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spoiler on some grammar section

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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md
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@@ -477,11 +477,11 @@ When giving something _to_ a person who deserves respect, <TTS>드리다</TTS> i
Notes: Often conjugated in the imperative voice (for example, ~세요) to ask for something. For example:
- 밥을 많이 주세요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/9-Give-me-lots-of-rice.m4a" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Give me lots of rice</span>
- <TTS>밥을 많이 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Give me lots of rice</span>
Often gets placed after a verb if somebody does an action for somebody. For example:
- 이것을 만들어 주세요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/4-Please-make-this-for-me.m4a" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Please, make this for me</span>
- <TTS>이것을 만들어 주세요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Please, make this for me</span>
See [Lesson 41](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-41/ "Lesson 41: To Give: 주다, 아/어 주다") for more information.
@@ -853,28 +853,28 @@ There are hundreds of additions that you can add to the stem of a verb or adject
You have learned about some of these additions now. For example:
- ~ㄴ/는다 to conjugate to the plain form
- ~아/어 to conjugate to the informal low respect form
- ~아/어요 to conjugate to the informal high respect form
- ~ㅂ/습니다 to conjugate to the formal high respect form
- ~았/었어 to conjugate to the informal low respect form in the past tense
- ~ㄴ/은 added to an adjective to describe an upcoming noun
- ~ㄴ/는다 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the plain form</span>
- ~아/어 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal low respect form</span>
- ~아/어요 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal high respect form</span>
- ~ㅂ/습니다 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the formal high respect form</span>
- ~았/었어 to conjugate to <span class="md spoiler">the informal low respect form in the past tense</span>
- ~ㄴ/은 added to an adjective to <span class="md spoiler">describe an upcoming noun</span>
In future lessons, you will learn about many more of these additions. For example, some of them are:
- ~ㄴ/은 후에 to mean “after”
- ~기 전에 to mean “before”
- ~기 때문에 to mean “because”
- ~아/어서 to mean “because”
- ~(으)면 to mean “when”
- ~아/어야 하다 to mean “one must”
- ~아/어서는 안 되다 to mean “one should not”
- ~ㄴ/은 후에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“after”</span>
- ~기 전에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“before”</span>
- ~기 때문에 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“because”</span>
- ~아/어서 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“because”</span>
- ~(으)면 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“when”</span>
- ~아/어야 하다 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“one must”</span>
- ~아/어서는 안 되다 to mean <span class="md spoiler">“one should not”</span>
Notice that some of these additions start with a vowel, and some of them start with a consonant. Most of the irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. The ㄹ irregular that is introduced at the end of the lesson is the only irregular that applies when adding a consonant to a stem.
Let’s look at one example before I introduce each irregular one by one. Let’s say we want to conjugate the word “어렵다” into the past tense using the informal low respect form. The following would happen:
어렵다 + ~았/었어 = 어려웠어
어렵다 + ~았/었어 = <TTS>어려웠어</TTS>
Here, you can see that the actual _stem_ of the word changed. This is referred to as the “ㅂ irregular” because the same phenomenon happens with many (but not all) words whose stem ends in “ㅂ”.
@@ -891,18 +891,18 @@ As such, this lesson will present the Korean irregulars and how they change as a
### ㅅ Irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating:
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build</span>), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating:
짓다 = to make/build
짓 + 어 = 지어
나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = I build a house
짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make/build</span>
짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = I built a house
- 짓 + 어 = 지어
- 나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I build a house</span>
- 짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
- 저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built a house</span>
Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:
집을 짓는다 = to build a house
집을 짓는다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build a house</span>
The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.
@@ -914,16 +914,16 @@ The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem
Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too difficult for you right now, but I’m just showing you):
낫다 = better (adjective) – You will learn more about this word in [Lesson 19
](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-19/#comp31)잇다 = to continue (verb)
- <TTS>낫다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">better (adjective)</span> – You will learn more about this word in [Lesson 19](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-19/#comp31)
- <TTS>잇다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to continue (verb)</span>
Common words that this does not apply to are:
웃다 (to laugh) = 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = I laughed
벗다 (to take off clothes) = 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = I took off my clothes
씻다 (to wash) = 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = I washed my hands
- <TTS>웃다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to laugh</span>) = 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I laughed</span>
- <TTS>벗다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to take off clothes</span>) = 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I took off my clothes</span>
- <TTS>씻다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to wash</span>) = 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I washed my hands</span>
Here is a table with the word “짓다 (to build)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
Here is a table with the word “짓다 (<span class="md spoiler">to build</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 짓다 = build | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
@@ -932,135 +932,153 @@ Here is a table with the word “짓다 (to build)” being conjugated using all
| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ 없다*, which you will learn about in the next lesson.*
_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ <TTS>없다</TTS>_, which you will learn about in the next lesson._
### ㄷ irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. For example:
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. For example:
걷다 = to walk
걷 + 어 = 걸어
저는 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3" /> = I walk
<TTS>걷다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>
걷 + 었어요 = 걸었어요
저는 걸었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3" /> = I walked
- 걷 + 어 = <TTS>걸어</TTS>
- 저는 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I walk</span>
- 걷 + 었어요 = <TTS>걸었어요</TTS>
- 저는 걸었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I walked</span>
I don’t mean to confuse you, but I will:
걷다 means “to walk.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it changes to 걸어
Another meaning of 걷다 is “to tuck.” But this meaning of 걷다 does not follow the irregular rule. So when conjugating by adding a vowel, it simply stays as 걷어.
걸다 means “to hang.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it stays as 걸어
걷다 means “<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it changes to <TTS>걸어</TTS>
Another meaning of 걷다 is “<span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>.” But this meaning of 걷다 does not follow the irregular rule. So when conjugating by adding a vowel, it simply stays as <TTS>걷어</TTS>.
걸다 means “<span class="md spoiler">to hang</span>.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it stays as <TTS>걸어</TTS>
Confusing enough? Let’s look at all three:
걷다
To walk 걷다
To tuck 걸다
To hang
Past (Informal High) 걸었어요 걷었어요 걸었어요
Present (Informal High) 걸어요 걷어요 걸어요
Future (Informal High) 걷겠어요 걷겠어요 걸겠어요
| | 걷다<br><span class="md spoiler">To walk</span> | 걷다<br><span class="md spoiler">To tuck</span> | 걸다<br><span class="md spoiler">To hang</span> |
| ----------------------- | :---------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------: |
| Past (Informal High) | 걸었어요 | 걷었어요 | 걸었어요 |
| Present (Informal High) | 걸어요 | 걷어요 | 걸어요 |
| Future (Informal High) | 걷겠어요 | 걷겠어요 | 걸겠어요 |
Honestly, though, the whole 걷다/걷다/걸다 thing is probably the most confusing part of this conjugation, and don’t worry too much about it. “Walk” is a word that is used much more frequently than “tuck,” so it is not something that comes up a lot.
The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your tongue better. It is similar to pronouncing the word “butter” in English. When pronouncing “butter” we don’t say “butt-tter,” we just say “bud-er.” Like the ㄷ irregular, it is simply to avoid saying a hard consonant.
This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = to tuck) are:
This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">to tuck</span>) are:
받다 (to get/receive) = 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = I received money
묻다 = 묻어요 (to bury) = 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = I buried my dog
닫다 = 닫아요 (to close) = 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = I closed the door
- 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to get/receive</span>) = 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I received money</span>
- <TTS>묻다</TTS> = <TTS>묻어요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to bury</span>) = 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I buried my dog</span>
- 닫다 = <TTS>닫아요</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to close</span>) = 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
Here is a table with the word “걷다 (to walk)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
Here is a table with the word “걷다 (<span class="md spoiler">to walk</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 걷다 = walk | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **걸었어** | **걸어** | 걷겠어 |
| Informal high | **걸었어요** | **걸어요** | 걷겠어요 |
| Plain form | **걸었다** | 걷는다 | 걷겠다 |
| Formal high | **걸었습니다** | 걷습니다 | 걷겠습니다 |
| 걷다 = <span class="md spoiler">walk</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **걸었어** | **걸어** | 걷겠어 |
| Informal high | **걸었어요** | **걸어요** | 걷겠어요 |
| Plain form | **걸었다** | 걷는다 | 걷겠다 |
| Formal high | **걸었습니다** | 걷습니다 | 걷겠습니다 |
### ㅂ Irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = easy), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.
This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs (some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: 줍다 (to pick up), 눕다 (to lie down)). For example:
This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs (some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: <TTS>줍다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to pick up</span>), <TTS>눕다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to lie down</span>)). For example:
쉽다 = to be easy
쉽 + 어 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = 쉬워
그것은 쉬워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3" /> = That is easy
쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be easy</span>
어렵다 = to be difficult
어렵 + 어요 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = 어려워요
그것은 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3" /> = That is difficult
- 쉽 + 어 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = <TTS>쉬워</TTS>
- 그것은 쉬워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That is easy</span>
귀엽다 = cute
귀엽 + 어요 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = 귀여워요
그 여자는 귀여워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3" /> = That girl is cute
어렵다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be difficult</span>
In the words “돕다” (to help) and “곱다” (an uncommon way to say “beautiful”) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우. For example:
- 어렵 + 어요 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>어려워요</TTS>
- 그것은 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That is difficult</span>
돕다 = to help
돕 + 았어요 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = 도왔어요
저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3" /> = I helped my mother
귀엽다 = <span class="md spoiler">cute</span>
- 귀엽 + 어요 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>귀여워요</TTS>
- 그 여자는 귀여워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is cute</span>
In the words “돕다” (<span class="md spoiler">to help</span>) and “<TTS>곱다</TTS>” (<span class="md spoiler">an uncommon way to say “beautiful”</span>) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우. For example:
돕다 = <span class="md spoiler">to help</span>
- 돕 + 았어요 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = <TTS>도왔어요</TTS>
- 저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I helped my mother</span>
_Note: The_ ㅂ _in_ 돕다 _and_ 곱다 _changes to_ 오 _only when_ ~아/어 _(or any derivative like_ ~았/었다 _or_ ~아/어요*) is added. When adding any other vowel,* ㅂ _changes to_ 우*. As of now, you haven’t learned when you would need to add a different vowel. For example, in future lessons you will learn about adding ~*ㄹ/을 _to verbs. When this gets added to_ 돕다*, it changes to* 도울*. This isn’t immediately pressing to you now, but you should make a mental note of it.*
Because the ㅂ irregular is found in adjectives, you will be conjugating it not only at the end of a sentence, but also in the middle of a sentence (before a noun). Remember the difference between these two sentences.
사과는 크다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-4-Apples-are-big.mp3" /> = Apples are big
나는 큰 사과를 좋아한다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-5-I-like-big-apples.mp3" /> = I like big apples
- 사과는 크다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-4-Apples-are-big.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Apples are big</span>
- 나는 큰 사과를 좋아한다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-5-I-like-big-apples.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like big apples</span>
In the first sentence, ‘big’ is an adjective that describes the noun (apple) at the end of the sentence.
In the second, ‘big’ _describes_ the apple (as ‘a big apple’) and then “like” acts on the noun. In Lesson 4, you learned how to describe a noun by placing an adjective with ~ㄴ/은 before it. Adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives where the stem ends in “ㅂ” causes this irregular to come into play.
When placing an adjective (who’s stem ends in “ㅂ”) before a noun to describe it, you add ~ㄴ to the newly formed 우/오 syllable:
귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = 귀여운
저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3" /> = I like cute girls
- 귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>귀여운</TTS>
- 저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like cute girls</span>
More examples:
쉽다 = easy
쉽 + ㄴ = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = 쉬운
저는 쉬운 일을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3" /> = I did easy work
부드럽다 = soft
부드럽 + ㄴ = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = 부드러운
나는 부드러운 손이 있어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3" />= I have soft hands
쉽다 = <span class="md spoiler">easy</span>
춥다 = cold
춥 + ㄴ = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = 추운
저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3" /> = I like cold weather
- 쉽 + ㄴ = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>쉬운</TTS>
- 저는 쉬운 일을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I did easy work</span>
Note that in most irregulars, the word changes differently if the last vowel in the stem is ㅗ OR ㅏ. However, in the ㅂ irregular, except for 돕다 and 곱다, all applicable words are changed by adding 우. Therefore, even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: 아름답다) or ㅗ (ex: 새롭다), 우 is added. For example:
부드럽다 = <span class="md spoiler">soft</span>
아름답다 = beautiful:
아름답 + 어요 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = 아름다워요
그 여자는 아름다워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3" /> = That girl is beautiful
- 부드럽 + ㄴ = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>부드러운</TTS>
- 나는 부드러운 손이 있어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3" />= <span class="md spoiler">I have soft hands</span>
새롭다 = new
새롭 + 어요 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요
그 학교는 새로워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3" /> = That school is new
그것은 새로운 학교예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3" /> = That (thing) is a new school
춥다 = <span class="md spoiler">cold</span>
- 춥 + ㄴ = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = <TTS>추운</TTS>
- 저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I like cold weather</span>
Note that in most irregulars, the word changes differently if the last vowel in the stem is ㅗ OR ㅏ. However, in the ㅂ irregular, except for 돕다 and 곱다, all applicable words are changed by adding 우. Therefore, even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: <TTS>아름답다</TTS>) or ㅗ (ex: <TTS>새롭다</TTS>), 우 is added. For example:
아름답다 = <span class="md spoiler">beautiful</span>
- 아름답 + 어요 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>아름다워요</TTS>
- 그 여자는 아름다워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is beautiful</span>
새롭다 = <span class="md spoiler">new</span>
- 새롭 + 어요 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = <TTS>새로워요</TTS>
- 그 학교는 새로워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That school is new</span>
- 그것은 새로운 학교예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That (thing) is a new school</span>
Probably the most confusing of all irregulars, mainly because it seems strange that ㅂ can change to 우/오. The reason this happens is similar to the ㅅ irregular. As you know already, when pronouncing a syllable with the last letter ㅂ, you don’t really pronounce the ‘B’ sound. If you don’t know what I mean, check out the [Pronunciation guide](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=197). But, if you add a vowel after ㅂ the sound of ‘B’ would be pronounced. The purpose of the irregular is to eliminate the ‘B’ sound which isn’t actually in the word. Confusing? Yes, I know, but again, you don’t really need to care about _why_ it is done.
This is done to some words ending in ㅂ. Some common words in which this does not apply:
좁다 (narrow) = 이 방은 좁아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3" /> = This room is narrow
잡다 (to catch/grab) = 저는 공을 잡았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3" /> = I caught the ball
넓다 (wide) 이 방은 넓어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3" /> = This room is wide
(Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”)
<TTS>좁다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">narrow</span>
Here is a table with the word “춥다 (cold)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
- 이 방은 좁아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This room is narrow</span>
| 춥다 = cold | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **추웠어** | **추워** | 춥겠어 |
| Informal high | **추웠어요** | **추워요** | 춥겠어요 |
| Plain form | **추웠다** | 춥다 | 춥겠다 |
| Formal high | **추웠습니다** | 춥습니다 | 춥겠습니다 |
| Adjective form | **추운** 날씨 = cold weather |
잡다 = <span class="md spoiler">to catch/grab</span>
- 저는 공을 잡았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I caught the ball</span>
<TTS>넓다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">wide</span>
- 이 방은 넓어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This room is wide</span>
- <span class="md spoiler">(Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”)</span>
Here is a table with the word “춥다 (<span class="md spoiler">cold</span>)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 춥다 = <span class="md spoiler">cold</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **추웠어** | **추워** | 춥겠어 |
| Informal high | **추웠어요** | **추워요** | 춥겠어요 |
| Plain form | **추웠다** | 춥다 | 춥겠다 |
| Formal high | **추웠습니다** | 춥습니다 | 춥겠습니다 |
| Adjective form | **추운** 날씨 = <span class="md spoiler">cold weather</span> |
### ㅡ Irregular