lesson 25 grammar

docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md

@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ If 안/이내 are placed after an indication of time, they have the meaning of
 
 This was a bit of an easy lesson as well! This lesson and the one before it were pretty easy – but don’t worry – you are almost at Unit 2, and the lessons in that unit will be really hard!
 
-[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-25/ "Lesson 25: Anybody, Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, etc.") Or,
+[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./25-anybody.md) Or,
 [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks/#Unit1725 "Workbooks")
 
 ## Summary

docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/25-anybody.md

@@ -1194,31 +1194,29 @@ No-
 
 I left spaces in the vocabulary list between different sets of these words (for no reason other than to make it organized).
 
-## Everything/Everywhere/Every time/Everyone
+## Every-
 
-### Everything/All
-
-#### 모든
+### 모든
 
 The most common way to say “every \_\_\_\_\_” is to place the word ‘모든’ before a noun. 모든 looks, sounds, and acts like an adjective, but it can not be used to predicate a clause or sentence. This means that you won’t see the word “모든” at the end of a sentence, just like in English. For example, you can’t say something like:
 
-He is every…
+- He is every…
 
 Even though 모든 ends in \~ㄴ (which is the same as all adjectives when placed immediately before a noun to describe them – 예쁜, 아름다운, 똑똑한), the dictionary form of 모드다 does not exist.
 
 However, as I mentioned, (like an adjective) “모든” can be placed before a noun. If you place “모든” before a noun, it has the meaning of “every \_\_\_\_\_.” For example:
 
-- 모든 것 = everything
-- 모든 사람 = all people/every person
-- 모든 과일 = all fruits/every fruit
-- 모든 선생님 = all teachers/every teacher
+- 모든 것 = <span class="md spoiler">everything</span>
+- 모든 사람 = <span class="md spoiler">all people/every person</span>
+- 모든 과일 = <span class="md spoiler">all fruits/every fruit</span>
+- 모든 선생님 = <span class="md spoiler">all teachers/every teacher</span>
 
 Those can now go in sentences very easily:
 
 - 모든 아시아 사람들은 젓가락을 잘 쓴다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">All Asian people use chopsticks well</span>
 - 모든 학생들은 하루 종일 잤어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">All students slept all day</span>
 
-#### 다
+### 다
 
 Another possible word to use in similar situations is 다. 다 is used as an adverb in sentences to indicate that “all” of something is done.
 
@@ -1237,7 +1235,7 @@ In this sentence, I am indicating that I have completed the action of “eating
 
 However, in this sentence:
 
-- 저는 모든 라면을 먹었어요 = I ate every ramen
+- ~~저는 모든 라면을 먹었어요~~ = <span class="md spoiler">I ate every ramen</span>
 
 This sentence is a little bit ambiguous and a little but unnatural because in most situations you wouldn’t say this. However, bear with me as I use it to explain the difference in nuance. In this situation, there might have been many different types of ramen at my house. I would use this sentence to indicate that I ate/tried “every one of them.” It is ambiguous as to whether or not I finished eating them, which means that there could still be some left – either in my bowl or in the cupboard.
 
@@ -1245,7 +1243,7 @@ If you did actually eat every one of them and finished all of the ramen in your
 
 This is why I provided two translations for this sentence:
 
-- 저는 소설을 다 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I read the whole book</span>
+- 저는 소설을 다 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I read the whole book</span>, or
 - 저는 소설을 다 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I read all the books</span>
 
 Depending on the situation, that sentence could be translated to either of those English translations. In the first sentence, the action of ‘reading’ was completed on the subject (one book) without leaving any pages behind within that book. In the second sentence, the action of ‘reading’ was completed on the subject (more than one book) without leaving any pages behind in any of those books.
@@ -1278,12 +1276,12 @@ The only difference I can feel is that ‘모든’ is considering the subjects
 
 The similarities in these usages allow them to be used in the same sentence. For example:
 
-- 모든 사람들이 다 왔어요 = All the people have come
-- 모든 사람들이 다 죽었어요 = All the people died
-- 모든 부모님은 다 그래요 = All parents are like that
-- 모든 남자들은 다 게을러요 = All men are lazy
-- 모든 학생들은 다 공부하고 있어요 = All of the students are studying
-- 모든 애기들이 다 낮잠 자고 있어요 = All the babies are taking a nap
+- 모든 사람들이 다 왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">All the people have come</span>
+- 모든 사람들이 다 죽었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">All the people died</span>
+- 모든 부모님은 다 그래요 = <span class="md spoiler">All parents are like that</span>
+- 모든 남자들은 다 게을러요 = <span class="md spoiler">All men are lazy</span>
+- 모든 학생들은 다 공부하고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">All of the students are studying</span>
+- 모든 애기들이 다 낮잠 자고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">All the babies are taking a nap</span>
 
 All of these can also be used in negative sentences, for example:
 
@@ -1296,7 +1294,7 @@ All of these can also be used in negative sentences, for example:
 - 그게 다야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Is that all</span>
 - 이게 다가 아니야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This isn’t all</span>
 
-#### 모두
+### 모두
 
 There is also another word that you should be aware of: “모두,” which has the meaning of “all.” It can generally be used in the following ways:
 
@@ -1308,7 +1306,7 @@ In these cases, 모두 essentially has the same meaning as “다.” For exampl
 
 which could also be written as:
 
-- 선생님들은 다 똑똑해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">All teachers are smart, or</span>
+- 선생님들은 다 똑똑해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">All teachers are smart</span>, or
 - 모든 선생님들은 똑똑해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Every teacher is smart</span>
 
 In this adverb form, 다 can also be placed after 모두 in the _same_ sentence. For example:
@@ -1326,7 +1324,7 @@ In these cases 모두 typically means “everybody” or “everything.” Parti
 
 Here’s the part that is a bit confusing. Often times when the sentence structure is just Subject – 모두 – Verb, the \~를 is omitted from 모두. For example:
 
-- 나는 모두를 이해했어
+- ~~나는 모두를 이해했어~~
 
 would be better said as:
 
@@ -1334,7 +1332,7 @@ would be better said as:
 
 And
 
-- 저는 모두를 먹고 싶어요
+- ~~저는 모두를 먹고 싶어요~~
 
 would be better said as:
 
@@ -1344,8 +1342,8 @@ It took me a long time to come to this conclusion, but my explanation as to why
 
 Just like how you would not see \~를 attached to 다 in the following sentences:
 
-나는 다 이해했어 = I understood everything
-저는 다 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat everything
+- 나는 다 이해했어 = <span class="md spoiler">I understood everything</span>
+- 저는 다 먹고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to eat everything</span>
 
 Often times a word that represents a group of people is placed before 모두. In these cases, \~를 is usually attached to 모두. For example:
 
@@ -1362,12 +1360,12 @@ Other particles can be attached to it as well, for example:
 
 - 저는 선물을 모두에게 주었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I gave a present to everybody</span>
 
-### Everywhere/Every time/Everyone
+### \~나
 
 \~나 can be added to the words ‘where,’ ‘when,’ and ‘who’ to mean ‘everywhere,’ ‘every time,’ and ‘everyone.’ Particles are usually not added to these words. For example:
 
-- 어디 = where
-- 어디나 = everywhere
+- 어디 = <span class="md spoiler">where</span>
+- 어디나 = <span class="md spoiler">everywhere</span>
 
 ---
 
@@ -1377,8 +1375,8 @@ Other particles can be attached to it as well, for example:
 
 ---
 
-- 언제 = when
-- 언제나 = every time/always
+- 언제 = <span class="md spoiler">when</span>
+- 언제나 = <span class="md spoiler">every time/always</span>
 
 ---
 
@@ -1388,8 +1386,8 @@ Other particles can be attached to it as well, for example:
 
 ---
 
-- 누구 = who
-- 누구나 = everyone
+- 누구 = <span class="md spoiler">who</span>
+- 누구나 = <span class="md spoiler">everyone</span>
 
 ---
 
@@ -1397,26 +1395,28 @@ Other particles can be attached to it as well, for example:
 - 누구나 우리 애기를 보고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Everybody wants to see our baby</span>
 - 누구나 한국을 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Everybody likes Korea</span>
 
-## Something/Somewhere/Sometime/Somebody
+## Some-
+
+### \~ㄴ가
 
 \~ㄴ가 can be added to the words ‘what,’ ‘where,’ ‘when,’ and ‘who’ to mean ‘something,’ ‘somewhere,’ ‘sometime,’ and ‘somebody.’ For example:
 
-- 뭐 = what
-- 뭔가 = something
+- 뭐 = <span class="md spoiler">what</span>
+- 뭔가 = <span class="md spoiler">something</span>
 
 The subject and object particles in general can be omitted from any sentence (although I don’t suggest omitting particles until you have a very deep understanding of Korean), but they seem to be more commonly omitted from these types of sentences. Many examples:
 
 - 나는 방금 뭔가(를) 봤어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson25-47.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I just saw something a minute ago</span>
 - 등에 뭔가(가) 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">There is something on your back</span>
 - 등에 뭔가(가) 있나요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Is there something on my back?</span>
-- 저는 팔에 뭔가(가)느껴져요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I feel something on my arm</span>
+- 저는 팔에 뭔가(가) 느껴져요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I feel something on my arm</span>
 - 저는 뭔가(를) 먹고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to eat something</span>
 - 저는 뭔가(를) 말하고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to say something</span>
 
 ---
 
-- 어디 = where
-- 어딘가 = somewhere
+- 어디 = <span class="md spoiler">where</span>
+- 어딘가 = <span class="md spoiler">somewhere</span>
 
 By the nature of the word “somewhere,” you are most likely to use the particles \~에 or \~에서 in these sentences. It would be acceptable to omit the particle \~에 from 어딘가 but less acceptable to omit the particle \~에서. Many examples:
 
@@ -1430,8 +1430,8 @@ By the nature of the word “somewhere,” you are most likely to use the partic
 
 ---
 
-- 언제 = when
-- 언젠가 = sometime/someday
+- 언제 = <span class="md spoiler">when</span>
+- 언젠가 = <span class="md spoiler">sometime/someday</span>
 
 \~에 is typically not attached to 언젠가. Many examples:
 
@@ -1445,8 +1445,8 @@ When I first learned about this word, I wondered if particles like \~까지 or \
 
 ---
 
-- 누구 = who
-- 누군가 = somebody
+- 누구 = <span class="md spoiler">who</span>
+- 누군가 = <span class="md spoiler">somebody</span>
 
 ---
 
@@ -1456,6 +1456,8 @@ When I first learned about this word, I wondered if particles like \~까지 or \
 - 누군가가 지갑을 잃어버렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-56.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Somebody lost their wallet</span>
 - 누군가가 그 파일을 저에게 보냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lesson25-57.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Somebody sent that file to me</span>
 
+### 어느/어디/뭐/누구
+
 In [Lesson 22](./22-how-which-what-how-many.md), you learned about using 어느 in sentences. Another usage of 어느 is to reference a vague place or point in time. I am including this explanation in this section of the lesson because of the similarities with the sentences above.
 
 You would often see this type of thing in stories, poetry or news reports where the specific location does not need to be given. This would be similar to something like this at a start of a story in English:
@@ -1465,12 +1467,12 @@ You would often see this type of thing in stories, poetry or news reports where
 
 In this usage, 어느 is commonly placed before a broad indication of time or place. For example:
 
-- 어느 날 = some day (an ambiguous day)
-- 어느 밤 = some night (an ambiguous night)
-- 어느 겨울 = some winter (an ambiguous winter)
-- 어느 여름 = some summer (an ambiguous summer)
-- 어느 마을 = some village (an ambiguous village)
-- 어느 시장 = some market (an ambiguous market)
+- 어느 날 = <span class="md spoiler">some day (an ambiguous day)</span>
+- 어느 밤 = <span class="md spoiler">some night (an ambiguous night)</span>
+- 어느 겨울 = <span class="md spoiler">some winter (an ambiguous winter)</span>
+- 어느 여름 = <span class="md spoiler">some summer (an ambiguous summer)</span>
+- 어느 마을 = <span class="md spoiler">some village (an ambiguous village)</span>
+- 어느 시장 = <span class="md spoiler">some market (an ambiguous market)</span>
 
 Here, the person speaking/writing this way because he/she does not need to specifically reference the time. Some example sentences:
 
@@ -1486,33 +1488,33 @@ It is also possible to use a question word to refer to an ambiguous place, thing
 
 어디
 
-- Person 1: 엄마가 집에 있어? = Is mom at home
-- Person 2: 아니요. 어디 갔어. = No, she went somewhere
+- Person 1: 엄마가 집에 있어? = <span class="md spoiler">Is mom at home</span>
+- Person 2: 아니요. 어디 갔어. = <span class="md spoiler">No, she went somewhere</span>
 
 뭐
 
-- 우리가 이미 뭐 먹었어요 = We already ate something
+- 우리가 이미 뭐 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">We already ate something</span>
 
 누구
 
-- 나는 내일 누구 만날 거야 = Tomorrow I’m going to meet somebody
+- 나는 내일 누구 만날 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">Tomorrow I’m going to meet somebody</span>
 
 Using these words like this is quite advanced, and is not something I learned until a few years of exposure with Korean. What makes these usages even more confusing is that you can use these words in sentences when you are asking a question. For example:
 
 뭐 먹었어요? Could mean both:
 
-- What did you eat? or
-- Did you eat something?
+- <span class="md spoiler">What did you eat?</span> or
+- <span class="md spoiler">Did you eat something?</span>
 
 어디 갔어요? Could mean both:
 
-- Where did you go? or
-- Did you go somewhere
+- <span class="md spoiler">Where did you go?</span> or
+- <span class="md spoiler">Did you go somewhere</span>
 
 누구(를) 만났어요? Could mean both:
 
-- Who did you meet? Or
-- Did you meet somebody
+- <span class="md spoiler">Who did you meet?</span> or
+- <span class="md spoiler">Did you meet somebody</span>
 
 Distinguishing them, believe it or not, can be done quite easily if you train your ear correctly. When using “뭐, 어디 or 누구” as the question word in the sentence, the stress of the sentence is on the question word itself. Pay close attention to the audio in the following examples:
 
@@ -1528,9 +1530,9 @@ When using “뭐, 어디 or 누구” to refer to an ambiguous thing, place or
 
 As I mentioned however, this is quite advanced. You might not be able to hear the difference at this stage in your learning, but it is good to be aware of as you continue to progress through your studies.
 
-## 아무
+## Anybody/Nobody
 
-### Anybody/Nobody
+### 아무
 
 아무 is a pronoun that refers to “any” person. When using it in a sentence, the speaker is indicating the person he/she is referring to is not a specific “set” person, but could actually be “anybody.”
 
@@ -1538,8 +1540,8 @@ It is most commonly used with \~나 attached to it. This particle (when attached
 
 When used together, it can almost be seen as one unit that means “anybody.” As \~나 is actually a particle in itself, when used as the subject or object of a sentence, particles \~는 or \~가 are not usually doubled up on top of \~나. For example:
 
-- 아무나 그 책을 좋아할 거예요 = Anybody will/would like that book
-- 이렇게 좋은 학교에서는 아무나 공부를 잘 할 거예요 = Anybody can study well at this school
+- 아무나 그 책을 좋아할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">Anybody will/would like that book</span>
+- 이렇게 좋은 학교에서는 아무나 공부를 잘 할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">Anybody can study well at this school</span>
 
 However, particles can be added before \~나 if the word being used has other functions within a sentence (other than the subject or object). Because 아무 refers to a person in this case, the most common particles you would see here are particles meaning “to” (\~에게/한테) and “with” (\~와/하고). For example:
 
@@ -1571,13 +1573,13 @@ Particles can be added before \~도 if the word being used has other functions w
 
 _It is very easy to be confused with these double negatives at first. To make it simple at the beginning, just tell your brain to use_ “아무나” _when you want to say something that ends positively, and to use_ “아무도” _when you want to say something that ends negatively. In theory,_ 아무나 _and_ 아무도 _are the same word in Korean (with different particles attached). One just happens to be used with positive sentences, and the other happens to be used in negative sentences._
 
-아무 Used Before Other Nouns
+### 아무 \~
 
 Another function that 아무 has is to be placed before a thing/place/time to describe it. The most common nouns you will see after 아무 are:
 
-- 거 = short form of 것, meaning “thing”
-- 데 = meaning “place”
-- 때 = meaning “time”
+- 거 = short form of 것, meaning “<span class="md spoiler">thing</span>”
+- 데 = meaning “<span class="md spoiler">place</span>”
+- 때 = meaning “<span class="md spoiler">time</span>”
 
 When \~나 is attached to these nouns, the speaker is indicating that the thing/place/time is not a specific “thing/place/time,” but could actually be “anything,” “anywhere” or “anytime.” For example:
 
@@ -1589,8 +1591,8 @@ In the example above, you can see that “데” is used to refer to a place. Wh
 
 For example, even though the same place is being used in both sentences below, because of the nature of the verbs 가다 and 먹다, \~에 should be used in one case, and \~에서 should be used in the other.
 
-- 저는 공원에 가고 싶어요 = I want to go to the park
-- 저는 밥을 공원에서 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat in the park
+- 저는 공원에 가고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to go to the park</span>
+- 저는 밥을 공원에서 먹고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to eat in the park</span>
 
 The difference between these two sentences is the same as the difference between these two sentences:
 
@@ -1620,12 +1622,14 @@ One can/cannot do (Introduced in [Lesson 45](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/un
 Here are some quick examples using those two principles. The only reason I am showing you these is because I think it is likely you have learned about these either by looking ahead or by using some other resource.
 
 Making a command
-가방을 아무 데나 두세요 = Put your bag down anywhere
-아무 거나 고르세요! = Choose anything!
-아무 거나 먹자! = Let’s eat anything!
+
+- 가방을 아무 데나 두세요 = <span class="md spoiler">Put your bag down anywhere</span>
+- 아무 거나 고르세요! = <span class="md spoiler">Choose anything!</span>
+- 아무 거나 먹자! = <span class="md spoiler">Let’s eat anything!</span>
 
 One can/cannot do
-아무나 그것을 할 수 있어요 = Anybody can do that
+
+- 아무나 그것을 할 수 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">Anybody can do that</span>
 
 It also might be helpful to take a peek at [Lesson 58](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-58/) to see how \~나 can be used when not used in these specific cases of 아무나, 아무 거나, 아무 때나, etc. In theory, I should have presented these words _after_ I taught you about \~나, but in my opinion the use \~나 as it is used in this lesson is more common (and therefore more important) than the general use of \~나 introduced later.
 
@@ -1633,14 +1637,14 @@ It also might be helpful to take a peek at [Lesson 58](https://www.howtostudykor
 
 마다 means “each” and is attached directly to the end of a noun:
 
-- 날마다 = each day
-- 학생마다 = each student
-- 금요일마다 = each/every Friday
-- 30분마다 = each/every 30 minutes
+- 날마다 = <span class="md spoiler">each day</span>
+- 학생마다 = <span class="md spoiler">each student</span>
+- 금요일마다 = <span class="md spoiler">each/every Friday</span>
+- 30분마다 = <span class="md spoiler">each/every 30 minutes</span>
 
 When I first learned about this, I asked the following question to my grammar teacher:
 
-“What is the difference between ‘모든 학생’, and 학생마다?”
+- “What is the difference between ‘모든 학생’, and 학생마다?”
 
 The answer is so subtle, but there is a difference. The _only_ way I can explain it is by saying the following:
 If you can explain the difference between “every student” and “each student” in English, then you fully understand the difference between “모든 학생” and “학생마다.”