--- vocabulary: months: - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/1Jan.mp3 ko: 일월 en: January examples: - ko: "**1월**은 새해가 시작되는 달이에요" en: "**January** is the month when the new year begins" notes: Gemini - ko: "**1월**에 날씨가 가장 추워요" en: The weather is coldest in **January** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2Feb.mp3 ko: 이월 en: February examples: - ko: "**2월**은 일 년 중 가장 짧아요" en: "**February** is the shortest month of the year" notes: Gemini - ko: 제 생일은 **2월**이에요 en: My birthday is in **February** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/3Mar.mp3 ko: 삼월 en: March examples: - ko: "**3월**에 새로운 학기가 시작돼요" en: A new semester starts in **March** notes: Gemini - ko: "**3월**이 되면 날씨가 풀려요" en: The weather warms up when **March** arrives notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/4Apr.mp3 ko: 사월 en: April examples: - ko: "**4월**에 아름다운 벚꽃이 펴요" en: Beautiful cherry blossoms bloom in **April** notes: Gemini - ko: 한국에는 **4월**에 봄이 깊어져요 en: Spring deepens in Korea in **April** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/5May.mp3 ko: 오월 en: May examples: - ko: "**5월**은 가정의 달로 불려요" en: "**May** is called the month of family" notes: Gemini - ko: "**5월** 5일은 어린이날이에요" en: "**May** 5th is Children's Day" notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/6June.mp3 ko: 유월 en: June notes: June (6월/유월) and October (10월/시월) should actually be 육월 and 십월 but, written like that, they are difficult to pronounce. Because of this, their correct pronunciations are 유월 and 시월 NOT 육월 and 십월. examples: - ko: "**6월**부터 초여름 날씨가 시작돼요" en: Early summer weather begins from **June** notes: Gemini - ko: 저는 올해 **6월**에 대학을 졸업해요 en: I graduate from university in **June** of this year notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/7July.mp3 ko: 칠월 en: July examples: - ko: "**7월**이 되면 본격적인 더위가 시작돼요" en: Full-scale heat begins when **July** arrives notes: Gemini - ko: 학교들이 **7월** 말에 여름 방학을 해요 en: Schools go on summer vacation at the end of **July** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/8Aug.mp3 ko: 팔월 en: August examples: - ko: "**8월**은 여름 휴가를 많이 가는 달이에요" en: "**August** is the month when many people go on summer vacation" notes: Gemini - ko: "**8월**의 날씨는 아주 덥고 습해요" en: The weather in **August** is very hot and humid notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/9Sep.mp3 ko: 구월 en: September examples: - ko: "**9월**에는 선선한 가을 바람이 불어요" en: Cool autumn breezes blow in **September** notes: Gemini - ko: "**9월**에 추석 연휴가 있는 경우가 많아요" en: There are often Chuseok holidays in **September** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/10Oct.mp3 ko: 시월 en: October notes: June (6월/유월) and October (10월/시월) should actually be 육월 and 십월 but, written like that, they are difficult to pronounce. Because of this, their correct pronunciations are 유월 and 시월 NOT 육월 and 십월. examples: - ko: "**10월**에 단풍이 예쁘게 물들어요" en: Fall foliage colors beautifully in **October** notes: Gemini - ko: "**10월** 9일은 한글날이에요" en: "**October** 9th is Hangeul Day" notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/11Nov.mp3 ko: 십일월 en: November examples: - ko: "**11월**이 되면 날씨가 꽤 쌀쌀해져요" en: The weather gets quite chilly when **November** arrives notes: Gemini - ko: "**11월**에 대학수학능력시험을 봐요" en: Students take the CSAT exam in **November** notes: Gemini - audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/12Dec.mp3 ko: 십이월 en: December examples: - ko: "**12월** 25일은 크리스마스예요" en: "**December** 25th is Christmas" notes: Gemini - ko: "**12월**을 끝으로 한 해가 마무리돼요" en: The year wraps up at the end of **December** notes: Gemini nouns: - ko: 기회 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v1.mp3 en: chance/opportunity examples: - ko: 이것은 저의 마지막 **기회예요** en: This is my last **chance** - ko: 저는 의견을 말할 **기회**가 아직 없어요 en: I still haven't had a **chance** to say my opinion - ko: 그는 직업을 바꿀 수 있는 **기회**를 잡았어요 en: He seized the **opportunity** to change jobs - ko: 계획 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v2.mp3 en: plans examples: - ko: 저는 내일 **계획**이 있어요 en: I have **plans** tomorrow - ko: 서울에 갈 **계획**이 있어요 en: I have **plans** to go to Seoul - ko: 제가 친구를 만날 **계획**이 있었지만 친구는 안 왔어요 en: I had **plans** to meet my friend, but he didn't come - ko: 우리가 지난 번에 **계획**이 없었어요 en: We didn't have **plans** last time - ko: 저는 5일 동안 **계획**이 없을 거예요 en: I won't have **plans** for 5 days - ko: 저는 그 날에 **계획**이 있어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-41.mp3 en: I have **plans** on that day - ko: 원래 대학교에 갈 **계획**이 있었지만 수능을 잘 못 봐서 대학교에 갈 수 없었어요 en: I had **plans** to go to university, but I couldn't get in because I did poorly on the SAT test - ko: 회사원 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v3.mp3 en: office worker notes: | If I asked 100 people in Canada what their job is, I would probably only get the answer "office worker" a few times. In Korea however, probably 50% of the people would respond with "office worker." Many Korean people work for big companies in offices, not all doing the same thing obviously, but I'm not exactly sure what they're all doing in there. Korea has no real natural resources, so the major industry is just "working and business." You will see the suffix "원" attached to different words to refer to people. examples: - ko: 한국에서는 **회사원**이 진짜 많아요 en: There are a lot of **office workers** in Korea - ko: 우리 회사는 새로운 **회사원**을 찾고 있어요 en: Our company is looking for new **workers** - ko: 요리사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v4.mp3 en: a cook/chef notes: | You will see the suffix "사" attached to different words that indicate some sort of specialized job. For example: 의사 (doctor), 교사 (teacher), 강사 (instructor) examples: - ko: "**요리사**들은 음식을 준비해요" en: "**Chefs** prepare food" - ko: "**요리사**들은 저녁을 부엌에서 준비했어요" en: The **chefs** prepared the dinner in the kitchen - ko: 운전사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v5.mp3 en: a driver notes: | This is not the same "사" in 요리사. "기사님" is common when talking to bus and taxi drivers examples: - ko: 버스**운전사**는 승객들을 버스에 서울역에서 태웠어요 en: The bus **driver** took on riders at Seoul Station verbs: - ko: 달리다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v6.mp3 en: to run notes: | "뛰다" is another common way to say "to run" ~아/어: 달려, ~ㄴ/은: 달린, ~ㄴ/는다: 달린다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 달립니다, ~ㄹ/을: 달릴, ~니: 달리니, ~ㅁ/음: 달림, ~(으)려고: 달리려고, ~(으)시: 달리시, ~(으)면: 달리면, ~(으)니: 달리니 examples: - ko: 저는 매우 빨리 **달렸어요** en: I **ran** really quickly - ko: 저는 1시간 동안 **달렸어요** en: I **ran** for one hour - ko: 저는 집 안에서 **달렸어요** en: I **ran** inside the house - ko: 저는 **달리**기를 제일 빨리 할 수 있어요 en: I can **run** the fastest (the most fast) - ko: 그 학생은 모든 학생들보다 더 빨리 **달려요** en: That student **runs** faster than any other student - ko: 그는 축구선수인 만큼 **달리**기를 잘해요 en: He **runs** as well as a soccer athlete/player - ko: 요리하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v7.mp3 en: to cook notes: The noun form of this word translates to "cooking" examples: - ko: 우리 엄마는 **요리**를 잘 **해요** en: Our mom is good at **cooking** - ko: 엄마가 **요리한** 음식은 너무 맛있어요 en: The food my mom **cooked** is delicious - ko: 저의 아내는 자기가 **요리한** 것을 보통 안 먹어요 en: My wife usually doesn't eat the food she **cooks** - ko: 저의 할머니는 **요리**를 너무 잘해요 en: My grandmother **cooks** very well - ko: 운전하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v8.mp3 en: to drive examples: - ko: 트럭을 **운전할** 수 있어요? en: Can you **drive** a truck? - ko: 저는 8시간 동안 **운전했어요** en: I **drove** for eight hours - ko: 저는 차를 안전히/안전하게 **운전했어요** en: I **drove** the car safely - ko: 우리 아버지는 차를 항상 안전하게 **운전해요** en: Our dad always **drives** his car safely - ko: 그 고속도로에서 트럭을 **운전해**서는 안 돼요 en: You must not **drive** a truck on that highway - ko: 죽다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v9.mp3 en: to die notes: | The pronunciation of this word is closer to "죽따" ~아/어: 죽어, ~ㄴ/은: 죽은, ~ㄴ/는다: 죽는다, ~ㅂ/습니다: 죽습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 죽을, ~니: 죽으니, ~ㅁ/음: 죽음, ~(으)려고: 죽으려고, ~(으)시: 죽으시, ~(으)면: 죽으면, ~(으)니: 죽으니 examples: - ko: 그 사람은 10년 전에 **죽었어요** en: That person **died** 10 years ago - ko: 그 사람은 작년에 **죽었어요** en: That person **died** last year - ko: 그곳에 있었던 사람들은 다 **죽었다** en: All the people that were there **died** - ko: 그녀는 아이가 **죽었다**는 사실을 숨겼어요 en: She hid (the fact that) her child **died** adjectives: - ko: 두렵다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v10.mp3 en: to be scared notes: | The pronunciation of this word is closer to "두렵따" 두렵다 follows the ㅂ irregular 무섭다 and 두렵다 both translate to "scary." 무섭다 is more typically used to describe the feeling of being scared, usually as it applies to something shocking or something outright scary like snakes or spiders. 두렵다 is more about psychological things in the future, like the fear of death or the fear of tomorrow. 두렵다 and 무섭다 typically describe that something is scary, but it can be used to indicate that you are scared of that thing by using the Subject – Object – Adjective form introduced in Lesson 15. ~아/어: 두려워, ~ㄴ/은: 두려운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 두렵습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 두려울, ~니: 두려우니, ~ㅁ/음: 두려움, ~(으)려고: 두려우려고, ~(으)시: 두려우시, ~(으)면: 두려우면, ~(으)니: 두려우니 examples: - ko: 그녀를 잃는 것이 **두려워요** en: I am **afraid** of losing her - ko: 저는 모르는 것이 **두려워요** en: I am **afraid** of things that I don't know (the unknown) - ko: 저는 죽는 것이 **두려워요** en: I am **afraid** of dying - ko: 이상하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v11.mp3 en: to be strange notes: | The noun form of this word translates to "abnormality" ~해: 이상해, ~ㄴ/은: 이상한, ~ㅂ/습니다: 이상합니다, ~ㄹ/을: 이상할, ~니: 이상하니, ~ㅁ/음: 이상함, ~(으)려고: 이상하려고, ~(으)시: 이상하시, ~(으)면: 이상하면, ~(으)니: 이상하니 examples: - ko: 그 건물은 **이상해** 보여요 en: That building looks **strange** - ko: 그는 **이상한** 남자예요 en: He is a **strange** man - ko: 맛이 조금 **이상해요** en: The taste is a little bit **strange** - ko: 저는 어젯밤 **이상한** 꿈을 꾸었어요 en: I had a **weird** dream last night adverbs: - ko: 동안 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v12.mp3 en: for, during, while notes: | Used to indicate how long something is being done. Often placed after an indication of time. For example: "10분 동안" = "10 minutes" In this same sense, it can be placed after a noun that describes a time. For example: - "방학 동안" = "during vacation", "수업 시간 동안" = "during class time" Also used with ~는 것 (Introduced in Lesson 26) to say "while." For example: - "제가 공부하는 동안" = "while I was studying" examples: - ko: 저는 30분 **동안** 공부했어요 en: I studied **for** 30 minutes - ko: 저는 공부하는 **동안** 밥을 먹었어요 en: I ate **while** studying - ko: 저는 방학 **동안** 공부를 많이 했어요 en: I studied a lot **during** vacation - ko: 반지를 사려고 두 달 **동안** 돈을 안 썼어요 en: In order to buy a ring, I didn't spend money **for** two months - ko: 저는 삼일 **동안** 밥을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-33.mp3 en: I didn't eat rice **for** 3 days - ko: 텔레비전을 오랫**동안** 보지 마세요! en: Don't watch TV **for** a long time! - ko: 저는 두 달 **동안** 한국어 수업을 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-58.mp3 en: I took a Korean class **for** 2 months - ko: 저는 10분 **동안** 걸었어요 en: I walked **for** 10 minutes - ko: 저는 1년 **동안** 영어를 외국에서 공부했어요 en: I studied English in a foreign country **for** 1 year - ko: 저는 6개월 **동안** 여행했어요 en: I travelled **for** 6 months - ko: 달 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v13.mp3 en: month notes: | When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently examples: - ko: 저는 두 **달** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-58.mp3 en: I took a Korean class for 2 **months** - ko: 저는 여기에 한 **달**에 세 번 와요 en: I come here three times per **month** - ko: 다음 **달**에 한국어를 배우기 시작할 거예요 en: I will start learning Korean next **month** - ko: 개월 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v14.mp3 en: month (counter) notes: | When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently examples: - ko: 저는 2**개월** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 en: I took a Korean class for 2 **months** - ko: 저는 6**개월** 동안 여행했어요 en: I traveled for 6 **months** - ko: 우리는 사귄 지 3**개월** 되었어요 en: We have been going out for 3 **months** - ko: 날 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11nal.mp3 en: day notes: | 날 is used as a stand alone word and not counted. It is used when talking about a specific day by itself. examples: - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-40.mp3 en: I went on that **day** - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 계획이 있어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-41.mp3 en: I have plans on that **day** - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 선생님이 되었어요 en: I became a teacher on that **day** - ko: 우리는 그 **날**에 시작할 거예요 en: We will start on that **day** - ko: 하루 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v15.mp3 en: one day notes: | When counting the number of days, you can usually say something like "5일" (five days). However, for a small number of days (one day, two days) there is a special word that corresponds to that number of days. "일 일" to mean "one day" would never be used. examples: - ko: 저는 **하루**에 3시간 동안 공부해요 en: I study for three hours in **one day** - ko: 저는 **하루** 동안 여행했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-31.mp3 en: I traveled for **one day** - ko: 저는 **하루**에 4시간 동안 공부해요 en: I study for four hours per **day** - ko: 그 학생은 **하루** 종일 책을 읽을 수 있어요 en: That student can read books all **day** - ko: 저는 이 약을 **하루**에 두 번 먹어요 en: I eat (take) this medicine twice per **day** - ko: 저의 게으른 남동생은 **하루** 종일 아무것도 안 해요 en: My lazy brother doesn't do anything all **day** - ko: 그는 **하루** 종일 그냥 컴퓨터를 해요 en: He just uses the computer all **day** - ko: 모든 학생들은 **하루** 종일 잤어 en: All students slept all **day** - ko: 이틀 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v16.mp3 en: two days notes: | When counting the number of days, you can usually say something like "5일" (five days). However, for a small number of days (one day, two days) there is a special word that corresponds to that number of days. "이 일" to mean "two days" would be used, but 이틀 would be more common. examples: - ko: 우리는 계곡에 **이틀** 동안 갈 거예요 en: We are going to the valley for **two days** - ko: 저는 **이틀** 동안 안 잤어요 en: I didn't sleep for **two days** - ko: 우리는 **이틀** 동안 미국에 있었어요 en: We were in America for **two days** - ko: 우리는 **이틀** 전에 한국에 왔어요 en: We came to Korea **two days** ago - ko: 저는 그 친구를 **이틀** 후에 만날 거예요 en: I will meet that friend **two days** from now - ko: 사흘 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v17.mp3 en: three days notes: | Even though "사" ('four') is in the word "사흘," I assure you that 사흘 means "3 days." Many Korean people think that "사흘" actually means "four days," and I have pwned some Korean people by showing them that it actually means "three days" by looking it up in the Korean-Korean dictionary with them. examples: - ko: 저는 **사흘** 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-32.mp3 en: I didn't eat rice for **3 days** - ko: 지난 주 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v18.mp3 en: last week notes: | 지난 can be placed before some indicators of time to mean "last ...." There are two similar but different meanings for the word "last" in English. 지난 is used for only ONE of those meanings. 지난 is used to talk about something in the past, as in "last night I went to bed late." It is not used to talk about the last thing in a sequence. See Lessons 10 and 11 for more information. examples: - ko: "**지난** **주**에 저는 계획이 많았어요" audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-53.mp3 en: I had a lot of plans **last week** - ko: 그는 그녀를 **지난** **주**에 해고했을 것 같아요 en: It appears that he fired her **last week** - ko: 저의 여동생은 **지난** **주**에 책 두 권을 읽었어요 en: My sister read two books **last week** - ko: "**지난** **주**말에 뭐 했어요?" en: What did you do **last weekend**? - ko: 저는 그 영화를 **지난** **주**에 봤어요 en: I saw that movie **last week** - ko: "**지난** **주**에 우리는 아무데도 안 갔어요" en: We didn't go anywhere **last week** - ko: 저는 **지난 주**에 영화를 봤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-14.mp3 en: I saw a movie **last week** - ko: 지난 달 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v19.mp3 en: last month examples: - ko: 저는 **지난** **달**에 그 시험을 봤어요 en: I took that exam **last month** - ko: 학생은 **지난 달**보다 더 많이 공부하고 있어요 en: The student is studying more than **last month** - ko: 이번 주 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v20.mp3 en: this week examples: - ko: 우리가 **이번** **주**에 뭐 할 거예요? en: What are we going to do **this week**? - ko: 저는 **이번 주**에 계획이 없어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-64.mp3 en: I have no plans **this week** - ko: 이번 달 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v21.mp3 en: this month examples: - ko: 그녀는 **이** **번** **달**에 애기를 낳을 예정이에요 en: She is scheduled to give birth **this month** - ko: 저는 친구를 **이번 달**에 만날 거예요 en: I will meet (that/a) friend **this month** - ko: 다음 주 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v22.mp3 en: next week notes: 다음 can be placed before some indicators of time to mean "next" examples: - ko: 학생들은 **다음** **주**에 학교에 돌아와요 en: The students return to school next **week** - ko: 저는 **다음** **주**에 영화를 볼 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-21.mp3 en: I will see a movie **next week** - ko: 저는 **다음** **주**에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-22.mp3 en: I will go to Canada **next week** - ko: 저는 **다음** **주**에 미국에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-52.mp3 en: I will go to the US **next week** - ko: 저는 **다음** **주**에 시험 공부를 할 거예요 en: "**Next week**, I will study for an exam" - ko: 다음 주 목요일은 휴가인가? en: Is **next Thursday** a holiday? - ko: 아직 간 적이 없어요. 하지만 다음 주에 가 볼 거예요 en: I haven't been there yet. But, I am going (to try) to go **next week** - ko: 우리는 다음 주에 그 문제에 대한 회의를 열 거예요 en: We are going to hold a meeting **next week** about that problem - ko: 다음 달 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v23.mp3 en: next month examples: - ko: "**다음** **달**은 지금보다 더 춥겠어요" en: "**Next month** will be colder than now" - ko: "**다음 달**에 한국어를 배우기 시작할 거야" en: I will start learning Korean **next month** - ko: 작년 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v24.mp3 en: last year examples: - ko: "**작년**에 어디서 공부했어요?" en: Where did you study **last year**? - ko: 저는 **작년**에 살이 많이 쪘어요 en: I gained a lot of weight **last year** - ko: 그는 **작년**보다 한국어를 훨씬 잘해요 en: He is much better at Korean than **last year** - ko: "**작년**에 우리 회사의 수입은 200만원이었어요" en: Our company's income **last year** was 200만 - ko: 제가 **작년**에 가르친 학생 한 명은 벌써 의사가 되었어요 en: One of the students I taught **last year** has already become a doctor - ko: 올해 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v25.mp3 en: this year examples: - ko: 우리는 **올해** 결혼하고 싶어요 en: We want to get married **this year** - ko: 저의 어머니는 **올해** 한국에 올 것입니다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-65.mp3 en: My mom will come to Korea **this year** - ko: 내년 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v26.mp3 en: next year examples: - ko: 우리는 **내년**에 결혼하고 싶어요 en: We want to get married **next year** - ko: 저는 **내년**에 한국에 갈 거예요 en: I will go to Korea **next year** - ko: 평생 (동안) audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v27.mp3 en: in my whole life notes: | This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation \[Video 12\] examples: - ko: 저는 **평생** 동안 하키를 했어요 en: I played hockey my **whole life** - ko: 저는 **평생** 동안 오렌지를 세 번밖에 안 먹어 봤어요 en: I have only eaten oranges three times **in my life** - ko: 저는 **평생** 동안 담배를 한 모금도 안 피웠어요 en: "**In my whole life**, I haven't even had one puff/drag of a cigarette" - ko: 그 사람이 부잣집에 태어나서 **평생** 동안 돈을 쓰는 것에 대해 한번도 걱정 안 했어요 en: That person was born into a rich family, so during his **whole life** he never had to worry about spending money - ko: 보통 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson11v28.mp3 en: usually notes: | This can be used as an adverb, for example: - "저는 보통 아침 식사를 안 먹어요" = "I usually don't eat breakfast" It can also be used before a noun to mean "typical" or "usual" for example: - "그것은 보통 일이에요" = "That is (just) typical work" examples: - ko: 저는 **보통** 아침 식사를 안 먹어요 en: I **usually** don't eat breakfast - ko: 피자를 먹으면 저는 콜라를 **보통** 마셔요 en: When/If I eat pizza, I **usually** drink cola - ko: "**배우**들은 그들의 영화를 **보통** 좋아하지 않아" en: Actors **usually** don't like their movies - ko: 저는 **보통** 점심식사로 과일만 먹어요 en: I **usually** only eat fruit for lunch - ko: 한국 사람들은 **보통** 아주 착해요 en: Korean people are **usually** very nice - ko: 그것은 **보통** 일이에요 en: That is **(just)** typical work sentence: 동안: - ko: 저는 10분 **동안** 걸었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence1.mp3 en: I walked **for** 10 minutes notes: | Also remember that the spacing is different depending on if you write a numeral or a word. If writing the word, there should be a space between the number and the word. For example: 저는 십 분 동안 걸었어요 - ko: 저는 30분 **동안** 공부했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence2.mp3 en: I studied for 30 minutes - ko: 저는 이틀 **동안** 안 잤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence3.mp3" en: I didn’t sleep **for** two days 시간: - ko: 저는 세 **시간** 동안 잤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-6.mp3 en: I slept for 3 **hours** - ko: 저는 한 **시간** 동안 달렸어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence4.mp3 en: I ran for one **hour** - ko: 저는 여덟 **시간** 동안 운전했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence5.mp3 en: I drove for eight **hours** - ko: 저는 어제 한 **시간** 동안 야구를 했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence6.mp3 en: I played baseball for an **hour** yesterday - ko: 저는 어제 두 **시간** 동안 TV를 봤어요\* audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-10.mp3 en: I watched TV for two **hours** yesterday notes: | Notice that 보다 is used when watching something. You can also use 보다 when you watch a performance or concert, or similar things. 초: - ko: 저는 2**초** 동안 달렸어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-11.mp3 en: I ran for 2 **seconds** - ko: 저는 그 사람을 10**초** 동안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence7.mp3 en: I met that person for 10 **seconds** - ko: 1분은 60**초**입니다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence8.mp3 en: One minute is sixty **seconds** 지난: - ko: 저는 **지난** 주에 영화를 봤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-14.mp3 en: I saw a movie **last** week - ko: 저는 **지난** 주에 캐나다에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-15.mp3 en: I went to Canada **last** week. - ko: 저는 **지난** 수업을 안 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-16.mp3 en: I didn’t go to/attend the **previous** class - ko: 저는 그것을 **지난 시간**에 배웠어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-17.mp3 en: I learned that (thing) **last time** - ko: 저는 그것을 **지난 번**에 배웠어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence9.mp3 en: I learned that (thing) **last time** - ko: 우리가 **지난 번**에 계획이 없었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence10.mp3 en: We didn’t have plans **last time** - ko: 우리는 **지난 번**에 돼지고기를 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence11.mp3 en: We ate pork **last time** - ko: 저는 **다음 주**에 영화를 볼 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-21.mp3 en: I will see a movie **next week** - ko: 저는 **다음 주**에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-22.mp3 en: I will go to Canada **next week** - ko: 우리는 **다음 번**에 학교에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence12.mp3 en: We will go to school **next time** - ko: 우리는 **다음 시간**에 학교에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence13.mp3 en: We will go to school **next time** - ko: 나는 너를 **다음 번**에 방문할 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence14.mp3 en: I will visit you **next time** - ko: 나는 너를 **다음 시간**에 방문할 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence15.mp3 en: I will visit you **next time** 일: - ko: 나는 3**일** 동안 공부했어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-27.mp3 en: I studied for 3 **days** notes: 나는 삼 일 동안 공부했어 - ko: 나는 3**일** 동안 학교에 안 갔어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence16.mp3 en: I didn’t go to school for 3 **days** notes: 나는 삼 일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 - ko: 저는 5**일** 동안 계획이 없을 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence17.mp3 en: I won’t have plans for 5 **days** - ko: 우리는 6**일** 동안 만나지 않았어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence18.mp3 en: We didn’t meet for 6 **days** - ko: 저는 **하루** 동안 여행했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-31.mp3 en: I traveled for **1 day** - ko: 저는 **사흘** 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-32.mp3 en: I didn’t eat rice for **3 days** - ko: 저는 3**일** 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-33.mp3 en: I didn’t eat rice for 3 **days** - ko: 우리는 **이틀** 동안 미국에 있었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence19.mp3 en: We were in America for **two days** - ko: 우리는 10**일** 동안 한국에 있을 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence20.mp3 en: We will be in Korea for ten **days** - ko: 나는 **3일**에 수업을 들었어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence21.mp3 en: I went to class on **the 3rd (day of the month)** - ko: 나는 **3일** 동안 수업을 들었어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence22.mp3 en: I went to class for **three days** - ko: 저는 8월 **15일**에 도착할 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence23.mp3 en: I will arrive on August **15th** - ko: 저는 이 여권을 1월 **2일**에 받았어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence24.mp3 en: I received my passport on January **2nd** 날: - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-40.mp3 en: I went on that **day** - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 계획이 있어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-41.mp3 en: I have plans on that **day** - ko: 저는 그 **날**에 선생님이 되었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence25.mp3 en: I became a teacher on that **day** - ko: 우리는 그 **날**에 시작할 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence26.mp3 en: We will start on that **day** 번째: - ko: 우리는 **두 번째** 날에 서울에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence27.mp3 en: We went to Seoul on **the second** day - ko: 우리는 **둘째** 날에 서울에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence28.mp3 en: We went to Seoul on **the second** day - ko: 우리는 **세 번째** 날에 안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence29.mp3 en: We didn’t meet on **the third** day - ko: 우리는 **셋째** 날에 안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence30.mp3 en: We didn’t meet on **the third** day - ko: 저는 **네 번째** 날에 계획이 없어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence31.mp3 en: I have no plans on **the fourth** day - ko: 저는 **넷째** 날에 계획이 없어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence32.mp3 en: I have no plans on **the fourth** day - ko: 저는 **첫날**에 명동에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence33.mp3 en: I went to 명동 on **the first day** notes: 첫날 is a word that specifically refers to the first day - ko: 저는 **첫날**에 그 여자를 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence34.mp3 en: I met that girl on **the first day** notes: 첫날 is a word that specifically refers to the first day 주: - ko: 저는 **다음 주**에 미국에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-52.mp3 en: I will go to the US **next week** - ko: "**지난 주**에 저는 계획이 많았어요" audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-53.mp3 en: I had a lot of plans **last week** - ko: 저는 2**주** 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence35.mp3 en: I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 **weeks** notes: 저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 - ko: 저는 4**주** 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence36.mp3 en: I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 **weeks** notes: 저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 - ko: 저는 2**주일** 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence37.mp3 en: I didn’t eat Korean food for two **weeks** - ko: 저는 4**주일** 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence38.mp3 en: I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four **weeks** months: - ko: 저는 **두 달** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-58.mp3 en: I took a Korean class for **2 months** - ko: 저는 **2개월** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence39.mp3 en: I took a Korean class for **2 months** notes: 저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 years: - ko: 저는 3**년** 동안 형을 안 만났어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-60.mp3 en: I didn’t meet my brother for 3 **years** notes: 저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 - ko: 저는 10**년** 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-61.mp3 en: I studied Korean for 10 **years** notes: 저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 - ko: 나는 **내년**에 한국에 갈 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-62.mp3 en: I will go to Korea **next year** - ko: 그 사람은 **작년**에 죽었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence40.mp3 en: That person died **last year** 이번: - ko: 저는 **이번** 주에 계획이 없어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-64.mp3 en: I have no plans **this** week - ko: 저의 어머니는 **올해** 한국에 올 것입니다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-65.mp3 en: My mom will come to Korea **this year** notes: it is common to see “에” omitted from the word “*올해*.” You can also see in the section above that this is not the case with 작년 and 내년. - ko: 우리는 **이번 시간**에 많이 배웠어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-66.mp3 en: We learned a lot **this time** - ko: 나는 너를 **이번에** 안 만날 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-67.mp3 en: I won’t meet you **this time** - ko: 저는 박물관에 **다음 번**에 갈 거예요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-68.mp3 en: I will go to the museum **next time** - ko: 저는 박물관에 **지난 번**에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson11-69.mp3 en: I went to the museum last time per: - ko: 저는 이 약을 하루**에** 두 번 먹어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence41.mp3 en: I eat (take) this medicine twice **per** day - ko: 저는 그 친구를 1주일**에** 한 번 만나요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence42.mp3 en: I meet that friend once **per** week - ko: 저는 여기에 한 달**에** 세 번 와요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence43.mp3 en: I come here three times **per** month - ko: 저는 1년**에** 두 번 미국에 가요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson11sentence44.mp3 en: I go to America twice **per** year --- # Lesson 11: 동안, Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Years ## Vocabulary ### Months of the year 1월 (일월) = January 2월 (이월) = February 3월 (삼월) = March 4월 (사월) = April 5월 (오월) = May 6월 (유월\*) = June 7월 (칠월) = July 8월 (팔월) = August 9월 (구월) = September 10월 (시월\*) = October 11월 (십일월) = November 12월 (십이월) = December \*June (6월/유월) and October (10월/시월) should actually be 육월 and 십월 but, written like that, they are difficult to pronounce. Because of this, their correct pronunciations are 유월 and 시월 NOT 육월 and 십월. ### Nouns 기회 = chance/opportunity
Common Usages: - 기회를 놓치다 = to miss an opportunity - 기회를 잡다 = to seize an opportunity - 기회를 기다리다 = to wait for an opportunity - 기회를 얻다 = to gain/get an opportunity - 기회를 노리다 = to aim for an opportunity Examples: - 이것은 저의 마지막 **기회예요** = This is my last **chance** - 저는 의견을 말할 **기회**가 아직 없어요 = I still haven’t had a **chance** to say my opinion - 그는 직업을 바꿀 수 있는 **기회**를 잡았어요 = He seized the **opportunity** to change jobs
계획 = plans
Common Usages: - ~ㄹ/을 계획이 있다 = to have plans to do (Introduced in Lesson 50) Example: - 저는 내일 **계획**이 있어요 = I have **plans** tomorrow - 서울에 갈 **계획**이 있어요 = I have **plans** to go to Seoul - 제가 친구를 만날 **계획**이 있었지만 친구는 안 왔어요 = I had **plans** to meet my friend, but he didn’t come - 우리가 지난 번에 **계획**이 없었어요 = We didn’t have **plans** last time - 저는 5일 동안 **계획**이 없을 거예요 = I won’t have **plans** for 5 days - 저는 그 날에 **계획**이 있어요 = I have **plans** on that day - 원래 대학교에 갈 **계획**이 있었지만 수능을 잘 못 봐서 대학교에 갈 수 없었어요 = I had **plans** to go to university, but I couldn’t get in because I did poorly on the SAT test
회사원 = office worker
Notes: If I asked 100 people in Canada what their job is, I would probably only get the answer “_office worker_” a few times. In Korea however, probably 50% of the people would respond with “*office worke*r.” Many Korean people work for big companies in offices, not all doing the same thing obviously, but I’m not exactly sure what they’re all doing in there. Korea has no real natural resources, so the major industry is just “working and business.” You will see the suffix “원” attached to different words to refer to people. Example: - 한국에서는 **회사원**이 진짜 많아요 = There are a lot of **office workers** in Korea - 우리 회사는 새로운 **회사원**을 찾고 있어요 = Our company is looking for new **workers**
요리사 = a cook/chef
Notes: You will see the suffix “사” attached to different words that indicate some sort of specialized job. For example: 의사 (doctor), 교사 (teacher), 강사 (instructor) Example: - **요리사**들은 음식을 준비해요 = **Chefs** prepare food - **요리사**들은 저녁을 부엌에서 준비했어요 = The **chefs** prepared the dinner in the kitchen
운전사 = a driver
Common Usages: - 택시 운전사 = taxi driver - 버스 운전사 = bus driver - 트럭 운전사 = truck driver Notes: This is not the same “사” in 요리사. “기사님” is common when talking to bus and taxi drivers Example: - 버스**운전사**는 승객들을 버스에 서울역에서 태웠어요 = The bus **driver** took on riders at Seoul Station
### Verbs 달리다 = to run
Common Usages: - 달리기 = running Notes: “뛰다” is another common way to say “to run” Example: - 저는 매우 빨리 **달렸어요** = I **ran** really quickly - 저는 1시간 동안 **달렸어요** = I **ran** for one hour - 저는 집 안에서 **달렸어요** = I **ran** inside the house - 저는 **달리**기를 제일 빨리 할 수 있어요 = I can **run** the fastest (the most fast) - 그 학생은 모든 학생들보다 더 빨리 **달려요** = That student **runs** faster than any other student - 그는 축구선수인 만큼 **달리**기를 잘해요 = He **runs** as well as a soccer athlete/player
요리하다 = to cook
The noun form of this word translates to “cooking” Common Usages: - 요리사 = chef Example: - 우리 엄마는 **요리**를 잘 **해요** = Our mom is good at **cooking** - 엄마가 **요리한** 음식은 너무 맛있어요 = The food my mom **cooked** is delicious - 저의 아내는 자기가 **요리한** 것을 보통 안 먹어요 = My wife usually doesn’t eat the food she **cooks** - 저의 할머니는 **요리**를 너무 잘해요 = My grandmother **cooks** very well
운전하다 = to drive
Common Usages: - 운전사 = driver - 음주 운전 = drunk driving - 운전면허 = driver’s license - 국제운전면허 = International driver’s license - 운전을 못하다 = to be bad at driving Example: - 트럭을 **운전할** 수 있어요? = Can you **drive** a truck? - 저는 8시간 동안 **운전했어요** = I **drove** for eight hours - 저는 차를 안전히/안전하게 **운전했어요** = I **drove** the car safely - 우리 아버지는 차를 항상 안전하게 **운전해요** = Our dad always **drives** his car safely - 그 고속도로에서 트럭을 **운전해**서는 안 돼요 = You must not **drive** a truck on that highway
죽다 = to die
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “죽따” Common Usages: - 죽음 = death - 힘들어 죽겠다 = a common saying where people say “ah, it’s so difficult, I’m going to die” - 배불러 죽겠다 = a common saying where people say "ah, I’m so full, I’m going to die" Examples: - 그 사람은 10년 전에 **죽었어요** = That person **died** 10 years ago - 그 사람은 작년에 **죽었어요** = That person **died** last year - 그곳에 있었던 사람들은 다 **죽었다** = All the people that were there **died** - 그녀는 아이가 **죽었다**는 사실을 숨겼어요 = She hid (the fact that) her child **died**
### Adjectives 두렵다 = to be scared
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “두렵따” 두렵다 follows the ㅂ irregular Notes: 무섭다 and 두렵다 both translate to “scary.” 무섭다 is more typically used to describe the feeling of being scared, usually as it applies to something shocking or something outright scary like snakes or spiders. 두렵다 is more about psychological things in the future, like the fear of death or the fear of tomorrow. 두렵다 and 무섭다 typically describe that something is scary, but it can be used to indicate that you are scared of that thing by using the Subject – Object – Adjective form introduced in Lesson 15. Example: - 그녀를 잃는 것이 **두려워요** = I am **afraid** of losing her - 저는 모르는 것이 **두려워요** = I am **afraid** of things that I don’t know (the unknown) - 저는 죽는 것이 **두려워요** = I am **afraid** of dying
이상하다 = to be strange
The noun form of this word translates to “abnormality” Common Usages: - 이상해 보이다 = to look strange - 이상한 것이 없다 = to be nothing unusual - 이상한 느낌 = a strange feeling Example: - 그 건물은 **이상해** 보여요 = That building looks **strange** - 그는 **이상한** 남자예요 = He is a **strange** man - 맛이 조금 **이상해요** = The taste is a little bit **strange** - 저는 어젯밤 **이상한** 꿈을 꾸었어요 = I had a **weird** dream last night
### Adverbs and Other words 동안 = for, during, while
Notes: Used to indicate how long something is being done. Often placed after an indication of time. For example: - 10분 동안 = 10 minutes In this same sense, it can be placed after a noun that describes a time. For example: - 방학 동안 = during vacation - 수업 시간 동안 = during class time Also used with ~는 것 (Introduced in Lesson 26) to say “while.” For example: - 제가 공부하는 동안 = while I was studying Example: - 저는 30분 **동안** 공부했어요 = I studied **for** 30 minutes - 저는 공부하는 **동안** 밥을 먹었어요 = I ate **while** studying - 저는 방학 **동안** 공부를 많이 했어요 = I studied a lot **during** vacation - 반지를 사려고 두 달 **동안** 돈을 안 썼어요 = In order to buy a ring, I didn’t spend money **for** two months - 저는 삼일 **동안** 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice **for** 3 days - 텔레비전을 오랫**동안** 보지 마세요! = Don’t watch TV **for** a long time! - 저는 두 달 **동안** 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class **for** 2 months - 저는 10분 **동안** 걸었어요 = I walked **for** 10 minutes - 저는 1년 **동안** 영어를 외국에서 공부했어요 = I studied English in a foreign country **for** 1 year - 저는 6개월 **동안** 여행했어요 = I travelled **for** 6 months
달 = month
Common Usages: - 두 달 동안 = for two months - 세 달 동안 = for three months - 달력 = calendar Notes: When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently Example: - 저는 두 **달** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 **months** - 저는 여기에 한 **달**에 세 번 와요 = I come here three times per **month** - 다음 **달**에 한국어를 배우기 시작할 거예요 = I will start learning Korean next **month**
개월 = month
Notes: When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently Example: - 저는 2**개월** 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 **months** - 저는 6**개월** 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 6 **months** - 우리는 사귄 지 3**개월** 되었어요 = We have been going out for 3 **months**
날 = day
Notes: 날 is used as a stand alone word and not counted. It is used when talking about a specific day by itself. Examples: - 저는 그 날에 갔어요 = I went on that day - 저는 그 날에 계획이 있어요 = I have plans on that day - 저는 그 날에 선생님이 되었어요 = I became a teacher on that day - 우리는 그 날에 시작할 거예요 = We will start on that day
하루 = one day
Common Usages - 하루 종일 = all day - 하루 동안 = for one day - 하루에 세 번 = three times per day - 하루에 한 번 = once per day - 하룻밤 = one night Notes: When counting the number of days, you can usually say something like “5일” (five days). However, for a small number of days (one day, two days) there is a special word that corresponds to that number of days. “일 일” to mean “one day” would never be used. Example: - 저는 **하루**에 3시간 동안 공부해요 = I study for three hours in **one day** - 저는 **하루** 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for **one day** - 저는 **하루**에 4시간 동안 공부해요 = I study for four hours per **day** - 그 학생은 **하루** 종일 책을 읽을 수 있어요 = That student can read books all **day** - 저는 이 약을 **하루**에 두 번 먹어요 = I eat (take) this medicine twice per **day** - 저의 게으른 남동생은 **하루** 종일 아무것도 안 해요 = My lazy brother doesn’t do anything all **day** - 그는 **하루** 종일 그냥 컴퓨터를 해요 = He just uses the computer all **day** - 모든 학생들은 **하루** 종일 잤어 = All students slept all **day**
이틀 = two days
Common Usages - 이틀 동안 = for two days - 이틀에 한 번 = once per two days Notes: When counting the number of days, you can usually say something like “5일” (five days). However, for a small number of days (one day, two days) there is a special word that corresponds to that number of days. “이 일” to mean “two days” would be used, but 이틀 would be more common. Example: - 우리는 계곡에 **이틀** 동안 갈 거예요 = We are going to the valley for **two days** - 저는 **이틀** 동안 안 잤어요 = I didn’t sleep for **two days** - 우리는 **이틀** 동안 미국에 있었어요 = We were in America for **two days** - 우리는 **이틀** 전에 한국에 왔어요 = We came to Korea **two days** ago - 저는 그 친구를 **이틀** 후에 만날 거예요 = I will meet that friend **two days** from now
사흘 = three days
Notes: _Even though “사” (‘four’) is in the word “사흘,” I assure you that 사흘 means “3 days.”_ Many Korean people think that “사흘” actually means “four days,” and I have pwned some Korean people by showing them that it actually means “three days” by looking it up in the Korean-Korean dictionary with them. Example: - 저는 **사흘** 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for **3 days**
지난 주 = last week
Notes: 지난 can be placed before some indicators of time to mean “last ….” There are two similar but different meanings for the word “last” in English. 지난 is used for only ONE of those meanings. 지난 is used to talk about something in the past, as in “last night I went to bed late.” It is not used to talk about the last thing in a sequence. See Lessons 10 and 11 for more information. Example: - **지난** **주**에 저는 계획이 많았어요 = I had a lot of plans **last week** - 그는 그녀를 **지난** **주**에 해고했을 것 같아요 = It appears that he fired her **last week** - 저의 여동생은 **지난** **주**에 책 두 권을 읽었어요 = My sister read two books **last week** - **지난** **주**말에 뭐 했어요? = What did you do **last weekend**? - 저는 그 영화를 **지난** **주**에 봤어요 = I saw that movie **last week** - **지난** **주**에 우리는 아무데도 안 갔어요 = We didn’t go anywhere **last week** - 저는 **지난 주**에 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a movie **last week**
지난 달 = last month
Example: - 저는 **지난** **달**에 그 시험을 봤어요 = I took that exam **last month** - 학생은 **지난 달**보다 더 많이 공부하고 있어요 = The student is studying more than **last month**
이번 주 = this week
Example: - 우리가 **이번** **주**에 뭐 할 거예요? = What are we going to do **this week**? - 저는 **이번 주**에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans **this week**
이번 달 = this month
Example: - 그녀는 **이** **번** **달**에 애기를 낳을 예정이에요 = She is scheduled to give birth **this month** - 저는 친구를 **이번 달**에 만날 거예요 = I will meet (that/a) friend **this month**
다음 주 = next week
Notes: 다음 can be placed before some indicators of time to mean “next” Example: - 학생들은 **다음** **주**에 학교에 돌아와요 = The students return to school next **week** - 저는 **다음** **주**에 영화를 볼 거예요 = I will see a movie **next week** - 저는 **다음** **주**에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Canada **next week** - 저는 **다음** **주**에 미국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the US **next week** - 저는 **다음** **주**에 시험 공부를 할 거예요 = **Next week**, I will study for an exam - 다음 주 목요일은 휴가인가? = Is **next Thursday** a holiday? - 아직 간 적이 없어요. 하지만 다음 주에 가 볼 거예요 = I haven’t been there yet. But, I am going (to try) to go **next week** - 우리는 다음 주에 그 문제에 대한 회의를 열 거예요 = We are going to hold a meeting **next week** about that problem
다음 달 = next month
Example: - **다음** **달**은 지금보다 더 춥겠어요 = **Next month** will be colder than now - **다음 달**에 한국어를 배우기 시작할 거야 = I will start learning Korean **next month**
작년 = last year
Example: - **작년**에 어디서 공부했어요? = Where did you study **last year**? - 저는 **작년**에 살이 많이 쪘어요 = I gained a lot of weight **last year** - 그는 **작년**보다 한국어를 훨씬 잘해요 = He is much better at Korean than **last year** - **작년**에 우리 회사의 수입은 200만원이었어요 = Our company’s income **last year** was 200만 - 제가 **작년**에 가르친 학생 한 명은 벌써 의사가 되었어요 = One of the students I taught **last year** has already become a doctor
올해 = this year
Example: - 우리는 **올해** 결혼하고 싶어요 = We want to get married **this year** - 저의 어머니는 **올해** 한국에 올 것입니다 = My mom will come to Korea **this year**
내년 = next year
Example: - 우리는 **내년**에 결혼하고 싶어요 = We want to get married **next year** - 저는 **내년**에 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea **next year**
평생 (동안) = in my whole life
This word appears in Korean Sign Explanation [Video 12] Common Usages: - 평생 동안 = throughout my whole life - 평생 동반자 = lifelong companion Examples: - 저는 **평생** 동안 하키를 했어요 = I played hockey my **whole life** - 저는 **평생** 동안 오렌지를 세 번밖에 안 먹어 봤어요 - I have only eaten oranges three times **in my life** - 저는 **평생** 동안 담배를 한 모금도 안 피웠어요 - **In my whole life**, I haven’t even had one puff/drag of a cigarette - 그 사람이 부잣집에 태어나서 **평생** 동안 돈을 쓰는 것에 대해 한번도 걱정 안 했어요 - That person was born into a rich family, so during his **whole life** he never had to worry about spending money
보통 = usually
Notes: This can be used as an adverb, for example: - 저는 **보통** 아침 식사를 안 먹어요 = I **usually** don’t eat breakfast - 피자를 먹으면 저는 콜라를 **보통** 마셔요 = When/If I eat pizza, I **usually** drink cola - 배우들은 그들의 영화를 **보통** 좋아하지 않아 = Actors **usually** don’t like their movies - 저는 **보통** 점심식사로 과일만 먹어요 = I **usually** only eat fruit for lunch - 한국 사람들은 **보통** 아주 착해요 = Korean people are **usually** very nice It can also be used before a noun to mean “typical” or “usual” for example: - 그것은 보통 일이에요 = That is (just) typical work
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video] There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). ## Introduction In this lesson, you will build on what you learned in Lesson 10 by learning how to use a variety of different words of time in Korean. Using these words, you will be able to say “I did X **for** 2 months” or “I didn’t do Y **last** week.” You will also learn whether you should use the pure Korean or Sino-Korean numbers when using these different words of time. The use of pure Korean or Sino-Korean numbers may seem random, but there is a reason for it. Anytime the ‘time’ word is of Chinese origin, the Sino-Korean numbers are used. For example “개월” (month) is counted using Sino-Korean numbers, because “개월” is of Chinese origin and has corresponding Chinese ([한자](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/hanja-unit-1-lessons-1-20/)) characters. “달” (also meaning month) is a Korean word, and thus, is counted using Korean numbers. A lot of Korean words are of Chinese origin and have corresponding Chinese ([한자](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/hanja-unit-1-lessons-1-20/)) characters. You will learn about those later. This lesson is a little bit less organized than the previous lessons. It was difficult to teach everything in this lesson together because you need to have a mutual understanding of all concepts in order to understand one of them. In order to understand how to use 동안, you need to know how to use 주. But in order to understand how to use 주, you should understand how to use 동안. Around and around we go. Anyways, I made it as simple as possible. After this lesson, any time you learn about other ‘time’ grammar concepts, it should be really easy because this lesson will give you a solid base to work from. ## “For” a certain amount of time (동안) 동안 is a very useful word that can be used to indicate how long an action occurs. It is typically placed after a duration of time, for example: - 2분 = 2 minutes - 2분 동안 = _for_ 2 minutes --- - 10분 = 10 minutes - 10분 동안 = _for_ 10 minutes --- - 이틀 = two days - 이틀 동안 = _for_ two days 동안 _can also be used to indicate that an action occurs “while” another action occurs. You will learn about that application in [Lesson 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-33/) after learning some key grammar points in the lessons to come._ Those can then be added into sentences to indicate how long one does something for. Notice also that no additional particle is added to 동안. One would think that 에 should be added, but it is not. - 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for 10 minutes - 저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for 30 minutes While the translation of “동안” in these examples is usually “for”, in essence, what you are doing is stating “for that period of time.” Understanding this will help you understand later usages of “동안” in future lessons. For example: - 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for (a period of) 10 minutes - 저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for (a period of) 30 minutes - 저는 이틀 동안 안 잤어요 = I didn’t sleep for two days --- Remember: It doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral when writing a number. However, typically the word is written when a pure Korean word is used with a counter like 개, 명, 번, 시간, 대, 살, etc. In situations where Sino-Korean numbers are written (for example, in the sentences above) it makes no difference if you write the numeral or the word. Also remember that the spacing is different depending on if you write a numeral or a word. If writing the word, there should be a space between the number and the word. For example: - 저는 십 분 동안 걸었어요 If writing a numeral, it doesn’t matter if you include a space or not. Both are seen as acceptable: - 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 - 저는 10 분 동안 걸었어요 --- I want to show you more and more examples of 동안, and I expect you might not want to limit yourself to only “분” (minutes), so lets move on to hours. ## Korean Hours (시간) Talking about minutes is easy because you always simply use 분. For example: - 3시 20분 means “3:20”, and - 20분 동안 means “for 20 minutes” When talking about hours, however, 시 is used when talking about the hour on a clock, whereas 시간 is used when counting hours. Notice the difference between these two sets: - 3시 = 3:00 - 세 시 = Three o’clock --- - 3시간 동안 = for 3 hours - 세 시간 동안 = for three hours Remember that pure Korean numbers are used when talking about hours. I usually write out the Korean word when I’m referring to an amount of hours as in the examples below. For example: - 저는 세 시간 동안 잤어요 = I slept for 3 hours - 저는 한 시간 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for one hour - 저는 여덟 시간 동안 운전했어요 = I drove for eight hours - 저는 어제 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요 = I played baseball for an hour yesterday - 저는 어제 두 시간 동안 TV를 봤어요\* = I watched TV for two hours yesterday \*_Notice that_ 보다 _(to see) is used when watching something. You can also use_ 보다 _when you watch a performance or concert, or similar things. In English “I saw a TV” and “I watched TV” have two different meanings, but Koreans simply say “I see TV.”_ At this point you are probably asking saying “Okay, I understand how to say that I have done things for X hours or minutes, but what about if I want to say something like: - I will eat in three hours, or - I ate three hours ago --- - I will go in 10 minutes, or - I came 10 minutes ago” You will learn how to create those types of sentences when you learn about 전 and 후 in [Lesson 24](./24-before-after-since-within.md). For the moment, there is a ton of content in this lesson, so try to focus on what is presented here. ## Korean Seconds (초) When talking about seconds, you need to use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “초,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: - 1초 = 1 second - 일 초 = one second --- - 2초 = 2 seconds - 이 초 = two seconds --- - 2초 동안 = for 2 seconds - 이 초 동안 = for two seconds Examples in sentences: - 저는 2초 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for 2 seconds - 저는 그 사람을 10초 동안 만났어요 = I met that person for 10 seconds - 1분은 60초입니다 = One minute is sixty seconds ## Last/Next (지난/다음) 지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about 마지막, which can be used to refer to the “last” or “final” thing in a sequence. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” In order to refer to a “previous” thing, the word “지난” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to the _previous_ week, and you can use “마지막” to refer to the _final_ week. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example: ![LastLast|499x172](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/LastLast.png) 지난 can be added immediately before **some** words of time (I discuss “some” a little bit later) to refer to a “previous” thing. This often translates to “last,” though. For example: - 저는 지난 주에 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a movie last week - 저는 지난 주에 캐나다에 갔어요 = I went to Canada last week. - 저는 지난 수업을 안 들었어요 = I didn’t go to/attend the last/previous class In order to say “attend a class,” Korean people say “_수업을 듣다_,” which literally translates to “listen to/hear a class.” As such, you can see that the particle ~*을 *is attached to “_수업_” because “the class” is the noun that is being listened to. Korean learners are sometimes confused as to why “~_에_” is not attached to “_수업_” because they are accustomed to the English way of saying “I didn’t go to the last class”.\* _Also, note that this sentence is also correct, but is referring to a different class than above:_ - 저는 마지막 수업을 안 들었어요 = I didn’t attend the last class 지난 can be added only before _some_ words of time. For example, you couldn’t say “지난 분/지난 초.” These would mean “last minute/second” as in ‘the last minute/second’ that just passed – which doesn’t make any sense. Notice that they do not have the meaning of “I handed in my paper at the **last minute**.” This meaning refers to the last minute in a sequence of minutes; therefore, “마지막” must be used in this case. 시간, however, means “time” in addition to being a counter for “hours.” So, “지난 시간” can be used to mean “last time” (but not “last hour”). - 저는 그것을 지난 시간에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time You can also use the word 번 to refer to the last “time” something happened. - 저는 그것을 지난 번에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time - 우리가 지난 번에 계획이 없었어요 = We didn’t have plans last time - 우리는 지난 번에 돼지고기를 먹었어요 = We ate pork last time 다음 is used in the same way as 지난, but it means “next.” For example: - 저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 = I will see a movie next week - 저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Canada next week Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “next time,” but not “next hour.” - 우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time - 우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time --- - 나는 너를 다음 번에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time - 나는 너를 다음 시간에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time ## Korean Days (일/날/하루) Days are very confusing in Korean because there are a few different words you need to be acquainted with. You learned the names of the days of the week in the vocabulary section of another lesson. You should have noticed that every day of the week ends in 일. 일 means “day” but it is never used alone (if it is used alone, it means ‘work’). I’m looking at my Korean calendar now, and see a variety of words ending in “일.” Don’t worry about these words now, just recognize the importance of “일” within them: - 총선 = general election - 총선**일** = the day of the general election (election day) - 현충**일** = Memorial day 일 is also the counter for days. You learned in [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) that you must use pure Korean numbers when counting. When you count days, however, you use Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “일,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. - 나는 3일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days - 나는 삼 일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days --- - 나는 3일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days - 나는 삼 일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days --- - 저는 5일 동안 계획이 없을 거예요 = I won’t have plans for 5 days - 우리는 6일 동안 만나지 않았어요 = We didn’t meet for 6 days To make things more confusing, if you are counting days from 1 – 10 there is a word that corresponds to “one day,” another word that corresponds to “2 days,” another word that corresponds to “3 days” etc… The most common of these words is 하루 which means “one day.” 하루 is used much more than 일 일. But 2일 (이 일)/3일 (삼 일)/4일 (사 일)/5일 (오 일)/etc are used more than their corresponding words. - 저는 하루 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 1 day - 저는 사흘 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days - 저는 3일 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days - 우리는 이틀 동안 미국에 있었어요 = We were in America for two days - 우리는 10일 동안 한국에 있을 거예요 = We will be in Korea for ten days --- You can also place a (Sino-Korean) number before 일 to refer to a specific day in a month. It seems like it would be easy to confuse when one is talking about the day of a month (3일) and when doing something for a specific period (3일). But, in sentences, these are easily distinguishable: - 나는 3일에 수업을 들었어 = I went to class on the 3rd (day of the month) - 나는 3일 동안 수업을 들었어 = I went to class for three days You can refer to a specific day and month by adding #일 after #월: - 3월 2일 = March 2nd - 5월 25일 = May 25th --- - 저는 8월 15일에 도착할 거예요 = I will arrive on August 15th - 저는 이 여권을 1월 2일에 받았어요 = I received my passport on January 2nd --- 날 is another word that means “day” and can be used as a stand alone word, but not counted. It is used when talking about a specific day by itself. For example: - 저는 그 날에 갔어요 = I went on that day - 저는 그 날에 계획이 있어요 = I have plans on that day - 저는 그 날에 선생님이 되었어요 = I became a teacher on that day - 우리는 그 날에 시작할 거예요 = We will start on that day If you want to talk about doing something on the first/second/third day, you can use 번째 (which you learned in the previous lesson) with 날. For example: - 우리는 두 번째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day - 우리는 둘째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day --- - 우리는 세 번째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day - 우리는 셋째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day --- - 저는 네 번째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day - 저는 넷째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day 첫날 is a word that specifically refers to the first day: - 저는 첫날에 명동에 갔어요 = I went to 명동 on the first day - 저는 첫날에 그 여자를 만났어요 = I met that girl on the first day ## Korean Weeks (주) Weeks in Korean can be used in sentences just like 일 (day) except that there are no other weird words to worry about. You use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about weeks: - 저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the US next week - 지난 주에 저는 계획이 많았어요 = I had a lot of plans last week The word “주” can also be used as a counter to count weeks. When counting weeks, just like when counting days, Sino-Korean numbers are used. When putting a number before “주,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: - 저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks - 저는 4주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for 4 weeks --- - 저는 이 주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks - 저는 사 주 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks The word “주일” can also be used as a counter for weeks. This is acceptable, but it sounds a bit more natural to use “주” as shown above. For example: - 저는 2주일 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for two weeks - 저는 4주일 동안 여자친구를 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my girlfriend for four weeks ## Korean Months (달/개월) First, notice that the names of each month correspond to the number of the month in the calendar For example: - January = 1월 - February = 2월 - December = 12월 When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월. When using 달, you must use the pure Korean numbers, and when using 개월, you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently. When putting a number before 달, I prefer to write the Korean word. When putting a number before 개월, it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. - 저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months --- - 저는 2개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months - 저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months My Korean grammar teacher told me years ago that ‘동안’ is actually incorporated into the meaning of 달, which would mean that you wouldn’t have to say 동안 after 달. Still, though, most people use 동안 after 달. ## Korean Years (년) Years are used just like weeks, which means that you must use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “년,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral: - 저는 3년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for 3 years - 저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for 10 years --- - 저는 삼 년 동안 형을 안 만났어요 = I didn’t meet my brother for three years - 저는 십 년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for ten years However, if you want to say “last/next year” in Korean, you can’t use “지난/다음 년.” Instead, you must use separate words: - 작년 = last year - 내년 = next year For example: - 나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 = I will go to Korea next year - 그 사람은 작년에 죽었어요 = That person died last year ## This Week/This Month/This Time (이번) Finally, you can use 이번 just like 지난/다음 when talking about weeks or months to mean “this week/this month.” You cannot say “이번 년,” instead you must use the separate word “올해.” - 저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans this week - 저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 = My mom will come to Korea this year *Note here that it is common to see “*에*” omitted from the word “*올해*.” You can also see in the section above that this is not the case with* 작년 _and_ 내년. You cannot use 이번 when talking about minutes/seconds/hours. “I want to go to school this hour” doesn’t make any sense. But remember, in addition to meaning ‘hour’ 시간 also means “time.” This means that you can say 이번 시간 to mean “this time,” which is usually used when talking about “this time in class.” For example: - 우리는 이번 시간에 많이 배웠어 = We learned a lot this time In most other cases, it is more natural to use “이번에” instead of “이번 시간:” - 나는 너를 이번에 안 만날 거야 = I won’t meet you this time 번 can also be added after 지난/다음 to mean “last/next time” - 저는 박물관에 다음 번에 갈 거예요 = I will go to the museum next time - 저는 박물관에 지난 번에 갔어요 = I went to the museum last time ## “Per” When talking about each of these units of time, you can add the particle ~에 to indicate _within_ that unit of time, how much something was done. You can usually translate this to “per” in English. For example: - 저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I eat (take) this medicine twice per day - 저는 그 친구를 1주일에 한 번 만나요 = I meet that friend once per week - 저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 = I come here three times per month - 저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 = I go to America twice per year --- Almost all the examples in this lesson used 동안. There are other ways you can talk about these time words without using 동안 (for example, “I will go to Canada 3 days from now”). However, this lesson was reaching the 6 page mark, and I didn’t want to overload you more than I already have. I feel like the material in this lesson alone is enough to make your head spin for a while, so I will end it here. In later lessons, you will learn how to apply the concepts you learned in this lesson to more complicated sentences. That’s it for this lesson! There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). [Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=943) Or, [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit1916) ## Summary Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson? This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson. --- Want to practice your listening skills? This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson. --- The following videos are available to reinforce the concepts taught in this lesson: [Lesson Recap]