lesson 26 nouns, and inter-lesson links

2026-09-13 11:11:09 +07:00
1 parent 5c014ba6e1
commit f2195dd2fb
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ Common Usages
 - <TTS>이것</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">this thing</span>
 - <TTS>저것</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">that thing</span>
 - <TTS>그것</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">that thing</span>
- ~는 것 principle (see [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/))
+- ~는 것 principle (see [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md))

 Notes:

@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@ The way to say “<span class="md spoiler">how are you?</span>” in Korean is:

 - 잘 지내세요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Lesson-1new6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">How are you?</span>

-Although this is the most literal way to ask “how are you?” in Korean, it is not as common as the English expression. Korean people love food, and common way to greet somebody is to ask them if they have eaten. The idea of asking questions in Korean is taught in [Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/).
+Although this is the most literal way to ask “how are you?” in Korean, it is not as common as the English expression. Korean people love food, and common way to greet somebody is to ask them if they have eaten. The idea of asking questions in Korean is taught in [Lesson 21](./21-why-when-where-who.md).

 The way to say “<span class="md spoiler">please</span>” in Korean is:

@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ It is often more common to use the passive form (끝나다) to indicate that you

 - <TTS>일이 끝났어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The work is finished (which implies that you finished the work)</span>

-The grammar for this is talked about in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/).
+The grammar for this is talked about in [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md).

 Examples:

@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ The pronunciation of this word is closer to “끈나다”

 Notes:

-This is the first passive verb you have come across. For more information on passive verbs, visit [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/).
+This is the first passive verb you have come across. For more information on passive verbs, visit [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md).

 Examples:

@@ -2020,11 +2020,11 @@ When an adjective ends in “~있다” like this, instead of attaching ~ㄴ/은
 - 나는 맛있는 음식을 먹다 = <span class="md spoiler">I eat delicious food</span>
  - (나는 맛있는 음식을 먹어 / 저는 맛있는 음식을 먹어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/sLesson-4-6.mp3" />)

-The difference here is due to what I call the “~는 것” principle. For now, you do not need to think about why ~는 is added instead of ~ㄴ/은. It is sufficient at this point to just memorize it as an exception. The concept behind this grammatical rule is introduced in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/) and I continue to discuss it into [other Lessons in Unit 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). This concept is related to _verb_ _s_ being able to describe nouns. For example:
+The difference here is due to what I call the “~는 것” principle. For now, you do not need to think about why ~는 is added instead of ~ㄴ/은. It is sufficient at this point to just memorize it as an exception. The concept behind this grammatical rule is introduced in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md) and I continue to discuss it into [other Lessons in Unit 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). This concept is related to _verb_ _s_ being able to describe nouns. For example:

 “The man who I met yesterday will go to the park that I want to go to”

-However, this is very complex and is the whole basis to the ~는 것 principle that I mentioned earlier. As I said, you will begin to learn about this in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/).
+However, this is very complex and is the whole basis to the ~는 것 principle that I mentioned earlier. As I said, you will begin to learn about this in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md).

 ## To be a lot of: 많다

@@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ The noun form of this word translates to “expectation”

 Notes:

-The passive version of this word (<TTS>기대되다</TTS>) is commonly used to say that <span class="md spoiler">one is excited for something to happen</span>. For more information on passive verbs, see [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/).
+The passive version of this word (<TTS>기대되다</TTS>) is commonly used to say that <span class="md spoiler">one is excited for something to happen</span>. For more information on passive verbs, see [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md).

 Example:

@@ -2328,7 +2328,7 @@ When adding ~ㄴ/은 to a stem which ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and ㄴ is
 - 멀 + ㄴ = <TTS>먼</TTS>
 - 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/21-I-went-to-a-far-away-hospital.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away)</span>

-There will be times when you have to add ~ㄴ/은 to verbs stems as well, but you haven’t learned about this yet. I introduce this concept in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), and then talk about the irregular being applied in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). I don’t want you to think about this too much until those lessons, but just so you know, the concept is the same as adding ~ㄴ/은 to an adjective. For example:
+There will be times when you have to add ~ㄴ/은 to verbs stems as well, but you haven’t learned about this yet. I introduce this concept in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md), and then talk about the irregular being applied in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). I don’t want you to think about this too much until those lessons, but just so you know, the concept is the same as adding ~ㄴ/은 to an adjective. For example:

 - 열다 = <span class="md spoiler">to open</span>
  - 열 + ㄴ = <TTS>연</TTS>
@@ -2471,7 +2471,7 @@ This same idea can be applied to grammatical additions that will be introduced i
 Each time a new format/style of addition is introduced in my lessons, I will explain how irregulars adapt to it. This only needs to be done once for each format, because each successive addition with the same format will create the same change to irregulars. Below is a list of grammatical principles you will learn in future lessons. Each one follows a particular style. In each of these lessons, I will explain how they cause irregular words to change. Furthermore, I will explain the other grammatical principles that follow the same format that will create the same change:

 - ~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](./09-conjugate-이다.md))
- ~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/))
+- ~니 ([Lesson 21](./21-why-when-where-who.md))
 - ~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
 - ~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/))
 - ~(으)시다 ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/))
@@ -1507,7 +1507,7 @@ Common Usages:

 - <TTS>청구서를 내다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to pay a bill</span>

-Notes: 내다 can have many other meanings. See [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/) for more information.
+Notes: 내다 can have many other meanings. See [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md) for more information.

 Examples:

@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ Common Usages:
 - <TTS>감동 받다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be impressed (literally “to receive an impression”)</span>
 - <TTS>존경 받다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be respected (literally “to receive respect”)</span>

-See [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/) for more information
+See [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md) for more information

 Examples:

@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ Example:

 <Details>

-One of the usages of 되다 is to make a verb change to the passive voice. This is introduced in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). For example:
+One of the usages of 되다 is to make a verb change to the passive voice. This is introduced in [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md). For example:

 - <TTS class="md">점심이 학교에 준비되었어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The lunch was provided by the school</span>

@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ _It is also possible to put the number-counter combination before the noun that
 - 다섯 개의 펜 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson10-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">5 pens</span>
 - 마흔네 개의 펜 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson10-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">44 pens</span>

-*The purpose and function of ~*의 *in this type of construction is discussed in [Lesson 23](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-23/). As I said, it is usually less common to count using this method, so for now, don’t worry about this grammar. I simply want you to know that it can be done. Pay more attention to the “*사람 두 명*” form instead of the “*두 명의 사람*” form.*
+*The purpose and function of ~*의 *in this type of construction is discussed in [Lesson 23](./23-ㅎ-irregulars-colors.md). As I said, it is usually less common to count using this method, so for now, don’t worry about this grammar. I simply want you to know that it can be done. Pay more attention to the “*사람 두 명*” form instead of the “*두 명의 사람*” form.*

 ————

@@ -1553,7 +1553,7 @@ At this point you are probably asking saying “Okay, I understand how to say th
 - I will go in 10 minutes, or
 - I came 10 minutes ago”

-You will learn how to create those types of sentences when you learn about <TTS>전</TTS> and <TTS>후</TTS> in [Lesson 24](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-24/). For the moment, there is a ton of content in this lesson, so try to focus on what is presented here.
+You will learn how to create those types of sentences when you learn about <TTS>전</TTS> and <TTS>후</TTS> in [Lesson 24](./24-before-after-since-within.md). For the moment, there is a ton of content in this lesson, so try to focus on what is presented here.

 ## Korean Seconds (초)

@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ Example:
 - 저는 녹차를 엄마랑 같이 **마셨어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **drank** green tea with my mom</span>
 - 저는 친구들이랑 커피를 **마셨어요** = <span class="md spoiler">I **drank** coffee with my friends</span>
 - **술**을 **마셨어요**? = <span class="md spoiler">Were you **drinking** (alcohol)?</span>
- 뭐 **마실래요**? = Depending on the situation, this could mean “<span class="md spoiler">Shall we drink something?</span>” or “<span class="md spoiler">What shall we drink</span>.” <TTS>뭐</TTS> could represent <span class="md spoiler">a question (“what”)</span> or <span class="md spoiler">something ambiguous (“something”)</span>. I talk about making this distinction in [Lesson 25](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-25/).
+- 뭐 **마실래요**? = Depending on the situation, this could mean “<span class="md spoiler">Shall we drink something?</span>” or “<span class="md spoiler">What shall we drink</span>.” <TTS>뭐</TTS> could represent <span class="md spoiler">a question (“what”)</span> or <span class="md spoiler">something ambiguous (“something”)</span>. I talk about making this distinction in [Lesson 25](./25-anybody-everybody.md).

 </Details>

@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ Notes:

 쪽 is a noun, but a special noun. I refer to these sometimes as “pseudo-nouns” in my lessons. Other nouns like this are <TTS>적</TTS> ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/)) and <TTS>수</TTS> ([Lesson 45](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-45/)). 쪽 can only ever be used when <span class="md spoiler">some sort of context is given to it</span>.

-You can see that if you describe it using the concepts in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/):
+You can see that if you describe it using the concepts in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md):

 - 저는 다른 사람들이 가는 쪽으로 갈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will go in the direction that other people are going</span>

@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ Common Usages:

 Notes:

-Often used as “<TTS>질투가 나다</TTS>.” See [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/) for more information on how the word “나다” works in these situations.
+Often used as “<TTS>질투가 나다</TTS>.” See [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md) for more information on how the word “나다” works in these situations.

 Example:

@@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ That should be easy for you too. But what about if you wanted to say “I met a
 - 나는 ( — )를 만났어 = <span class="md spoiler">I met —</span>
 - 나는 (너의 남자친구와 비슷한 남자)를 만났어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I met a man that is similar to your boyfriend</span>

-This structure is very complex and is an introduction to describing nouns with phrases instead of simply using one adjective. In [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), you will learn more about how to describe nouns with things other than simple adjectives – such as verbs and complex phrases.
+This structure is very complex and is an introduction to describing nouns with phrases instead of simply using one adjective. In [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md), you will learn more about how to describe nouns with things other than simple adjectives – such as verbs and complex phrases.

 The meaning of “different” in English has more than one nuance, which are possessed by “다르다” as well. Although the meaning of “different” in the two sentences below is similar, try to see that they are slightly different:

@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ Note here that in most real situations it is probably more natural \[in English
 - I am the fastest runner – instead of – _I run the fastest_
 - Math is my favorite subject – instead of – _Math is my favorite_

-To this point, you haven’t learned how to add this extra dimension to your sentences with verbs. This concept is introduced in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs"). That being said, it is essentially the same as making this change to adjectives:
+To this point, you haven’t learned how to add this extra dimension to your sentences with verbs. This concept is introduced in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md). That being said, it is essentially the same as making this change to adjectives:

 - 가족은 가장 중요해요 = <span class="md spoiler">Family is the most important</span>
 - 가족이 가장 중요한 것이에요 = <span class="md spoiler">Family is the most important thing</span>
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ Until now, you have not learned how to say “I am good at something/I do someth

 The main meaning of 잘하다 is “<span class="md spoiler">to do something well</span>.” To use 잘하다, simply place a noun in a sentence with 잘하다 as the verb.

-This is easy to do with 하다 verbs (for example, 수영하다 and 공부하다) because to make a noun all you need to do is remove 하다 from those words. I discuss making non-하다 verbs into nouns in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs"), but the principal is the same for any noun form of a verb. All you need to do is:
+This is easy to do with 하다 verbs (for example, 수영하다 and 공부하다) because to make a noun all you need to do is remove 하다 from those words. I discuss making non-하다 verbs into nouns in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md), but the principal is the same for any noun form of a verb. All you need to do is:

 나는 (noun form of verb)을/를 잘하다. For example:

@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ As you know, some additions require the speaker to choose between two possible o
 In later lessons, you will learn other grammatical additions that have a solid ㄴ. For example:

 - \~나 ([later in this lesson](#%E1%84%82%E1%85%A1-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%AD))
- \~는 ([Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/))
+- \~는 ([Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md))
 - \~는데 ([Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/))
 - \~네 ([Lesson 83](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-83/))
 - \~나 ([Lesson 109](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-109-116/lesson-109/))
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ All grammatical additions where a solid ㄴ is attached to a word follow the sam
 - 마음에 드니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Do you like it?</span>
 - 어디 사니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where do you live?</span>

-_\~니 also affects the ㅎ irregular,_ which is introduced in [Lesson 23](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-23/).
+_\~니 also affects the ㅎ irregular,_ which is introduced in [Lesson 23](./23-ㅎ-irregulars-colors.md).

 ### \~ㄴ/은가(요)

@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ This table is equally confusing, but it helped me organize my thoughts, so I tho
 | Choosing among options<br>More in [Lesson 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-33/ "Lesson 33: ~중 (하는 중), (~중에)") | 무슨 차를 사고 싶어요?<br><span class="md spoiler">What car do you want to buy?</span><br>_(This fits in with the “object is unknown” usage)_ | 어떤 차를 사고 싶어요?<span class="md spoiler"><br>Which car do you want to buy?</span><br>_(This could also be referring to the characteristics/type of car)_ | 어느 차를 사고 싶어요?<br><span class="md spoiler">Which car do you want to buy?</span> |
 | Unsure of specifics                                                                                                                                                                          | ~~나는~~ ~~무슨~~ ~~책을~~ ~~읽었어~~<br>Awkward                                                                                              | 나는 어떤 책을 읽었어<br><span class="md spoiler">I read some book</span>                                                                                      | ~~나는~~ ~~어느~~ ~~책을~~ ~~읽었어~~<br>Awkward                                        |

-This is a good start, but there are other specific situations when you might use one of these words. For example, 어느 has other usages as well. You will learn about some of the other usages of 어느 in [Lesson 25](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-25/ "Lesson 25: Anybody, Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, etc.") and [Lesson 72](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/lessons-67-75/lesson-72/ "Lesson 72: As much as: ~만큼, 정도").
+This is a good start, but there are other specific situations when you might use one of these words. For example, 어느 has other usages as well. You will learn about some of the other usages of 어느 in [Lesson 25](./25-anybody-everybody.md) and [Lesson 72](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/lessons-67-75/lesson-72/ "Lesson 72: As much as: ~만큼, 정도").

 In addition, as 어떤 and 어느 are used when options are given, we will continue to talk about these words in [Lesson 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-33/ "Lesson 33: ~중 (하는 중), (~중에)") when you learn how to give options to people.

@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ One quick thing. In a lot of the example sentences above, I placed the \~기 전
 - 저는 (어제) 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the bank (yesterday)</span>
 - 저는 (친구가 오기 전에) 은행에 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I went to the bank (before my friend came)</span>

-Therefore, although I often place this indication of time before the clause, it doesn’t always need to be there, and it is the discretion of the speaker that will decide exactly where to place it. Being able to create a single unit from a clause like this is a quick introduction to what you will begin learning in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/) – where you will be able to manipulate entire clauses to describe nouns in the middle of sentences.
+Therefore, although I often place this indication of time before the clause, it doesn’t always need to be there, and it is the discretion of the speaker that will decide exactly where to place it. Being able to create a single unit from a clause like this is a quick introduction to what you will begin learning in [Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md) – where you will be able to manipulate entire clauses to describe nouns in the middle of sentences.

 ## Since: \~ㄴ/은 이래로

@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ If you are confident in what you learned in Lessons 17 – 25, why not check you

 Or you can go directly to our [Unit 1 test](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-test/ "Unit 1 Test"), which will test you on everything you learned in Unit 1.

-If you are not into taking the tests, you could always head directly to [Unit 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/ "UNIT 2: Lower-Intermediate Korean Grammar") and check out our first lesson ([Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs")).
+If you are not into taking the tests, you could always head directly to [Unit 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/ "UNIT 2: Lower-Intermediate Korean Grammar") and check out our first lesson ([Lesson 26](../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md)).

 ## Summary