From ed5dc07f6c3839de0b30f1608a6e3b7bde45e6b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Thu, 17 Sep 2026 00:04:52 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] lesson 26 some grammar --- .../unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md | 195 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md index 018101d..780d4f7 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-2/26-describing-nouns-with-verbs.md @@ -1560,15 +1560,15 @@ This lesson is long. Very long. Please read the _entire_ lesson to fully underst Adjectives (in Korean and in English) get placed before nouns to describe them. You learned this a long time ago in [Lesson 4](../unit-1/04-adjectives.md). You learned that when you want to use an adjective to describe a noun, you must add \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the adjective. For example: -예쁘다 = 예쁜 -똑똑하다 = 똑똑한 -젊다 = 젊은 +- 예쁘다 = 예쁜 +- 똑똑하다 = 똑똑한 +- 젊다 = 젊은 To describe nouns in the following way: -Pretty girl: 예쁜 여자 -Smart student: 똑똑한 학생 -Young teacher: 젊은 선생님 +- Pretty girl: 예쁜 여자 +- Smart student: 똑똑한 학생 +- Young teacher: 젊은 선생님 Simple enough. @@ -1578,15 +1578,15 @@ This same thing (verbs describing nouns) is also done in English, but is done di However, In English, when a verb describes a noun, the verb comes _after_ the noun. For example: -The girl **who walks** -The student **who studies** -The teacher **who eats** +- The girl **who walks** +- The student **who studies** +- The teacher **who eats** The word “who” was added in all three examples, but it doesn’t necessarily need to be “who” in English. For example: -The girl **that walks** -The student **that studies** -The teacher **that eats** +- The girl **that walks** +- The student **that studies** +- The teacher **that eats** In those three examples, “that” was added, and each example essentially has the same meaning as when “who” was written instead. You don’t need to worry about if it should be “who/that” or whatever because you are not learning English - you are learning Korean. @@ -1598,24 +1598,24 @@ In Korean, verbs are placed _before_ nouns to describe them - very similar to ho How is this done? Like this:? -걷다 여자 -공부하다 학생 -먹다 선생님 +- ~~걷다 여자~~ +- ~~공부하다 학생~~ +- ~~먹다 선생님~~ Are those correct? Haha. No. Not by a long shot. When you adjust adjectives to describe nouns, you know that you should add \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word. When you adjust verbs to describe nouns, you must add \~는 to the stem of a verb: -걷다 = 걷는 -공부하다 = 공부하는 -먹다 = 먹는 +- 걷다 = 걷는 +- 공부하다 = 공부하는 +- 먹다 = 먹는 These are all verbs that can now be placed before a noun to describe it: -걷는 여자 = the girl who walks -공부하는 학생 = the student who studies -먹는 선생님 = the teacher who eats +- 걷는 여자 = the girl who walks +- 공부하는 학생 = the student who studies +- 먹는 선생님 = the teacher who eats Now, I know what you are thinking. You are thinking “Okay, that is great, but when would I ever say ‘the girl who walks’ in a sentence?” @@ -1623,30 +1623,32 @@ That is a good question. Really, you would never (or very rarely) say something Remember, in regular sentences (in English and Korean), it is very rare to just use the present tense conjugation. For example, are these natural?: -여자는 걷는다 = The girl walks -학생은 공부한다 = The student studies -선생님은 먹는다 = The teacher eats +- 여자는 걷는다 = The girl walks +- 학생은 공부한다 = The student studies +- 선생님은 먹는다 = The teacher eats Are those natural? Yes, they are natural, but who would ever just say “the girl walks.” Usually in every day sentences, you would add more information or conjugate the sentence in other tense: -여자는 학교에 걸었어요 = The girl walked to school -여자는 학교에 걸을 거예요 = The girl will walk to school -여자는 빨리 걷는다 = The girl walks fast -etc… +- 여자는 학교에 걸었어요 = The girl walked to school +- 여자는 학교에 걸을 거예요 = The girl will walk to school +- 여자는 빨리 걷는다 = The girl walks fast +- etc… You can use the same information to describe the noun (the girl): -The girl who walked to school -The girl who will walk to school -The girl who walks fast +- The girl who walked to school +- The girl who will walk to school +- The girl who walks fast Lets stick to the one in the present tense for now: -The girl walks: 여자는 걷는다 -The girl who walks: 걷는 여자 +- The girl walks: 여자는 걷는다 +- The girl who walks: 걷는 여자 -The girl walks fast: 여자는 빨리 걷는다 -The girl who walks fast: 빨리 걷는 여자 +--- + +- The girl walks fast: 여자는 빨리 걷는다 +- The girl who walks fast: 빨리 걷는 여자 Okay, so what’s the point? When would I ever want to say “The girl who walks fast”? @@ -1656,17 +1658,17 @@ The thing is, now that you have made the noun “the girl who walks fast” (“ - end in a verb - end in 이다 -You have been doing the exact same things with adjectives since [Lesson 4](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-4/). +You have been doing the exact same things with adjectives since [Lesson 4](../unit-1/04-adjectives.md). -예쁜 여자 = Pretty girl +예쁜 여자 = Pretty girl -- 예쁜 여자는 어려요 = The pretty girl is young -- 저는 예쁜 여자를 만났어요 = I met a pretty girl -- 저는 예쁜 여자예요 = I am a pretty girl +- 예쁜 여자는 어려요 = The pretty girl is young +- 저는 예쁜 여자를 만났어요 = I met a pretty girl +- 저는 예쁜 여자예요 = I am a pretty girl The three sentences above include a noun that is being described by an adjective. -- 빨리 걷는 여자 = The girl who walks fast +- 빨리 걷는 여자 = The girl who walks fast - 빨리 걷는 여자는 어려요 = The girl who walks fast is young - 저는 빨리 걷는 여자를 만났어요 = I met a girl who walks fast - 저는 빨리 걷는 여자예요 = I am a girl who walks fast @@ -1685,23 +1687,27 @@ Actually, I feel like this is getting a little bit too complicated. I want to br This sentence should be simple to you: -친구는 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to school +- 친구는 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to school + Simple enough. Subject - place - verb. If you want to describe that school, you could do so with adjectives: -큰 학교 = big school -작은 학교 = small school| -나쁜 학교 = bad school +- 큰 학교 = big school +- 작은 학교 = small school +- 나쁜 학교 = bad school … or verbs: -제가 자주 가는 학교 = The school I go to often + +- 제가 자주 가는 학교 = The school I go to often Then, it is simply a matter of putting those nouns into sentences: -친구는 큰 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the big school -친구는 작은 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the small school -친구는 나쁜 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the bad school +- 친구는 큰 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the big school +- 친구는 작은 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the small school +- 친구는 나쁜 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the bad school + +--- - 친구는 제가 자주 가는 학교에 가고 있어요 = My friend is going to the school that I go to often @@ -1709,71 +1715,90 @@ Incredibly complicated at first, incredibly simple once you get the hang of it. Many more examples: -과학을 좋아하는 여자 = the/a girl that likes science - +- 과학을 좋아하는 여자 = the/a girl that likes science - 저는 과학을 좋아하는 여자들을 좋아해요 = I like girls that like science -제가 보고 있는 시험 = The exam I am writing +--- +- 제가 보고 있는 시험 = The exam I am writing - 제가 보고 있는 시험은 어려워요 = The exam I am writing is difficult -제가 사귀고 있는 여자 = The girl who I am going out with +--- +- 제가 사귀고 있는 여자 = The girl who I am going out with - 제가 사귀고 있는 여자는 미국에 갔어요 = The girl who I am going out with went to the US -엄마가 요리하는 음식 = The food that my mother cooks +--- +- 엄마가 요리하는 음식 = The food that my mother cooks - 엄마가 요리하는 음식은 항상 맛있어요 = The food that my mother cooks is always delicious -공부하지 않는 학생들 = students who do not study +--- +- 공부하지 않는 학생들 = students who do not study - 공부하지 않는 학생들은 똑똑하지 않아요 = Students who do not study are not smart -제가 공원에 가는 날 = the day(s) I go to the park +--- +- 제가 공원에 가는 날 = the day(s) I go to the park - 저는 공원에 가는 날에 항상 행복해요 = I am always happy on the days I go to the park -이 동네에서 축구를 잘 하는 청소년들 = kids who are good at playing soccer in this neighborhood +--- +- 이 동네에서 축구를 잘 하는 청소년들 = kids who are good at playing soccer in this neighborhood - 이 동네에서 축구를 잘 하는 청소년들이 많아요 = There are a lot of kids who are good at playing soccer in this neighborhood Actually, Korean people have the same problem with this concept when translating to English. If you meet a Korean person who can’t speak English well, they will always say sentences like this in their ‘Korean style.’ Instead of saying: “girls that like science,” they say: -“like science girls’ + +- “like science girls’ Instead of saying “the exam I am writing,” they say: -“I write exam” + +- “I write exam” Instead of saying “the girl I am going out with,” they say: -“I go out with girl” + +- “I go out with girl” Instead of saying “the food my mother cooks,” they say: -“my mother cooks food” + +- “my mother cooks food” Anyways, enough of what Korean people say. It is hard to translate the definition of this concept directly in English, but it sometimes translates to ‘who,’ ‘when,’ or ‘that.’ These words however don’t need to be in the sentence in English, as you will see in the following examples. Each of the following pairs of sentences have the same meaning in English: -My friend is going to the school I go to often -My friend is going to the school **that** I go to often +- My friend is going to the school I go to often +- My friend is going to the school **that** I go to often -The exam I am writing is difficult -The exam **that** I am writing is difficult +--- -The girl I am going out with went to the US -The girl **who** I am going out with went to the US -The girl **that** I am going out with went to the US +- The exam I am writing is difficult +- The exam **that** I am writing is difficult -The food my mother cooks is always delicious -The food **that** my mother cooks is always delicious +--- -Students **that** do not study are not smart -Students **who** do not study are not smart +- The girl I am going out with went to the US +- The girl **who** I am going out with went to the US +- The girl **that** I am going out with went to the US -I am always happy on the days I go to the park -I am always happy on the days **that** I go to the park -I am always happy on the days **when** I go to the park +--- + +- The food my mother cooks is always delicious +- The food **that** my mother cooks is always delicious + +--- + +- Students **that** do not study are not smart +- Students **who** do not study are not smart + +--- + +- I am always happy on the days I go to the park +- I am always happy on the days **that** I go to the park +- I am always happy on the days **when** I go to the park “That” can be used in most situations. If the noun you are using is a person, “who” can be exchanged for “that.” If the noun you are using is a time, “when” can be exchanged for “that.” @@ -1781,7 +1806,7 @@ I’m going to say this one more time. Read it a few times to make sure you unde Lets describe one more noun and see where it can be placed: -내가 가르치는 학생들 = the students that I teach +- 내가 가르치는 학생들 = the students that I teach Placed as the subject of a sentence: @@ -1808,21 +1833,21 @@ I’ve made a bunch of YouTube videos that break down the grammar and vocabulary So far in this lesson you have learned how to describe nouns using verbs in the present tense: -The place I go -The food I eat -The student I teach +- The place I go +- The food I eat +- The student I teach But what about the past tense? -The place I went -The food I ate -The student I taught +- The place I went +- The food I ate +- The student I taught Or the future tense? -The place I will go -The food I will eat -The student I will teach +- The place I will go +- The food I will eat +- The student I will teach Lets talk about those now.