는 여전히 **그**를 사랑해요 = I still love **him** - 주위 사람 중에 **그**를 좋아하는 사람은 하나도 없어요 = There isn’t even one person around him that likes **him** - 소리를 많이 질러도 **그**는 제 말을 듣지 못했어요 = Regardless of how much I screamed **he** didn’t hear my voice - 모든 사람들이 그를 싫어하지만 **그**는 파티에 나타났어요 = Even though everybody hates **him**, **he** showed up at the party - **그**를 너무나 사랑했지만 언어장벽으로 인해 떠나야 했어요 = I loved **him** a lot, but I had to leave (him) due to a language barrier - 그 남자가 너무 수상하지 않았으면 **그**를 믿었을 거예요 = If that man weren’t so suspicious, I would have believed **him**
그녀 = she, her
Notes: You should not use “그녀” when “she” refers to somebody who deserves high respect. Examples: - **그녀**는 친구랑 밖에 나갔어요 = **She** went outside with her friends - **그녀**는 아주 순수해 보여요 = **She** looks really innocent - **그녀**는 빨간 셔츠를 입고 있다 = **She** is wearing a red shirt - **그녀**는 언제나 늦게 와요 = **She** comes late every time - 그 여자가 여신 같기 때문에 남자들은 **그녀**를 다 좋아해요 = She’s like a goddess, so all the boys like **her** - 그 여자가 너무 예뻐서 저는 **그녀**를 만나고 싶어요 = That girl is very pretty, therefore, I want to meet **her**
결과 = result
Common Usages: - 결과가 나오다 = for the results to “come out” - 결과가 만족스럽다 = for the results to be satisfactory - 결과가 실망스럽다 = for the results to be disappointing Example: - 저의 시험 **결과**는 좋아요 = The **result** of my exam is good (my exam results are good) - 간부들은 그 **결과**를 회의에서 발표했어요 = The executives announced that **result** at the meeting - **결과**는 만족스러웠어요 = The **results** were satisfactory - 우리가 만족스러운 **결과**를 받았어요 = We received a satisfactory **result**
꿈 = a dream
Common Usages: - 꿈을 꾸다 = to dream - 꿈속에 = in one’s dream Examples: - 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈**을 꿨어요 = I had a strange **dream** last night - 저의 **꿈**은 선생님이 되는 것이다 = My **dream** is becoming a teacher - 제가 배우가 되는 것은 **꿈**일 뿐이에요 = Becoming an actor is just a **dream** - 그 **꿈**이 이루어질 수 있을까요? = Do you think that **dream** will come true? - 그 사람의 얼굴이 기억 안 났지만 갑자기 제 **꿈**에 나타났어요 = I had forgotten that person’s face, but it suddenly appeared to me in my **dream**
세상 = world
Common Usages: - 세상을 떠나다 = to leave the world/die Examples: - **세상**에 가장 예쁜 여자는 누구예요? = Who is the most beautiful girl in the **world**? - 제 남편은 **세상**에서 제일 멋있어요 = My husband is the coolest in the **world** - 힘과 권력이 있는 사람이 **세상**을 지배해요 = People with power (and strength) rule the **world** - 그 아이는 **세상**에서 고립된 채로 10년간 살아왔어요 = That child lived isolated from the **world** for ten years - 제가 **세상**에서 제일 싫어하는 것은 말다툼을 하는 거예요 = The thing I hate the most in the **world** is arguing (with people) - **세상**에는 아직도 여성의 인권이 매우 낮은 곳이 많습니다 = In this **world** even now, there are still many places where the rights of women are terribly low - 댓글을 읽다 보니 **세상**에는 정말 다양한 사람들이 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었어요 = After reading the comments I came to realize there really are all kinds of people in the **world**
세계 = world
Common Usages: - 세계 평화 = world peace - 세계 지도 = world map - 세계화 = globalization - 현실 세계 = real world - 전 세계 = the whole world - 세계여행 = world travel Examples: - 요즘에 **세계** 경제는 좋아지고 있어요 = The **world** economy is getting better these days - 전 **세계**에서 온 관광객들은 그 축제에 갔어요 = Tourists from all over the **world** went to that festival
회화 = -conversation
Common Usages: - 영어회화 = English conversation - 영어회화수업 = English conversation class - 영어회화교사 = English conversation teacher - 중국어회화 = Chinese conversation Notes: “회화” is usually placed after the name of a language to refer to the conversation aspect of that language. It is not used to mean “to have a conversation.” The words 이야기하다 or 대화하다 should be used for that meaning. Examples: - 저는 중국어**회화** 수업을 듣고 있어요 = I am taking a Chinese **conversation** class - 한국 학생들한테 영어**회화**는 중요하지 않아요 = English **conversation** isn’t important to Korean students
문자 = text message
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “문짜” Common Usages: - 문자를 보내다 = to send a text message - 문자를 받다 = to receive a text message - 문자에 답장하다 = to respond to a text message Examples: - 저는 저의 여자 친구한테 **문자**를 보냈어요 = I sent a **text message** to my girlfriend - 슬기는 남자친구의 **문자**에 답장을 빨리 해요 = Seulgi responds to **messages** from her boyfriend quickly - 핸드폰이 생기기 전에는 친구들과 **문자**를 보내는 대신에 쪽지를 주고 받았어요 = Before cell phones, instead of sending **text messages** with friends, we exchanged notes - 하지만 바로 그때였다. 핸드폰이 울렸다. ‘아 누구지?’ 핸드폰을 확인해 봤다. 그 **문자**는 바로 민호한테서 온 것이었다 = But, it was right at that moment. My phone rang. Who could it be? I checked the phone. That **message** had come from none other than 민호.
가슴 = chest
Common Usages: - 닭가슴살 = chicken breast Notes: Just like in English, this word can be used to refer to the general area of one’s chest, or a woman’s breasts. It can also be used to refer to one’s “heart.” Examples: - 한국사람들이 **가슴**에 털이 없어요 = Korean people don’t have hair on their **chest** - 그 여자가 **가슴**이 커요 = That woman has big **breasts** - 심장이 멈춘 듯이 **가슴**이 아파요 = My **chest** hurts as if my heart has stopped - 당신의 눈을 응시할 때 **가슴이** 설레어요 = When I gaze into your eyes, my **heart** flutters - **가슴**이 떨릴 때는 심호흡을 깊게 하면 진정이 돼요 = When you are **nervous**, if you breathe deeply you can be calmed down
제목 = title of something (book, etc)
Common Usages: - 노래 제목 = the name of a song - 책 제목 = the name of a book Example: - 그 책의 **제목**은 뭐에요? = What is the **title** of that book?
근처 = close/near by
Notes: 근처 and 가깝다 are words that have similar meanings. 근처 is actually a noun but I feel it acts and feels like an adverb. 가깝다 is an adjective, which means it can predicate sentences and describe upcoming nouns. 근처 is most commonly used after a noun (like 위, 안, 밑, 뒤, etc…) to mean “close to…” for example: - 대학로 **근처**에 극장이 많아요 = There are a lot of theaters **near** 대학로 It can also be used to generally just mean “close” to here. In these cases, 여기 can be omitted: - 저의 친구는 (여기) **근처**에 살아요 = My friend lives **close** (to here)
나중 = later
Common Usages: - 나중에 봐요 = See you later - 나중에 하자 = Let’s do it later Examples: - 저는 숙제를 **나중에** 할 거예요 = I am going to do my homework **later** - **나중에** 밥이 없을 거라서 저는 지금 먹고 싶어요 = There will not be any food **later**, therefore, I want to eat now - 선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. **나중**에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요? = Teacher! I can’t grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office **later**? - 대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 **나중**에 선택하라고 말했어요 = If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major **later**
최근 = recently
Notes: This can be used before a noun to describe it. For example: - **최근** 날씨가 추워요 = The **recent** weather is cold It can also be used with \~에 to generally mean “recently.” For example: - **최근에** 사람이 많이 와요 = **Recently**, many people have been coming
### Verbs 풀다 = to untie, to unfasten, to loosen
풀다 follows the ㄹ irregular Common Usages: - 코를 풀다 = to blow one’s nose - 스트레스를 풀다 = to relieve stress - 문제를 풀다 = to solve a problem - 신발끈을 풀다 = to untie one’s shoes Examples: - ⁠운동은 스트레스를 **풀어요** = exercise **relieves** stress - ⁠저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요** = I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil - 저는 그 수학문제를 연필과 종이로 **풀었어요** = I **solved** that math problem using a paper and a pencil - 이 붕대를 **풀자마자** 애기가 기어 다니기 시작해도 돼요 = As soon as you **unravel** this bandage, the baby can start crawling around
꿈꾸다 = to dream
Common Usages: - 이상한 꿈을 꾸다 = to have a weird dream Example: - 저는 어젯밤에 이상한 **꿈을 꿨어요** = I had a strange **dream** last night
태어나다 = to be born
Common Usages: - 태어났을 때부터 = since I was born/my whole life - 한국에서 태어나다 = to be born in Korean Example: - 저는 캐나다에서 **태어났어요** = I was **born** in Canada - 저는 한국에서 **태어난** 게 아니라 캐나다에서 태어난 교포예요 = I wasn’t **born** is Korea, I am a foreign-born Korean born in Canada - 가난한 집안에서 **태어나** 이렇게 큰 성공을 이룬 이 사람의 이야기는 신화와 같아요 = The story of this person being **born** into a poor family and achieving this much success is like a myth/legend - 저는 한국에서 **태어났지만** 태어나고 바로 미국으로 이사해서 한국어를 알아들을 수 없어요. 그래서 한국어를 이제 배우기로 했어요. = I was **born** in Korea but moved to America right after I was born, so I can’t understand Korean. Therefore, I decided to learn Korean now.
다니다 = to go somewhere frequently
Common Usages: - 기어다니다 = to crawl around - 돌아다니다 = to wander around - 학교를 다니다 = to attend school - 다녀오다 = to go, and then come back - 다녀오세요 = This can be used to say “goodbye,” as it literally translates to “to go somewhere, wander around, and then come back.” Example: - 어느 학교를 **다녀요**? = What school do you **go to**? - 우리 딸은 그 고등학교를 **다녀요** = Our daughter **attends** that high school - 우리 어머니는 서울대학교를 **다녔어요** = Our mom **attended** Seoul University - 저는 6개월 동안 동남아시아에서 **돌아다녔어요** = I **wandered around** South East Asia for 6 months
믿다 = to believe, to trust
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “믿따” Common Usages: - 신을 믿다 = To believe in god - 종교를 믿다 = To have/believe in a religion - 저를 믿어 주세요 = (Please) Believe me! Examples: - 저는 그 사람을 **믿**을 수 없어요 = I can’t **believe/trust** that person - 저는 그런 사람을 **믿지** 않아요 = I don’t **trust** that type of person/those types of people - 관객은 대통령이 하는 말을 **믿지** 않았어요 = The audience didn’t **believe** what the president said - 옛날에 그리스인들은 여러 가지의 신을 **믿었어요** = A long time ago, Greek people **believed** in a variety of gods - 그 친구는 남의 말만 **믿고** 저를 무시했어요 = That friend **believed** what other people said (about me), and ignored me - 그 생물 선생님이 종교를 **믿어서** 자기가 가르치는 내용을 안 **믿어요** = That biology teacher doesn’t **believe** the content he teaches because he is religious (**believes** in a religion)
### Adjectives 가깝다 = to be close to, to be near
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “가깝따” 가깝다 follows the ㅂ irregular Examples: - ⁠저의 친구의 집은 **가까워요** = My friend’s house is **close** - ⁠저의 친구는 **가까운** 집에 살아요 = literally – my friend lives in a **near** by house - 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요 = As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive - 그래서 나는 여행을 가기로 결심을 했다. 아일랜드와 지리적으로 매우 **가깝지만** 한 번 도 가지 않았던 영국에 가기로 결심했다 = So, I decided to go traveling. I decided to go to England, which, although geographically very **close** to Ireland, I had not been to once.
힘들다 = to be difficult to do something
Notes: This is a word that is difficult to translate. It’s usually used on things that are physically straining. However, something mentally straining (like solving a math problem) could also be ‘힘들다’ because those types of things might also elicit a physical response as well. You’d be surprised how often you hear this word in Korean. *Every*thing is ‘힘들다.’ - Going out for a walk: 아\~ 힘들어! - Taking the subway: 아\~ 힘들어! - Cooking a meal: 아\~ 힘들어! Common Usages: - 힘든 일 = difficult work - 힘들겠다! = That must be difficult! - 힘들어 죽겠다 = a common phrase people say “It’s so hard it’s like I’m going to die.” Examples: - 학생들을 가르치는 것은 **힘들어요** = It is **hard** to teach students - 이 문제를 극복하는 것이 **힘들** **거예요** = It will be **difficult** to overcome this problem - 그 일이 **힘들지** 모르겠어요 = I don’t know if that work will be **difficult** - 소방 훈련이 **힘들어** 보여요 = Firefighting training looks **difficult** - 저는 멀리 살고 있기 때문에 집까지 걸어가기 **힘들어요** = It is **difficult** to walk home because I live far - 오늘 너무 **힘들**어서 저는 따뜻한 목욕을 하고 싶어요 = Today was really **difficult**, so I want to take a warm bath
순수하다 = to be pure
Example: - 그녀는 아주 **순수해** 보여요 = She looks really **innocent** - 하얀색은 가장 **순수한** 색깔이에요 = White is the **purest** color
### Adverbs and Other Words 조금 = a little
Common Usages: - 조금만 = only a little - 조금 있다(가) = in a bit (just a little bit later) Examples: - ⁠저는 **조금** 먹었어요 = I ate a **little** - ⁠저는 **조금**만 먹었어요 = I only ate a **little** - **조금** 있다가 가자 = Let’s go in a **bit** - **조금** 더 앞으로 가 주세요 = Move a **little bit** more forward, please
그러나 = but/however
Notes: Used as a conjunctive adverb, usually between two sentences. Examples: - 친구가 한국에 왔어요. **그러나**, 그녀를 만날 수 없었어요 = My friend came to Korea. **However**, I couldn’t meet her - 미연은 내게서 시선을 돌리며 텔레비전 화면을 쳐다봤다. **그러나** 화면 속 내용을 보고 있는 것 같지는 않았다 = As 미연 removed her eyes from me, she stared at the TV screen. **However**, (despite the fact that she was looking at the TV, which would make you expect that she was actually watching the TV), she probably wasn’t watching the TV
For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/app/). You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video] _There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/)._ ## \~적/적으로/적이다 \~적 is a common suffix that can be added after some nouns of Chinese origin (적 (的) is of Chinese origin). At first, there is no way to anticipate or expect which nouns this can be added to. As you progress through your Korean studies, you can sort of start anticipating this, but still, the only real way of knowing if \~적 can be added to a particular noun is if you have specifically learned that it can. The goal of this lesson isn’t to teach you all of the words that \~적 can be attached to (that would take forever). Rather, the goal of this lesson is to show you how you can recognize and use these words when you come across them. Adding \~적 to a noun changes it into a descriptive word that has the meaning of "relating to, or having the properties of" the original noun. For example: - 문화 = culture - 문화적 = relating to, or having the properties of culture --- - 경제 = economy - 경제적 = relating to, or having the properties of economy --- - 역사 = history - 역사적 = relating to, or having the properties of history However, the translations above are nonsense and a more accurate way to translate words with \~적 is to add “-al” to the English word. For example: - 문화 = culture - 문화적 = cultural --- - 경제 = economy - 경제적 = economical --- - 역사 = history - 역사적 = historical Adding “-al” doesn’t always work with the English word, though. For example: - 과학 = science - 과학적 = relating to, or having the properties of science - 과학적 = scientific --- - 충동 = impulse/shock - 충동적 = relating to, or having the properties of impulse - 충동적 = impulsive The main point of this lesson is to teach you how you can understand the meaning of a word ending in \~적 even if you have never seen it before. This still happens to me fairly regularly – I will read something, and come across a word I have never seen before ending in \~적. For example, if you knew that the word “민주” meant “democracy” What do you think “민주적” would mean? A descriptive word that has the properties of democracy – that would be “democratic.” - 민주 = democracy - 민주적 = democratic Though these descriptive words can be used in sentences, it is easy for a beginner to understand them when they are used by adding \~이다 or \~으로. ### Adding 으로 --- Adding ‘으로’ to the end of \~적 changes the word into an adverb. These adverbs usually have the ending ‘ly’ in English. Below are the most common examples of using \~적으로 with example sentences for each: - 문화 = culture - 문화적 = cultural - 문화적으로 = culturally - 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화적으로 많이 변했어요 = Korea has changed a lot culturally in the period of/during/for the past 50 years --- - 경제 = economy - 경제적 = economical - 경제적으로 = economically - 그것은 경제적으로 가능하지 않아요 = That isn’t economically possible --- - 역사 = history - 역사적 = historical - 역사적으로 = historically - 한국과 미국은 역사적으로 좋은 관계가 있다 = Historically, Korea and the US have had a good relationship --- - 과학 = science - 과학적 = scientific - 과학적으로 = scientifically - 그들은 그 문제를 과학적으로 풀었다 = They solved that problem scientifically --- - 충동 = impulse/shock - 충동적 = impulsive - 충동적으로 = impulsively - 저는 자주 옷을 충동적으로 사요 = I often buy clothes impulsively --- - 민주 = democracy - 민주적 = democratic - 민주적으로 = democratically *Any examples I can make using “*민주적으로*” require me to use words that you haven’t learned before. Forgive me:* - 미국은 대통령을 민주적으로 선출해요 = America elects its president democratically ### Adding 이다 --- Adding ‘이다’ to the end of \~적 turns the word into an adjective that can predicate a sentence or describe an upcoming noun. The translation of these adjectives are usually the same (in English) as without adding ‘이다.” For example: - 문화 = culture - 문화적 = cultural - 문화적이다 = cultural - 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다  = Canada and the US have a cultural difference (차이 = difference) --- - 경제 = economics - 경제적 = economical - 경제적이다 = economical - 미국은 경제적인 결정을 했어요 = The US made an economical decision --- - 역사 = history - 역사적 = historical - 역사적이다 = historical - 저 학교는 역사적인 건물이에요 = That school is a historical building --- - 과학 = science - 과학적 = scientific - 과학적이다 = scientific - 이것은 과학적인 문제예요 = This is a scientific problem --- - 충동 = impulsive - 충동적 = impulsive - 충동적이다 = impulsive - 저는 너무 충동적이에요 = I’m too impulsive Notice that when a word ending in \~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다. --- - 민주 = democracy - 민주적 = democratic - 민주적이다 = democratic - 미국은 민주적인 나라예요 = The US is a democratic nation --- A question that always comes up here is – What is the difference between using \~적이다 and just using \~적? For example, what is the difference between these two: - 경제적 = economical - 경제적이다 = economical The difference between these is that \~적 is a noun, whereas \~적이다 is an adjective. Sometimes however, nouns can technically be used to sound like adjectives. For example: - That is a big bag ‘Big’ describes the type of bag it is. Big is clearly an adjective which is telling us about the type of bag that it is (that it is big). “Book” is clearly a noun. However, in the following example: - That is a book bag In this example, ‘book’ acts as a descriptive word because it describes the type of bag it is (that it is a book bag). This is usually the only time that \~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don’t really need to worry much about the difference between \~적 and \~적이다. Just be aware that \~적이다 is more commonly used, and _how_ they are used within a sentence. That is, when using “\~적이다,” 이다 should be conjugated, and when using “\~적” nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun. For example: - 미국은 민주적인 나라예요 = The US is a democratic nation - 북한에는 민주적 정부가 없습니다 = There is not a democratic government in North Korea At this point, I don’t want you to spend too much time dwelling over when you need to use \~적 vs. 적이다 . The purpose of this lesson was to introduce you to what \~적(이다/으로) can do to a word and how it can be used. I’ve created four more examples of \~적 vs. \~적이다 that I would like to show you, but please don’t worry about these too much. If anything, just try to understand the use of \~적(이다) in these sentences: - 경제적 문제가 있다 = There is a financial problem - 경제적인 문제가 있다 = There is a financial problem --- - 캐나다와 미국은 문화적 차이가 있다 = Canada and the US have a cultural difference - 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 = Canada and the US have a cultural difference --- - 나는 개인적 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 = I quit the company due to personal reasons (problems) - 나는 개인적인 문제로 회사를 그만두었다 = I quit the company due to personal reasons (problems) (그만두다 = to quit a job or school) --- - 이 건물은 역사적 건물이다 = This building is a historical building - 이 건물은 역사적인 건물이다 = This building is a historical building In all cases above, I would rather use the \~적인 form to describe the upcoming noun. The native Korean speaker beside me says the same thing. However, she also says that the first example of each (the examples just using \~적 instead of \~적인) are also acceptable. In my opinion, the use of \~적인 instead of \~적 is more common in speaking than in printed sources. However, you are more likely to see \~적 in print sources compared to hearing it in spoken Korean. (i.e. \~적이다 is more common than \~적 in all cases. However, when compared only to itself, you are more likely to find \~적 in print than in speech). Okay, enough of that for now. Let’s talk about something else. ## \~스럽다 \~스럽다 can also be added to some nouns to change them into an adjective, much like the function of \~적(이다). When doing this, \~스럽다 changes the noun into an adjective that has the “properties” of that noun. The two easiest examples to explain this change are: - 사랑 = love - 사랑스럽다 = “with the properties of love” --- - 자연 = nature - 자연스럽다 = “with the properties of nature” For example: - 그 여자가 아주 사랑스러워요 = That girl is something “with the properties of love” - 그 여자의 머리 색깔은 자연스러워 = That girl’s hair color has “the properties of nature” Of course, those translations are nonsense. A more accurate translation of these words would be: - 사랑스럽다 = lovely - 자연스럽다 = natural The only way of knowing if \~스럽다 or \~적 can be added to a word is if you have specifically learned that it can. Because one can never know which words \~스럽다 and \~적 can be added to, these words will always be presented as a separate entry in our vocabulary lists. Anyways, \~스럽다 can be added to nouns to make that noun a descriptive word: The two examples above are fairly straight-forward. However \~스럽다 is sometimes added to words that seem to already have an adjective form. For example: - 실망 = disappointment - 실망하다 = to be disappointed - 실망스럽다 = “with the properties of disappointment” (disappointing) I’ll do the best I can to distinguish between 실망스럽다 and 실망하다 for you. 실망하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. For example: - 저는 실망했어요 = I was disappointed - 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed yesterday If you want to say that somebody is disappointed _in_ a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle \~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in. For example: - 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in my friend - 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in me If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle \~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in. For example: - 저는 영화에 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in the movie - 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant Hmmm… Adding \~에게/한테 to a person, and adding \~에 to a non-person. What does this remind you of? Remember, you learned this same rule in Lesson 14 when predicating sentences with passive verbs. Well, 실망하다 is a verb. In English, it definitely feels like an adjective, but in Korean the dictionary (and the use of the particles \~에게/한테 and \~에) indicate that it is a verb. Here, 실망하다 is a verb (much like passive verbs) that cannot act on an object. Other verbs like this are 자다 (to sleep), 죽다 (to die), etc. This really means very little, and the only thing you need to take from this is: In order to say one is disappointed, you can use 실망하다: - 저는 실망했어요 = I was disappointed - 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed yesterday In order to say one is disappointed in something/somebody, you can use 실망하다 along with the use of the particles \~에게/한테 (for a person) or \~에 (for a non-person). For example: - 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in my friend - 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in me --- - 저는 영화에 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in the movie - 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant Now, 실망스럽다 usually is not describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the “properties of disappointment.” This usually translates to “disappointing.” For example: - 결과는 조금 실망스러웠어요 = The result was a little bit disappointing - 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요 = The movie was a little bit disappointing That being said, you might sometimes hear 실망스럽다 being used like this: - 저는 실망스러웠어요 In this case, what do you think this would mean? I guess in theory this could sometimes mean “I am disappointing.” But very rarely would somebody say that. Most of the time, this sentence would translate to “I am disappointed.” Wait a second… I thought the word to describe one’s emotions as “disappointed” was “실망하다.” In this sentence, why is “실망스럽다” being used to describe the person’s emotions in this sentence. It’s not. If you heard the sentence “저는 실망스럽다” in Korean, it would most likely be from a person describing that _something_ is disappoint*ing*, but they have omitted it from the sentence. For example, using the adjective “실망스럽다” you can use the Subject – Object – Adjective form in the following way: - 저는 친구가 실망스러워요 = I am disappointed in my friend _(My friend is disappointing, and therefore I am disappointed)_ - 저는 학생들이 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in the students _(My students were disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed)_ - 저는 그 영화가 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in the movie _(The movie was disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed)_ If you just walked into a room and said: - 저는 실망스러워요\~ = I am disappointed (in something….) Whoever was listening to that sentence would probably say “In what?” What the speaker has done when saying “저는 실망스러워요” is they have simply omitted the object that they are describing. --- Wow… that’s a lot of stuff to wrap your head around. Let’s break it down one more time: 실망하다 is a verb that describes one’s emotions of being disappointed: - 저는 실망했어요  = I was disappointed 실망하다 cannot act on an object (like 자다, 죽다, or any passive verb). Therefore, the following is incorrect: - ~~저는 학생을 실망했어요~~ Instead, as with passive verbs, the use of \~에게/한테 should be used to indicate that you are disappointed in a person: - 저는 친구에게 실망했어요  = I was disappointed in my friend \~에 can be used to indicate that you are disappointed in a non-person: - 저는 영화에 실망했어요  = I was disappointed in the movie 실망스럽다 is an adjective that describes something which is disappointing: - 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요  = The movie was a little bit disappointing The adjective 실망스럽다 can be used in the subject – object – adjective form to indicate that you were disappointed in something: - 저는 그 영화가 실망스러웠어요  = I was disappointed in that movie In the sentence above, the object can be omitted from the sentence, in which case the speaker is indicating that something was disappointing (and by virtue, he/she is disappointed), but has omitted the noun that is disappointing: - 저는 실망스러웠어요  = I was disappointed (something was disappointing…) --- I realize that is incredibly confusing. This same phenomenon happens with the word 만족스럽다. Look at the following three words: - 만족 = satisfaction - 만족하다 = to be satisfied - 만족스럽다 = “with the properties of satisfaction” (satisfactory) Just like with 실망하다, 만족하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions. For example: - 저는 만족해요 = I am satisfied - 그는 만족해요 = He is satisfied Again, just like with 실망스럽다, 만족스럽다 is _not_ describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is an adjective that is describing something that has the “properties of satisfaction.” This usually translates to “satisfactory.” For example: - 결과는 만족스러웠어요 = The results were satisfactory 만족스럽다 can be used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate that one is satisfied in something. For example: - 저는 결과가 만족스러웠어요 = I was satisfied with the results - 저는 음식이 만족스러웠어요 = I was satisfied with the food In this Subject – Object – Adjective form, the object can be omitted and the speaker can indicate that _something_ was satisfactory (and thus he/she was satisfied). For example: - 저는 만족스러웠어요 = I was satisfied (something was satisfying…) Don’t worry too much about the difference between words like 실망하다 vs. 실망스럽다 and 만족하다 vs. 만족스럽다. I’m really going deep into this, and it is not something you really need to worry about as most Korean people wouldn’t know the difference unless they really think about it. In other words with -스럽다, the difference is much less ambiguous because the -스럽다 version of the word is an adjective, but the –하다 version is a verb that _can_ act on an object. For example: - 저는 그 여자를 사랑해요 = I love that girl - 그 여자는 사랑스러워요 = That girl is lovely Another good example of –스럽다 is: - 자랑하다 = to show off (verb) - 자랑스럽다 = proud (adjective) Here as well, 자랑하다 is a verb that can act on a noun, so its usage is very simple: - 저는 저의 한국어 실력을 자랑했어요 = I showed off/boasted my Korean skills 자랑스럽다 is usually used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate who somebody is proud of. For example: - 저는 저의 딸이 아주 자랑스러워요 = I am very proud of my daughter - 저는 학생들이 자랑스러워요 = I am proud of the students It’s also good to recognize that because all of these \~스럽다 words are adjectives, they can also describe an upcoming noun (just like any other adjective) by placing \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word. For example: - 우리 딸은 사랑스러운 여자예요 = Our daughter is a loving/lovely girl Also, \~게 can be added to the end of the stem of –스럽다 to change the word into an adverb. For example: - 그는 한국어를 자연스럽게 말해요 = he speaks Korean naturally - 저는 그를 사랑스럽게 봤어요 = I looked at him lovingly - 그는 실망스럽게 행동했어요 = He acted disappointingly (in a disappointing way) - 저는 일을 만족스럽게 끝냈어요 = I finished the work/job satisfactorily (in a satisfactory way) That’s it for this lesson! _There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/)._ ## Summary How about testing your knowledge on what you learned in the past 8 lessons with our [Lessons 9 – 16 Mini-Test.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1428 "Lessons 9 – 16 Mini-Test") No test today? Then let me browse through the next set of lessons ([Lessons 17 – 25](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1489 "Unit 1: Lessons 17 – 25")) If you want, you can also go directly to [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1255 "Lesson 17: Connecting Particle ~고 and ~고 싶다 “I want to”")! Or, [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit1916) Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson? This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson. Want to practice your listening skills? This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson.