--- vocabulary: nouns: - ko: 사실 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v1.mp3 en: fact notes: |

Often used at the start of sentences to mean "actually..." When used like this, it is common to colloquially say "실은..."

Also commonly used as the noun in a quoted version of ~는 것. For example: "그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 사실을 숨겼어요" = "She hid (the fact that) her child died"

See Lesson 52 for more information on this.

It can also be used to literally mean "fact"

examples: - ko: 그것은 **사실**이에요? en: Is that **true**? (is that a **fact**?) - ko: 저는 그 **사실**을 백과사전에 찾았어요 en: I looked up that **fact** in an encyclopedia - ko: 이 **사실**을 부장님께 알려 줘야겠어요 en: I guess I should tell the boss (about) that **fact** - ko: 저는 부장님에게 그 **사실**을 말할 거예요 en: I will tell that (**fact**) to my boss - ko: 약 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v2.mp3 en: medicine examples: - ko: 이렇게 아프면 **약**을 먹어야 돼요! en: If you are this sick, you should take some **medicine**! - ko: 저는 이 **약**을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 en: I eat (take) this **medicine** twice per day - ko: "**약**을 안 먹는다면 열이 나빠질 수도 있어요" en: If you don't eat/take this **medicine**, the fever could get worse - ko: 음악 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v3.mp3 en: music examples: - ko: 저는 **음악**을 듣는 것을 좋아요 en: I like listening to **music** - ko: 저는 **음악**을 듣고 있어요 en: I am listening to **music** - ko: 우리는 **음악**을 같이 들었어요 en: We listened to **music** together - ko: 하늘 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v4.mp3 en: sky examples: - ko: "**하늘**에 비행기가 있어요" en: There is a plane in the **sky** - ko: "**하늘**에 별이 많아요" en: There are many stars in the **sky** - ko: 이것을 **하늘**로부터 받았어요 en: I received this from the **sky (heavens)** - ko: 비가 온 다음 날에 **하늘**은 보라색으로 바꿨어요 en: The **sky** turned purple the day after the rain - ko: 땅 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v5.mp3 en: land notes: |

'독도는 우리땅이다' is a famous saying that Korean people use to express that Dokdo, the disputed territory between Korea and Japan belongs to Korea. This was written on a sign by a fan during the 2012 Olympics in London and when the Korean team one, a Korean player took the sign and ran around the field with it. The player got in a lot of trouble for bringing political elements into the Olympics. By the way, Dokdo does belong to Korea.

examples: - ko: 한국은 다른 나라보다 **땅**이 작아요 en: Korea's **land** is small compared to other countries - ko: 지하 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v6.mp3 en: underground examples: - ko: 차는 **지하** 주차장에 있어요 en: The car is in the **underground** parking lot - ko: 빵 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v7.mp3 en: bread examples: - ko: 저는 **빵**을 먹고 싶어요 en: I want to eat **bread** - ko: 저는 친구를 위해 **빵**을 만들었어요 en: I made **bread** for my friend - ko: 우리는 **빵**을 같이 먹었어요 en: We ate **bread** together - ko: 애기는 밥하고 **빵**을 먹었어요 en: The baby ate rice and **bread** - ko: 쓰레기 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v8.mp3 en: trash/garbage notes: |

This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video 5.

examples: - ko: "**쓰레기**를 버려 주세요" en: Please throw out your **garbage** - ko: 이 떡은 **쓰레기** 맛 같아 en: This 떡 tastes like **garbage** - ko: "**쓰레기**는 월요일마다 수거된다" en: "**Garbage** is collected every Monday" - ko: 회계사 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v9.mp3 en: accountant examples: - ko: 저는 **회계사**가 되고 싶어요 en: I want to be an **accountant** - ko: 그 **회계사**는 정부에 대해 나쁜 말을 했어요 en: That **accountant** said bad things about the government - ko: 녹차 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v10.mp3 en: green tea examples: - ko: "**녹차** 두 잔을 주세요" en: Give me two cups of **green tea**, please - ko: "**녹차**는 한국에서 유명해요" en: "**Green Tea** is famous in Korea" - ko: 저는 약과 **녹차**만 샀어요 en: I only bought medicine and **green tea** - ko: 이 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v11.mp3 en: teeth examples: - ko: 치과의사는 저의 **이**를 두 개 뺐어요 en: The dentist took out two of my **teeth** - ko: 정부 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v12.mp3 en: government examples: - ko: 한국에서는 **정부**가 국립학교를 통제해요 en: In Korea, the **government** controls the public schools - ko: 한국 **정부**는 교통사고를 방지하려고 노력하고 있어요 en: The Korean **government** is trying to prevent traffic accidents - ko: 그 회계사는 **정부**에 대해 나쁜 말을 했어요 en: That accountant said bad things about the **government** - ko: 성격 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v13.mp3 en: personality examples: - ko: 그 사람의 **성격**은 좋아요 en: That person's **personality** is good - ko: 우리의 **성격**은 달라요 en: Our **personalities** are different - ko: 서울에서 사는 사람들의 **성격**은 너무 급해요 en: The people who live in Seoul have a very fast **personality** (rushed/impatient nature) - ko: 온도 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v14.mp3 en: temperature notes: The word 체온 is used to refer to one's body temperature. examples: - ko: 교실이 너무 더워서 **온도**를 내려도 돼요? en: Because the classroom is too hot, may I lower the **temperature**? - ko: 커튼 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v15.mp3 en: curtains notes: Korean pronunciation of the word "curtain" examples: - ko: 창문이 **커튼**으로 가려져 있어요 en: The window is covered by the **curtains** - ko: 숨 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v16.mp3 en: breath examples: - ko: 공기가 나빠서 저는 **숨**을 못 쉬어요 en: I can't **breathe** because the air is bad verbs: - ko: 축하하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v17.mp3 en: to congratulate notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "추카하다" examples: - ko: 아들이 대학교를 졸업해서 우리는 **축하를 해**야 돼요 en: Now that our son has graduated from University, we need to **congratulate** him - ko: 일어나다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v18.mp3 en: to rise, to get up notes: |

There are many adverbs that are used in specific situations to give a sentence feel or emphasis. To indicate that one "sprang" up, the adverb 벌떡 can be used.

일어나다 literally means "to get up" from a sitting/laying position to a standing position. However, it is often used to indicate that one "wakes up" because one usually "gets up" from bed when they wake up. As such, the translation of "일어나다" could be "to get up" or "to wake up" depending on the situation.

examples: - ko: "언제 **일어났어요**?" en: When did you **get up**? - ko: 군인들은 매일 일찍 **일어나**야 돼요 en: Soldiers have to **wake up** early every day - ko: 그녀는 의자에서 **일어났어요** en: She **rose up** from her chair - ko: 저는 아침에 일찍 **일어났어요** en: I **woke** **up** early in the morning - ko: 우리는 내일 일찍 **일어나**야 돼요 en: We need to **wake up** early tomorrow morning - ko: 준비하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v19.mp3 en: to prepare, to get ready notes: The noun form of this word translates to "preparation" examples: - ko: 저는 아직 **준비**를 안 했어요 en: I still haven't gotten **ready** yet - ko: 저는 지금 갈 **준비**가 됐어요 en: I am **ready** to go now - ko: 아버지를 위해 시원한 물을 **준비했어요** en: I **prepared** cool water for my father - ko: 저는 점심을 **준비했어요** en: I **prepared** (the) lunch - ko: 저는 아무 때나 일을 시작할 **준비됐어요** en: I am **ready** to start working any time - ko: 들어오다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v21.mp3 en: to come in notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "드러오다"

Formed by combining 들다 (to enter) and 오다 (to come). See Lesson 15 for more information.

examples: - ko: 학생들은 9시에 학교에 **들어왔어요** en: The students **came into** the school at 9:00 - ko: 그 남자는 방에 **들어왔어요** en: That man **came into** room - ko: 들어가다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v22.mp3 en: to go in notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "드러가다"

Formed by combining 들다 (to enter) and 가다 (to go). See Lesson 15 for more information.

"들어가세요" is often said to people when they leave a place, almost as a greeting like "goodbye."

Often used with ~아/어 있다 to indicate that something contains something. For example: "김치에 고추가 들어가 있어요" = "There is red peppers in 김치"

examples: - ko: 샴푸가 눈에 **들어갔어요** en: Shampoo **went** **into** my eyes - ko: 학생들은 9시에 학교에 **들어갔어요** en: The students **went into** the school at 9:00 - ko: 수영장에 **들어간** 후에 옷이 완전히 젖었어요 en: My clothes are completely wet after **going** **into** the pool - ko: 이 길이 너무 좁아서 저는 못 **들어가요** en: I can't **go onto** this road because it is so narrow - ko: 그 가게에 18세 미만은 못 **들어가요** en: Those under 18 years of age can't **enter** that store - ko: 우리는 집에 같이 **들어갔어요** en: We **went into** the house together - ko: 저는 문을 열고 방에 **들어갔어요** en: I opened the door and **went into** the room - ko: 입장하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v23.mp3 en: to enter (the verb form of 'admission') notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "입짱하다"

The noun form of this word translates to "admission"

examples: - ko: 몇 시부터 **입장할** 수 있어요? en: From what time can we **enter**? - ko: 숨쉬다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v24.mp3 en: to breathe examples: - ko: 저는 운동을 열심히 하고 **숨**을 빨리 **쉬었어요** en: After I exercised I was **breathing** really fast adjectives: - ko: 흥미롭다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v25.mp3 en: to be interesting notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "흥미롭따"

흥미롭다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 흥미로워, ~ㄴ/은: 흥미로운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 흥미롭습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 흥미로울, ~니: 흥미로우니, ~ㅁ/음: 흥미로움, ~(으)려고: 흥미로우려고, ~(으)시: 흥미로우시, ~(으)면: 흥미로우면, ~(으)니: 흥미로우니

examples: - ko: 화학은 매우 **흥미로워요** en: Chemistry is very **interesting** - ko: 그는 **흥미로운** 삶을 살아요 en: He lives an **interesting** life - ko: 한국문화는 오래됐고 **흥미로워요** en: Korean culture is long and **interesting** - ko: 늦다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v26.mp3 en: to be late notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "늗따"

This is often irrelevant, but 늦다 is both a verb and an adjective. As a verb, it usually indicates that one arrives late. For example: "우리가 늦어서 죄송해요" = "Sorry we arrived late"

It is often used as an adjective to describe a time that is late. For example: "우리는 늦은 저녁을 먹었어요" = "We ate a late dinner"

As an adjective, ~게 is often added to it in order to create an adverb. For example: "그녀는 언제나 늦게 와요" = "She comes late every time"

examples: - ko: 우리가 **늦**어서 죄송해요 en: Sorry we arrived **late** - ko: 우리는 **늦**은 저녁을 먹었어요 en: We ate a **late** dinner - ko: 그녀는 언제나 **늦**게 와요 en: She comes **late** every time - ko: 저는 **늦**게 도착했어요 en: I arrived **late** - ko: 시원하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v27.mp3 en: to be cool, to be relaxing notes: |

In addition to meaning "cool" (as in temperature), this word is often used to describe the feeling you get when somebody gives you a massage.

examples: - ko: 요즘에 날씨가 **시원해요** en: These days the weather is **cool** - ko: 아버지를 위해 **시원한** 물을 준비했어요 en: I prepared **cool** water for my father - ko: 가을이 **시원해서** 좋아요 en: Fall is nice because it is **cool** - ko: 질투하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v28.mp3 en: to be jealous notes: |

The noun form of this word translates to "jealousy" or "envy"

Often used as "질투가 나다." See Lesson 14 for more information on how the word "나다" works in these situations.

examples: - ko: 저의 남자 친구는 항상 **질투해요** en: My boyfriend is always **jealous** - ko: 맵다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v29.mp3 en: to be spicy notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "맵따"

맵다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 매워, ~ㄴ/은: 매운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 맵습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 매울, ~니: 매우니, ~ㅁ/음: 매움, ~(으)려고: 매우려고, ~(으)시: 매우시, ~(으)면: 매우면, ~(으)니: 매우니

examples: - ko: 저는 **매운** 것을 못 먹어요 en: I can't eat **spicy** things - ko: 한식은 양식보다 더 **매워요** en: Korean food is **spicier** than western food - ko: 라면은 삼겹살보다 더 **매워요** en: Ramen is **spicier** than 삼겹살 - ko: 죄송하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v30.mp3 en: to be sorry notes: |

This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #3.

examples: - ko: 늦게 와서 **죄송합니다**! en: "**Sorry** for coming late!" - ko: "**죄송하**지만 저는 당신을 해고할 수밖에 없어요" en: I'm **sorry**, but I can't do anything but fire you - ko: 미안하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v31.mp3 en: to be sorry notes: 미안하다 is slightly less formal than 죄송하다 examples: - ko: 시끄러워서 **미안해요** en: "**Sorry** it is so loud!" - ko: 무겁다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v32.mp3 en: to be heavy notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "무겁따"

무겁다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 무거워, ~ㄴ/은: 무거운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 무겁습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 무거울, ~니: 무거우니, ~ㅁ/음: 무거움, ~(으)려고: 무거우려고, ~(으)시: 무거우시, ~(으)면: 무거우면, ~(으)니: 무거우니

examples: - ko: 이 가방은 너무 **무거워요** en: This bag is too **heavy** - ko: 그 기계는 너무 **무거워요** en: That machine is very **heavy** - ko: 가볍다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v33.mp3 en: to be light notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "가볍따"

가볍다 follows the ㅂ irregular

~아/어: 가벼워, ~ㄴ/은: 가벼운, ~ㅂ/습니다: 가볍습니다, ~ㄹ/을: 가벼울, ~니: 가벼우니, ~ㅁ/음: 가벼움, ~(으)려고: 가벼우려고, ~(으)시: 가벼우시, ~(으)면: 가벼우면, ~(으)니: 가벼우니

examples: - ko: 이 가방은 **가벼워요** en: This bag is **light** - ko: 유명하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v34.mp3 en: to be popular, to be famous examples: - ko: 그 배우는 아주 **유명해요** en: That actor is very **famous** - ko: 그 가수는 한국에서 매우 **유명해요** en: That singer is very **famous** in Korea - ko: "**녹차**는 한국에서 **유명해요**" en: Green Tea is **famous** in Korea - ko: 저는 엄마랑 **유명한** 영화를 같이 봤어요 en: I saw/watched a **famous** movie with my mom - ko: 익숙하다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v20.mp3 en: to be familiar with something notes: |

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "익쑤카다"

The most common definition of 익숙하다 is "to be familiar with," but in sentences I prefer to use "to be used to."

For example, if you buy a new pair of shoes, and you still kind of prefer your previous shoes, you could say "새로운 신발에 아직 익숙하지 않아요." ("I'm not used to the new shoes yet").

examples: - ko: 저는 한국 음식 맛에 **익숙해요** en: I am **used to** the taste of Korean food - ko: 저는 그것에 **익숙하지** 않아요 en: I'm not **familiar** with that adverbs: - ko: 요즘 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v35.mp3 en: these days examples: - ko: 저는 **요즘**에 운동을 많이 해요 en: I am exercising a lot **these days** - ko: 아시아의 경제는 **요즘**에 좋아지고 있어요 en: The Asian economy is getting better **these days** - ko: "**요즘**에 날씨가 점점 추워져요" en: "**Lately,** the weather is getting gradually colder" - ko: "**요즘**에 저는 스트레스를 많이 받아요" en: "**These days** I am very stressed" - ko: "**요즘**에는 길이 너무 조용해요" en: "**These days** the streets are very quiet" - ko: 같이 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson13v36.mp3 en: together notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "가치" examples: - ko: 우리는 밥을 **같이** 먹었어요 en: We ate **together** - ko: 저는 친구랑 **같이** 있어요 en: I'm **with** my friend - ko: 엄마가 우리랑 **같이** 못 먹어서 안타까워요 en: It's too bad that your mom can't eat **together** (with us) - ko: 나는 우리가 지난 번에 **같이** 먹은 것을 먹고 싶어 en: I want to eat what we ate **(together)** last time - ko: 이 일을 **같이** 하고 싶으면 우리는 협조해야 돼요 en: If we want to do this job **together**, we have to cooperate - ko: 우리 학교에서 학생들은 역사와 지리를 **같이** 배워요 en: At our school, students learn history and geography **together** sentence: and: - ko: 우리는 밥**과** 빵을 팔아요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-1.mp3 en: We sell rice **and** bread - ko: 나는 사과**와** 바나나를 샀어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2.mp3 en: I bought apples **and** bananas - ko: 나는 인천**이랑** 서울에 갈 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-2.mp3 en: I will go to Seoul **and** Incheon - ko: 형**하고** 아버지는 영화를 봤어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4.mp3 en: My brother **and** dad saw a movie - ko: 저는 약**과** 녹차만 샀어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-3.mp3 en: I only bought medicine **and** green tea with: - ko: 나는 친구**와** 갔어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7.mp3 en: I went **with** my friend - ko: 저는 친구**와** 집에 갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-4.mp3 en: I went home **with** my friend - ko: 나는 아버지**랑** 공원에 갈 거야 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9.mp3 en: I will go to the park **with** my dad - ko: 선생님은 학생들**과** 박물관에 갔다 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10.mp3 en: The teacher went to the museum **with** the students - ko: 요즘에 사람들이 친구들**이랑** 매운 음식을 먹지 않아요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-5.mp3 en: These days, people don’t eat spicy food **with** their friends - ko: 저는 밥을 친구**랑** 저의 어머니**랑** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/12.mp3 en: I ate (rice*) **with** my mom **and** my friend together: - ko: 우리는 빵을 **같이** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-6.mp3 en: We ate bread **together** - ko: 우리는 빵을 **함께** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-7.mp3 en: We ate bread **together** - ko: 우리는 집에 **같이** 들어갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-8.mp3 en: We went into the house **together** - ko: 우리는 집에 **함께** 들어갔어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-9.mp3 en: We went into the house **together** - ko: 우리는 음악을 **같이** 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-10.mp3 en: We listened to music **together** - ko: 우리는 음악을 **함께** 들었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-11.mp3 en: We listened to music **together** - ko: 저는 빵을 친구**랑** **같이** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-12.mp3 en: I ate bread **with** a friend (**together**) - ko: 저는 빵을 친구**와*** **함께** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-13.mp3 en: I ate bread **with** a friend (**together**) - ko: 저는 빵을 친구**랑** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-14.mp3 en: I ate bread **with** a friend - ko: 저는 빵을 친구**와*** 먹었어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-15.mp3 en: I ate bread **with** a friend with_more: - ko: 저는 녹차를 엄마랑 같이 마셨어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-16.mp3 en: I drank green tea with my mom - ko: 저는 엄마랑 유명한 영화를 같이 봤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-17.mp3 en: I saw/watched a famous movie with my mom - ko: 저는 선생님과 함께 공부했어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/25.mp3 en: I studied with my teacher - ko: 저는 여자 친구와 함께 영화를 봤어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-18.mp3 en: I watched a movie with my girlfriend - ko: 나는 친구랑 같이 있어 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-19.mp3 en: I’m with my friend - ko: 저는 친구와 집에 함께 있어요 audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lesson-13-sentence-20.mp3 en: I’m with a friend at home --- # Lesson 13: Korean Particles: and, with, to, from, for, about ## Vocabulary ### Nouns 사실 = fact

Common usages: - 사실을 인정하다 = to admit the truth - 그것이 사실이다 = that is the truth - 사실은… = the fact is… Notes: Often used at the start of sentences to mean “actually…” When used like this, it is common to colloquially say “실은…” Also commonly used as the noun in a quoted version of ~는 것. For example: - 그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 **사실**을 숨겼어요 = She hid (the **fact** that) her child died See [Lesson 52](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-52/) for more information on this. It can also be used to literally mean “fact” - 그것은 **사실**이에요? = Is that **true**? (is that a **fact**?) - 저는 그 **사실**을 백과사전에 찾았어요 = I looked up that **fact** in an encyclopedia - 이 **사실**을 부장님께 알려 줘야겠어요 = I guess I should tell the boss (about) that **fact** - 저는 부장님에게 그 **사실**을 말할 거예요 = I will tell that (**fact**) to my boss

약 = medicine

Common Usages: - 약국 = pharmacy - 약사 = pharmacist - 약을 먹다 = to take medicine - 치약 = toothpaste - 약을 짓다 / 약을 처방하다 = to prescribe medicine Examples: - 이렇게 아프면 **약**을 먹어야 돼요! = If you are this sick, you should take some **medicine**! - 저는 이 **약**을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I eat (take) this **medicine** twice per day - **약**을 안 먹는다면 열이 나빠질 수도 있어요 = If you don’t eat/take this **medicine**, the fever could get worse

음악 = music

Common Usages: - 음악가 = musician - 음악을 듣다 = to listen to music - 음악을 녹음하다 = to record music - 음악을 틀다 = to turn on music - 음악을 연주하다 = to play music (with an instrument) Example: - 저는 **음악**을 듣는 것을 좋아요 = I like listening to **music** - 저는 **음악**을 듣고 있어요 = I am listening to **music** - 우리는 **음악**을 같이 들었어요 = We listened to **music** together

하늘 = sky

Common Usages: - 하늘만큼 땅만큼 = An idiom that is like saying “thiiiiissss much” For example: - 나는 너를 하늘만큼 땅만큼 사랑해 = I love you thiiiiiissss much.” More literally, “as much as the earth and the sky” - 하느님 = Literally, the “respected one in the sky” Examples: - **하늘**에 비행기가 있어요 = There is a plane in the **sky** - **하늘**에 별이 많아요 = There are many stars in the **sky** - 이것을 **하늘**로부터 받았어요 = I received this from the **sky (heavens)** - 비가 온 다음 날에 **하늘**은 보라색으로 바꿨어요 = The **sky** turned purple the day after the rain

땅 = land

Common Usages: - 땅값 = the price of land - 땅콩 = peanut Notes: ‘독도는 우리땅이다’ is a famous saying that Korean people use to express that Dokdo, the disputed territory between Korea and Japan belongs to Korea. This was written on a sign by a fan during the 2012 Olympics in London and when the Korean team one, a Korean player took the sign and ran around the field with it. The player got in a lot of trouble for bringing political elements into the Olympics. By the way, Dokdo does belong to Korea. Example: - 한국은 다른 나라보다 **땅**이 작아요 = Korea’s **land** is small compared to other countries

지하 = underground

Common Usages: - 지하철 = underground railway/subway - 지하층 = underground floor, basement - 지하 주차장 = underground parking lot Examples: - 차는 **지하** 주차장에 있어요 = The car is in the **underground** parking lot

빵 = bread

Common Usages: - 빵집 = bakery - 빵 껍질 = bread crust Example: - 저는 **빵**을 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat **bread** - 저는 친구를 위해 **빵**을 만들었어요 = I made **bread** for my friend - 우리는 **빵**을 같이 먹었어요 = We ate **bread** together - 애기는 밥하고 **빵**을 먹었어요 = The baby ate rice and **bread**

쓰레기 = trash/garbage

Common Usages: - 쓰레기통 = garbage can - 쓰레기 봉투 = garbage bag Examples: - **쓰레기**를 버려 주세요 = Please throw out your **garbage** - 이 떡은 **쓰레기** 맛 같아 = This 떡 tastes like **garbage** - **쓰레기**는 월요일마다 수거된다 = **Garbage** is collected every Monday [This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video 5.]

회계사 = accountant

Common Usages: - 공인회계사 = public accountant Examples: - 저는 **회계사**가 되고 싶어요 = I want to be an **accountant** - 그 **회계사**는 정부에 대해 나쁜 말을 했어요 = That **accountant** said bad things about the government

녹차 = green tea

Examples: - **녹차** 두 잔을 주세요 = Give me two cups of **green tea**, please - **녹차**는 한국에서 유명해요 = **Green Tea** is famous in Korea - 저는 약과 **녹차**만 샀어요 = I only bought medicine and **green tea**

이 = teeth

Common Usages: - 잇몸 = gums - 이가 빠지다 = to lose a tooth - 이를 쑤시다 = use a toothpick to pick one’s teeth - 이를 빼다 = to get a tooth pulled - 이가 시리다 = that feeling when your teeth are cold Example: - 치과의사는 저의 **이**를 두 개 뺐어요 = The dentist took out two of my **teeth**

정부 = government

Example: - 한국에서는 **정부**가 국립학교를 통제해요 = In Korea, the **government** controls the public schools - 한국 **정부**는 교통사고를 방지하려고 노력하고 있어요 = The Korean **government** is trying to prevent traffic accidents - 그 회계사는 **정부**에 대해 나쁜 말을 했어요 = That accountant said bad things about the **government**

성격 = personality

Common Usages: - 성격 차이 = difference in personalities Examples: - 그 사람의 **성격**은 좋아요 = That person’s **personality** is good - 우리의 **성격**은 달라요 = Our **personalities** are different - 서울에서 사는 사람들의 **성격**은 너무 급해요 = The people who live in Seoul have a very fast **personality** (rushed/impatient nature)

온도 = temperature

Common Usages: - 높은 온도 = high temperature - 낮은 온도 = low temperature - 실내온도 = the temperature (indoors) - 온도를 높이다 = increase the temperature - 온도를 내리다 = decrease the temperature Notes: The word 체온 is used to refer to one’s body temperature. Example: - 교실이 너무 더워서 **온도**를 내려도 돼요? = Because the classroom is too hot, may I lower the **temperature**?

커튼 = curtains

Common Usages: - 커튼을 치다 = close the curtains Notes: Korean pronunciation of the word “curtain” Example: - 창문이 **커튼**으로 가려져 있어요 = The window is covered by the **curtains**

숨 = breath

Common Usages: - 숨을 쉬다 = to breathe - 숨을 내쉬다 = to exhale - 숨을 들이마시다 = to inhale Example: - 공기가 나빠서 저는 **숨**을 못 쉬어요 = I can’t **breathe** because the air is bad

### Verbs 축하하다 = to congratulate

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “추카하다” Common Usages: - 축하합니다! = Congratulations! - 생일 축하합니다! = Happy Birthday! Example: - 아들이 대학교를 졸업해서 우리는 **축하를 해**야 돼요 = Now that our son has graduated from University, we need to **congratulate** him

일어나다 = to rise, to get up

Notes: There are many adverbs that are used in specific situations to give a sentence feel or emphasis. To indicate that one “sprang” up, the adverb 벌떡 can be used. 일어나다 literally means “to get up” from a sitting/laying position to a standing position. However, it is often used to indicate that one “wakes up” because one usually “gets up” from bed when they wake up. As such, the translation of “일어나다” could be “to get up” or “to wake up” depending on the situation. You can this in the examples below: Example: - 언제 **일어났어요** **?** = When did you **get up?** - 군인들은 매일 일찍 **일어나**야 돼요 = Soldiers have to **wake up** early every day - 그녀는 의자에서 **일어났어요** = She **rose up** from her chair - 저는 아침에 일찍 **일어났어요** = I **woke** **up** early in the morning - 우리는 내일 일찍 **일어나**야 돼요 = We need to **wake up** early tomorrow morning

준비하다 = to prepare, to get ready

The noun form of this word translates to “preparation” Common Usages: - ~ㄹ/을 준비 하다 = One is read to \_\_\_ (See [Lesson 50](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-50/) for more information) - 준비시간 = preparation time - 준비기간 = preparation period - 시험준비 = preparation for an exam Examples: - 저는 아직 **준비**를 안 했어요 = I still haven’t gotten **ready** yet - 저는 지금 갈 **준비**가 됐어요 = I am **ready** to go now - 아버지를 위해 시원한 물을 **준비했어요** = I **prepared** cool water for my father - 저는 점심을 **준비했어요** = I **prepared** (the) lunch - 저는 아무 때나 일을 시작할 **준비됐어요** = I am **ready** to start working any time

들어오다 = to come in

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “드러오다” Common Usages: - 들어오세요! = Come in! - 들어오지 마세요 = Don’t come in Notes: Formed by combining 들다 (to enter) and 오다 (to come). See Lesson 15 for more information. Example: - 학생들은 9시에 학교에 **들어왔어요** = The students **came into** the school at 9:00 - 그 남자는 방에 **들어왔어요** = That man **came into** room

들어가다 = to go in

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “드러가다” Common Usages: - A에… B가… 들어가 있다 = for A to contain B Notes: Formed by combining 들다 (to enter) and 가다 (to go). See Lesson 15 for more information. “들어가세요” is often said to people when they leave a place, almost as a greeting like “goodbye.” Often used with ~아/어 있다 to indicate that something contains something. For example: - 김치에 고추가 들어가 있어요 = There is red peppers in 김치 - 이 박스에 책이 들어가 있어요 = There are books in this box Other Examples: - 샴푸가 눈에 **들어갔어요** = Shampoo **went** **into** my eyes - 학생들은 9시에 학교에 **들어갔어요** = The students **went into** the school at 9:00 - 수영장에 **들어간** 후에 옷이 완전히 젖었어요 = My clothes are completely wet after **going** **into** the pool - 이 길이 너무 좁아서 저는 못 **들어가요** = I can’t **go onto** this road because it is so narrow - 그 가게에 18세 미만은 못 **들어가요** = Those under 18 years of age can’t **enter** that store - 우리는 집에 같이 **들어갔어요** = We **went into** the house together - 저는 문을 열고 방에 **들어갔어요** = I opened the door and **went into** the room

입장하다 = to enter (the verb form of 'admission')

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “입짱하다” The noun form of this word translates to “admission” Common Usages: - 무료입장 = free admission - 입장료 = admission price Example: - 몇 시부터 **입장할** 수 있어요? = From what time can we **enter**?

숨쉬다 = to breathe

Common Usages: - 숨을 못 쉬다 = to not be able to breathe Example: - 저는 운동을 열심히 하고 **숨**을 빨리 **쉬었어요** = After I exercised I was **breathing** really fast

### Adjectives 흥미롭다 = to be interesting

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “흥미롭따” 흥미롭다 follows the ㅂ irregular Example: - 화학은 매우 **흥미로워요** = Chemistry is very **interesting** - 그는 **흥미로운** 삶을 살아요 = He lives an **interesting** life - 한국문화는 오래됐고 **흥미로워요** = Korean culture is long and **interesting**

늦다 = to be late

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “늗따” Common Usages: - 늦게까지 = until a late time This is often irrelevant, but 늦다 is both a verb and an adjective. As a verb, it usually indicates that one _arrives_ late. For example: - 우리가 **늦**어서 죄송해요 = Sorry we arrived **late** It is often used as an adjective to describe a time that is late. For example: - 우리는 **늦**은 저녁을 먹었어요 = We ate a **late** dinner As an adjective, ~게 is often added to it in order to create an adverb. For example: - 그녀는 언제나 **늦**게 와요 = She comes **late** every time - 저는 **늦**게 도착했어요 = I arrived **late** Usually, adverbs like this end in “-ly,” however, “lately” is unnatural in these English sentences. Korean people often incorrectly use the word “lately” because of this confusion. Again, the fact that it can be an adjective or a verb is usually irrelevant. The only thing that matters is that it can be conjugated correctly to 늦다 (as an adjective) _or_ 늦는다 (as a verb).

시원하다 = to be cool, to be relaxing

Common Usages: - 시원한 물 = Cool water - 아! 시원해! = Ah! That feels good! Notes: In addition to meaning “cool” (as in temperature), this word is often used to describe the feeling you get when somebody gives you a massage. Example: - 요즘에 날씨가 **시원해요** = These days the weather is **cool** - 아버지를 위해 **시원한** 물을 준비했어요 = I prepared **cool** water for my father - 가을이 **시원해서** 좋아요 = Fall is nice because it is **cool**

질투하다 = to be jealous

The noun form of this word translates to “jealousy” or “envy” Common Usages: - 질투심 = the feeling of jealously Notes: Often used as “질투가 나다.” See [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/) for more information on how the word “나다” works in these situations. Example: - 저의 남자 친구는 항상 **질투해요** = My boyfriend is always **jealous**

맵다 = to be spicy

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “맵따” 맵다 follows the ㅂ irregular Common Usages: - 눈이 맵다 = the feeling of your eyes burning (usually when cutting onions) Example: - 저는 **매운** 것을 못 먹어요 = I can’t eat **spicy** things - 한식은 양식보다 더 **매워요** = Korean food is **spicier** than western food - 라면은 삼겹살보다 더 **매워요** = Ramen is **spicier** than 삼겹살

죄송하다 = to be sorry

Common Usages: - 죄송합니다! = Sorry! - 죄송하지만… = I’m sorry, but… Example: - 늦게 와서 **죄송합니다**! = **Sorry** for coming late! - **죄송하**지만 저는 당신을 해고할 수밖에 없어요 = I’m **sorry**, but I can’t do anything but fire you [This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #3.]

미안하다 = to be sorry

Common Usages: - 미안합니다! = Sorry Notes: 미안하다 is slightly less formal than 죄송하다 Example: - 시끄러워서 **미안해요** = **Sorry** it is so loud!

무겁다 = to be heavy

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “무겁따” 무겁다 follows the ㅂ irregular Examples: - 이 가방은 너무 **무거워요** = This bag is too **heavy** - 그 기계는 너무 **무거워요** = That machine is very **heavy**

가볍다 = to be light

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “가볍따” 가볍다 follows the ㅂ irregular Example: - 이 가방은 **가벼워요** = This bag is **light**

유명하다 = to be popular, to be famous

Common Usages: - 유명한 사람 = famous person Example: - 그 배우는 아주 **유명해요** = That actor is very **famous** - 그 가수는 한국에서 매우 **유명해요** = That singer is very **famous** in Korea - 녹차는 한국에서 **유명해요** = Green Tea is **famous** in Korea - 저는 엄마랑 **유명한** 영화를 같이 봤어요 = I saw/watched a **famous** movie with my mom

익숙하다 = to be familiar with something

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “익쑤카다” Notes: The most common definition of 익숙하다 is “to be familiar with,” but in sentences I prefer to use “to be used to.” For example, if you buy a new pair of shoes, and you still kind of prefer your previous shoes, you could say “새로운 신발에 아직 익숙하지 않아요.” (I’m not used to the new shoes yet).” Common Usages: - ~에 익숙하다 = to be accustomed to - ~에 익숙하지 않다 = to not be accustomed to Example: - 저는 한국 음식 맛에 **익숙해요** = I am **used to** the taste of Korean food - 저는 그것에 **익숙하지** 않아요 = I’m not **familiar** with that

### Adverbs 요즘 = these days

Example: - 저는 **요즘**에 운동을 많이 해요 = I am exercising a lot **these days** - 아시아의 경제는 **요즘**에 좋아지고 있어요 = The Asian economy is getting better **these days** - **요즘**에 날씨가 점점 추워져요 = **Lately,** the weather is getting gradually colder - **요즘**에 저는 스트레스를 많이 받아요 = **These days** I am very stressed - **요즘**에는 길이 너무 조용해요 = **These days** the streets are very quiet

같이 = together

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “가치” Examples: - 우리는 밥을 **같이** 먹었어요 = We ate **together** - 저는 친구랑 **같이** 있어요 = I’m **with** my friend - 엄마가 우리랑 **같이** 못 먹어서 안타까워요 = It’s too bad that your mom can’t eat **together** (with us) - 나는 우리가 지난 번에 **같이** 먹은 것을 먹고 싶어 = I want to eat what we ate **(together)** last time - 이 일을 **같이** 하고 싶으면 우리는 협조해야 돼요 = If we want to do this job **together**, we have to cooperate - 우리 학교에서 학생들은 역사와 지리를 **같이** 배워요 = At our school, students learn history and geography **together**

You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video] There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). ## Introduction In the last lesson, you learned some important Korean particles that you can use in a wide variety of situations. There are still a few more basic particles that you need to be aware of before you can begin learning more complex grammar. Most of these particles are very common, so it is hard to build sentences using more complex grammar without the use of what you learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md), and what you will learn in this lesson. Let’s get started! ## Particles (and): ~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 ~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 can all be used interchangeably to mean “and” in Korean. ~과 and ~와 are the same. ~과 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~와 is attached to words ending in a vowel. Similarly, ~랑 and ~이랑 are the same. ~이랑 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~랑 is attached to words ending in a vowel. ~하고 can be attached to words ending in a vowel or consonant. These can be added fairly simply to nouns. For example: - 우리는 밥과 빵을 팔아요 = We sell rice and bread - 나는 사과와 바나나를 샀어 = I bought apples and bananas The two examples above show ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 placed between two nouns that together act as the object of the sentence. Notice that although there are two nouns, both of them (together) sort of act as the single object of the sentence. Other particles can attach to the construction made by using ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 as well. For example: - 나는 인천이랑 서울에 갈 거야 = I will go to Seoul and Incheon - 형하고 아버지는 영화를 봤어 = My brother and dad saw a movie - 저는 약과 녹차만 샀어요 = I only bought medicine and green tea ## Particles (with): ~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 Just when you thought this was going to be an easy lesson! Ha! This sounds crazy to an English speaker, but the same particles are used to mean “and” and “with” in Korean. You can distinguish them purely by the context of the conversation, which sounds like it would be difficult. However, even though you probably think it is difficult, it is always clear (even to a beginner) if the speaker is trying to express the meaning of “and” or “with” because of the sentence structure. For example, when used to have the meaning of “and,” a noun will always follow 과/와/(이)랑/하고: For example: - 나는 사과와 바나나를 샀어 = I bought apples and bananas After 와, another noun is used, which means you are talking about apples AND bananas. But if I said this: - 나는 친구와 갔어 = I went with my friend There is no additional noun after 와, which means it can only mean “with.” If ~와in that sentence had the meaning of “and”, it would translate to: - I went, my friend and… … which is just nonsense Here are some examples: - 저는 친구와 집에 갔어요 = I went home with my friend - 나는 아버지랑 공원에 갈 거야 = I will go to the park with my dad - 선생님은 학생들과 박물관에 갔다 = The teacher went to the museum with the students - 요즘에 사람들이 친구들이랑 매운 음식을 먹지 않아요 = These days, people don’t eat spicy food with their friends Also notice that you can actually use these particles to mean both “and” and “with” within the same sentence: - 저는 밥을 친구랑 저의 어머니랑 먹었어요 = I ate (rice\*) with my mom and my friend \*\*Korean people often use “_밥_” (rice) to simply mean “food.” It stems from the fact that Korean people eat rice with (almost) every meal – so if you ate, it means that you ate rice. You can say “_밥을 먹었어_” which can simply mean “I ate.”\* Two adverbs that are commonly used in sentences with “with” are 같이 and 함께. Both of them mean “together,” and can be used in sentences even if the sentence doesn’t have one of the particles meaning “with” (과/와/랑/이랑/하고). For example: - 우리는 빵을 같이 먹었어요 = We ate bread together - 우리는 빵을 함께 먹었어요 = We ate bread together --- - 우리는 집에 같이 들어갔어요 = We went into the house together - 우리는 집에 함께 들어갔어요 = We went into the house together --- - 우리는 음악을 같이 들었어요 = We listened to music together - 우리는 음악을 함께 들었어요 = We listened to music together The use of the word “together” in the same sentence as the word “with” in English is usually unnatural. For example, it sounds unnatural for me to say something like this: - I ate bread together with a friend Instead, in English, we would say one of the following sentences: - I ate bread with a friend - We ate bread together In Korean however, it is okay to use 같이 or 함께 in either of these situations; that is – with the word “with” in the sentence, or without it. For example: - 저는 빵을 친구랑 같이 먹었어요 = I ate bread with a friend (together) - 저는 빵을 친구와\* 함께 먹었어요 = I ate bread with a friend (together) --- - 저는 빵을 친구랑 먹었어요 = I ate bread with a friend - 저는 빵을 친구와 먹었어요 = I ate bread with a friend _Notice that I used_ ~와 _with_ 함께 _instead of_ ~랑*. Just like with the meaning of “and,”* “~와/과*” is more likely to be used in writing and in formal situations, whereas “*~(이)랑*” is more likely to be used is speech. This entirely depends on the person who is speaking/writing, but it is generally true. Likewise, the use of “*함께*” is generally used in writing and formal situations. Therefore, the use of* 함께 *is more likely to be paired with ~*과/와 _in these cases._ _To add an additional level of complexity to this explanation –_ 같이 _is more commonly used than_ 함께 (같이 _is probably one of the most common words in Korean, while_ 함께 _would fall much further down the list). However, when_ 함께 *is used, it is more likely to be used with ~*과/와*. These are just generalizations based on observations of years of speaking with Korean people.* More examples: - 저는 녹차를 엄마랑 같이 마셨어요 = I drank green tea with my mom - 저는 엄마랑 유명한 영화를 같이 봤어요 = I saw/watched a famous movie with my mom --- - 저는 선생님과 함께 공부했어요 = I studied with my teacher - 저는 여자 친구와 함께 영화를 봤어요 = I watched a movie with my girlfriend You can also use these particles to say that you are simply ‘with’ somebody in a location. In order to do this, you must use 있다 along with one of the adverbs meaning “together”. For example: - 나는 친구랑 같이 있어 = I’m with my friend - 저는 친구와 집에 함께 있어요 = I’m with a friend at home Note that this meaning of “with” in Korean cannot be used like this: - I built a house **with** my hands Remember, “my hands” are the method by which you did something, so, as you learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md) _~(으)로 should be used in those situations_. For example: - 저는 손으로 집을 지었어요 ## Particles (to): 에게/한테/께 These three particles can all be used to indicate that you are doing (usually giving) something TO somebody. 에게, 한테 and 께 all have the same meaning, but ~한테 is usually used in conversation, ~에게 is usually written (although it is still said in conversation very often) and ~께 is used when the person you are giving something to requires respect (께 is the honorific form of 에게/한테). - 아버지는 아들에게 돈을 준다 = The father gives money to his son - 나는 학생들한테 한국어를 가르쳤어 = I taught Korean to the students - 저는 부장님께 그 사실을 말할 거예요 = I will tell that (fact) to my boss *In the sentence above using ~*께*, a different verb (*말씀*) and grammatical form (*드리다*) would more likely be used to conjugate the sentence. At this point, you haven’t learned either of those words (or how they are used), so I refrained from using them in this example. These will be introduced in [Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/).* *For now, focus on the use of ~*께 _in this sentence._ Note that just because you use ~께 doesn’t mean that your sentence needs to end in a polite way. ~께 is used when the person who is being given to is of high importance, regardless of who you are talking to. For example, if I was a teacher, talking to my student, talking about something being given TO the principal, I could say: - 나는 책을 교장선생님께 줬어 = I gave the principal a book _Again, the word_ *“*드리다*” would most likely be used instead of* 주다 _here_ *. For now, focus on the use of ~*께 _and we will continue to discuss this in [Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/)._ ## Particles (from): ~에게서/한테서/(으)로부터 You learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md) that ~에서 can be used to mean “from” in a wide variety of situations. ~에게서/한테서 can also have the translation of “from,” but they are used in a more restricted way. ~에게서/한테서 has the meaning that is opposite of ~에게/한테/께, which means it is used when somebody receives something from somebody. These particles are attached to the person from whom one receives something. For example: - 나는 나의 여자친구에게서 편지를 받았어 = I received a letter from my girlfriend The “thing” that is being received doesn’t need to be something physical. It could be something abstract like stories, explanations, or other things. For example: - 저는 교감선생님에게서 한국어를 배웠어요 = I learned Korean from my vice principal - 저는 그것을 친구한테서 들었어요 = I heard that from my friend A very similar particle is ~(으)로부터. This particle can also be attached to the person from whom one receives something. For example: - 나는 나의 여자친구로부터 편지를 받았어 = I received a letter from my girlfriend - 저는 교감선생님으로부터 한국어를 배웠어요 = I learned Korean from my vice principal - 저는 그것을 친구로부터 들었어요 = I heard that from my friend - 저는 친구들로부터 사랑을 많이 받았어요 = I received a lot of love from friends - 아버지로부터 선물이 왔어요 = A present came from my father ~(으)로부터 can also be used when receiving something from a non-person thing (a company/the government/etc). For example: - 나는 돈을 정부로부터 받았어 = I received money from the government - 이것을 하늘로부터 받았어요 = I received this from the sky (heavens) However, you cannot use ~에게서/~한테서 to indicate that you received something from a non-person. To summarize, ~(으)로부터 can be used to indicate that one receives something from a person or non-person. ~에게서 and ~한테서 have a similar meaning, but can only be used when one receives something from a person. ## Do something for somebody: ~을/를 위해(서) If you want to say that you are doing something FOR (the benefit of) somebody, you can add ~를/을 to the person who you are doing something for, followed by 위해(서): - 나는 나의 여자 친구를 위해(서) 꽃을 샀어 = I bought flowers for my girlfriend - 나는 부장님을 위해(서) 이것을 썼어 = I wrote this for my boss - 저는 친구를 위해 빵을 만들었어요 = I made bread for my friend - 아버지를 위해 시원한 물을 준비했어요 = I prepared cool water for my father There doesn’t seem to be a difference between 위해 and 위해서. This form is usually used when you are doing something for a person, but can also be used sometimes when you are doing something for a non-person: - 저는 회사를 위해 열심히 일할 거예요 = I will work hard for the company The important thing is that the thing for which you are doing something must be a noun. You _can_ use 위해 to indicate that you are doing something for the purpose of a _verb_ (I am going there **to/for the purpose of** see(**ing)** a movie) but you will learn about that in [Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/) once you have learned how to change verbs into nouns. Also make sure that you realize that ‘for’ can have many meanings in English. Just because you say ‘for’ in English, doesn’t mean that it can be translated directly to ~를/을 위해. In Korean, ~를/을 위해 means **for the benefit of.** For example, in this sentence: - I am waiting for the bus the ‘bus’ is the object which you are waiting for, so, in Korean, you attach the particle ~을/를 to ‘bus’ but not ~을/를 위해: - 나는 버스를 기다린다 This isn’t incredibly important right now, but I thought I’d mention it. “위해” is actually a verb, and the base form of the verb is 위하다. When ~아/어/여 is added to 위하다, it changes to 위하여. This was first presented in [Lesson 5.](./05-tenses.md) 하다 officially changes to 하여 when adding ~아/어/여, but this is commonly shortened to 해. Therefore, it is possible to use “위하여” instead of “위해.” Technically, this is possible in any word that finishes in ~하다, but it seems to be much more common with 위하다 than any other verb or adjective. [Here is a Korean sign that shows ~을/를 위하여, and my explanation of it.] ## About something ~에 대해 ~에 대해 can also be attached to nouns like 를/을 위해, but this has the meaning of “about.” It’s very easy to understand when used in simple situations: - 나는 너에 대해 생각했어 = I thought about you - 나는 나의 아버지에 대해 말했어 = I spoke about my father - 나는 그것에 대해 책을 쓸 거야 = I will write a book about it - 그 회계사는 정부에 대해 나쁜 말을 했어요 = That accountant said bad things about the government Just like with ~을/를 위해서, there is very little (if any) difference between ~에 대해 and ~에 대해서. For example, the sentences above could all be written as: - 나는 너에 대해서 생각했어 = I thought about you - 나는 나의 아버지에 대해서 말했어 = I spoke about my father - 나는 그것에 대해서 책을 쓸 거야 = I will write a book about it - 그 회계사는 정부에 대해서 나쁜 말을 했어요 = That accountant said bad things about the government One way that you cannot use ~에 대해 is in the following sentence: - My favorite thing **about** you is your eyes. I’d love to teach you that sentence in Korean, even though we haven’t covered the grammar, Ah, what the heck – I’ll show you – even though full understanding won’t come until [Lesson 28.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/) - 너에 있어서 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 너의 눈이야. Too complicated for you right now, the grammar within that sentence will be discussed in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). Until then… That’s it for this lesson! I think this one was one of the easiest lessons yet… haha, what do you think? Simple memorizing – nothing too complicated. In the next lesson, we will be talking about something native speakers of any language never think about when they speak… which means it is going to be hard to grasp! Think of this lesson as a gift from me to relax your brain before you start to get confused again! [Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=1073) Or, [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit1916) That’s it for this lesson! There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). ## Summary Want to try to create some sentences using the vocabulary and grammar from this lesson? This YouTube video will prompt you to translate English sentences into Korean using the concepts from this lesson. Want to practice your listening skills? This YouTube video will prompt you with Korean sentences to dictate using the concepts from this lesson. --- The following videos are available to reinforce the concepts taught in this lesson: [Lesson Recap]