diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md index 3c2187c..c894f14 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/24-before-after-since-within.md @@ -1,7 +1,136 @@ +--- +vocabulary: + nouns: + - ko: 설탕 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v2.mp3 + en: sugar + examples: + - ko: 이 식품에는 **설탕**이 안 들어가요 + en: There is a no **sugar** in this (food) product + - ko: 커피에 **설탕**을 안 넣어도 돼요 + en: I/you don't need to put **sugar** in my/your coffee + + - ko: 경찰관 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v1.mp3 + en: policeman + examples: + - ko: "**경찰관**들이 그 장소에 파견되었어요" + en: "**Police officers** were dispatched to the area" + - ko: 저는 그 사람을 살리려고 **경찰관**을 불렀어요 + en: I called the **policeman** in order to save that person + + - ko: 경찰서 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v3.mp3 + en: police station + examples: + - ko: 경찰관들은 **경찰서**에 돌아왔어요 + en: The police officers returned to the **police station** + - ko: "**경찰서**에 가기 전에 그것에 대해 엄마랑 얘기했어요" + en: Before I went to the **police station**, I talked about that with my mom + + - ko: 구름 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v4.mp3 + en: cloud + examples: + - ko: "**구름**이 5분 전에 걷혔어요" + en: The **clouds** cleared up 5 minutes ago + - ko: 새는 **구름** 위에 날고 있어요 + en: The bird is flying above the **clouds** + - ko: "**구름**이 걷힌 후에 날씨가 좋았어요" + en: After the **clouds** cleared up, the weather was nice + + - ko: 경쟁 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v5.mp3 + en: competition + examples: + - ko: 일자리가 하나만 있어서 **경쟁**은 심할 거예요 + en: The **competition** will be extreme because there is only one job available + + - ko: 경쟁자 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v6.mp3 + en: competitors + examples: + - ko: 저는 **경쟁자**를 이겼어요 + en: I beat the **competitor** + + - ko: 피 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v7.mp3 + en: blood + examples: + - ko: 저는 **피**를 휴지로 닦았어요 + en: I wiped the **blood** with a tissue + + - ko: 구두 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v8.mp3 + en: shoes, boots + examples: + - ko: 그 여자의 **구두**가 예뻐요 + en: That girl's **boots** are beautiful + + - ko: 목욕 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v9.mp3 + en: bath + examples: + - ko: 오늘 너무 힘들어서 저는 따뜻한 **목욕**을 하고 싶어요 + en: Today was really difficult, so I want to take a warm **bath** + + - ko: 번호 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson24vocabnumber.mp3 + en: number + examples: + - ko: 각 자리에 **번호**가 쓰여 있어요 + en: There is a **number** written on each seat + + - ko: 전화번호 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v11.mp3 + en: phone number + examples: + - ko: 새로운 핸드폰을 사고 **전화번호**를 바꿨어요 + en: After buying a new phone, I changed my **phone number** + + - ko: 열쇠 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v12.mp3 + en: key + notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "열쐬" + examples: + - ko: 저는 친구의 집에서 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 + en: I lost my **keys** at a friend's house + - ko: 저는 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 + en: I lost my **keys** + - ko: 저는 **열쇠**를 어딘가(에) 두었어요 + en: I left my **keys** somewhere + + - ko: 수박 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v13.mp3 + en: watermelon + examples: + - ko: "**수박**은 한국에서 너무 비싸요" + en: "**Watermelons** in Korea are too expensive" + + - ko: 과자 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v14.mp3 + en: candy, cookies, snacks + examples: + - ko: 애기들은 **과자**를 많이 먹어요 + en: Babies eat a lot of **candy/snacks** + + - ko: 양복 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson24v15.mp3 + en: suit + notes: Literally "Western clothes" + examples: + - ko: 저는 보통 까만 **양복**을 입어요 + en: I usually wear black **suits** + - ko: "**양복**을 입은 후에 몸이 따뜻해졌어요" + en: After I put on a **suit**, my body got warm +--- + # Lesson 24: Before, After, Since, Within (전/후/이래로/이내) ## Vocabulary + + ### Nouns 설탕 = sugar @@ -10,7 +139,7 @@ Common Usages: -- 무설탕 = sugar-free +- 무설탕 = sugar-free - 설탕이 들어가 있다 = to contain sugar Example: @@ -71,11 +200,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -경쟁자 = competitor (competing person) -경쟁사 = competitor (competing company) + +- 경쟁자 = competitor (competing person) +- 경쟁사 = competitor (competing company) Example: -일자리가 하나만 있어서 **경쟁**은 심할 거예요 = The **competition** will be extreme because there is only one job available + +- 일자리가 하나만 있어서 **경쟁**은 심할 거예요 = The **competition** will be extreme because there is only one job available
@@ -84,7 +215,8 @@ Example:
Example: -저는 **경쟁자**를 이겼어요 = I beat the **competitor** + +- 저는 **경쟁자**를 이겼어요 = I beat the **competitor**
@@ -93,12 +225,14 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -피를 흘리다 = to be bleeding -피를 뽑다 = to take blood -코피 = nosebleed + +- 피를 흘리다 = to be bleeding +- 피를 뽑다 = to take blood +- 코피 = nosebleed Example: -저는 **피**를 휴지로 닦았어요 = I wiped the **blood** with a tissue + +- 저는 **피**를 휴지로 닦았어요 = I wiped the **blood** with a tissue
@@ -107,10 +241,12 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -구두를 신다 = to put on shoes/boots + +- 구두를 신다 = to put on shoes/boots Example: -그 여자의 **구두**가 예뻐요 = That girl’s **boots** are beautiful + +- 그 여자의 **구두**가 예뻐요 = That girl’s **boots** are beautiful
@@ -119,11 +255,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -목욕탕 = public bath house -목욕하다 = to take a bath + +- 목욕탕 = public bath house +- 목욕하다 = to take a bath Example: -오늘 너무 힘들어서 저는 따뜻한 **목욕**을 하고 싶어요 = Today was really difficult, so I want to take a warm **bath** + +- 오늘 너무 힘들어서 저는 따뜻한 **목욕**을 하고 싶어요 = Today was really difficult, so I want to take a warm **bath**
@@ -132,12 +270,14 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -전화번호 = phone number -등록번호 = registration number -등번호 = the number on a player’s back (in sports) + +- 전화번호 = phone number +- 등록번호 = registration number +- 등번호 = the number on a player’s back (in sports) Example: -각 자리에 **번호**가 쓰여 있어요 = There is a **number** written on each seat + +- 각 자리에 **번호**가 쓰여 있어요 = There is a **number** written on each seat
@@ -146,11 +286,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -전화번호는 뭐에요? = What is your phone number? -전화번호가 기억 안 나다 = to not remember a phone number + +- 전화번호는 뭐에요? = What is your phone number? +- 전화번호가 기억 안 나다 = to not remember a phone number Example: -새로운 핸드폰을 사고 **전화번호**를 바꿨어요 = After buying a new phone, I changed my **phone number** + +- 새로운 핸드폰을 사고 **전화번호**를 바꿨어요 = After buying a new phone, I changed my **phone number**
@@ -161,12 +303,14 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “열쐬” Common Usages: -열쇠고리 = key chain + +- 열쇠고리 = key chain Example: -저는 친구의 집에서 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = I lost my **keys** at a friend’s house -저는 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = I lost my **keys** -저는 **열쇠**를 어딘가(에) 두었어요 = I left my **keys** somewhere + +- 저는 친구의 집에서 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = I lost my **keys** at a friend’s house +- 저는 **열쇠**를 잃어버렸어요 = I lost my **keys** +- 저는 **열쇠**를 어딘가(에) 두었어요 = I left my **keys** somewhere @@ -175,10 +319,12 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -수박 겉 핥기 = an idiom that describes something “superficial” + +- 수박 겉 핥기 = an idiom that describes something “superficial” Example: -**수박**은 한국에서 너무 비싸요 = **Watermelons** in Korea are too expensive + +- **수박**은 한국에서 너무 비싸요 = **Watermelons** in Korea are too expensive
@@ -187,10 +333,12 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -전통 과자 = traditional candy + +- 전통 과자 = traditional candy Example: -애기들은 **과자**를 많이 먹어요 = Babies eat a lot of **candy/snacks** + +- 애기들은 **과자**를 많이 먹어요 = Babies eat a lot of **candy/snacks**
@@ -199,15 +347,18 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -양복을 입다 = to wear a suit -양복을 맞추다 = to get a suit tailored + +- 양복을 입다 = to wear a suit +- 양복을 맞추다 = to get a suit tailored Notes: + Literally “Western clothes” Example: -저는 보통 까만 **양복**을 입어요 = I usually wear black **suits** -**양복**을 입은 후에 몸이 따뜻해졌어요 = After I put on a **suit**, my body got warm + +- 저는 보통 까만 **양복**을 입어요 = I usually wear black **suits** +- **양복**을 입은 후에 몸이 따뜻해졌어요 = After I put on a **suit**, my body got warm
@@ -578,7 +729,7 @@ For help memorizing these words, try using our [mobile app](https://www.howtostu ## Introduction -In [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/ "Lesson 11: 동안, Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Years"), you learned a wide variety of different “time” words that you can use in sentences. In that lesson, I said that there were two more words that were very important when talking about time (전 and 후). In that lesson, I said that I would teach you those two words sometime later. Well, this is now later. +In [Lesson 11](./11-time.md), you learned a wide variety of different “time” words that you can use in sentences. In that lesson, I said that there were two more words that were very important when talking about time (전 and 후). In that lesson, I said that I would teach you those two words sometime later. Well, this is now later. In this lesson, you will learn how to use the words 전 and 후 as well as some other similar words. Let’s get started: @@ -586,14 +737,14 @@ In this lesson, you will learn how to use the words 전 and 후 as well as some The word ‘전’ translates to ‘before’ or ‘ago’ depending on where it is used. When placed after any indication of time (2 seconds, 5 minutes, 10 hours, 4 days, 3 weeks, 2 years, etc…) it has the meaning of “ago.” For example: -2 초 전에 = 2 seconds ago -5 분 전에 = 5 minutes ago -열 시간 전에 = 10 hours ago\* -4 일 전에 = 4 days ago -3 주 전에 = 3 weeks ago -2 년 전에 = 2 years ago +- 2 초 전에 = 2 seconds ago +- 5 분 전에 = 5 minutes ago +- 열 시간 전에 = 10 hours ago\* +- 4 일 전에 = 4 days ago +- 3 주 전에 = 3 weeks ago +- 2 년 전에 = 2 years ago -_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-10/) and [11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/)._ +_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) and [11](./11-time.md)._ Notice that ‘에’ gets added to ‘전’ because it is referring to a time. @@ -604,9 +755,9 @@ You can now use those words in sentences very intuitively: When ‘전’ is placed after a verb, it translates to “before.” When you want to use 전 like this, you must add \~기 to the verb stem of the preceding verb: -제가 먹기 전에 = before I ate -제가 가기 전에 = before I go -제가 오기 전에 = before I come +- 제가 먹기 전에 = before I ate +- 제가 가기 전에 = before I go +- 제가 오기 전에 = before I come A few very important things before I say anything else: @@ -616,84 +767,94 @@ Another thing. You can essentially add any sentence to the (verb-stem)\~기 전 You are now ready to create two-clause sentences. Up to this point we have dealt with sentences having only one clause, meaning one subject, one object, and one predicating verb or adjective. To illustrate, in the following sentences subjects are colored red, objects are blue, and predicating verbs or adjectives are green. (Adverbs and other parts of the sentences are not colored): -나는 너를 사랑해 = I love you -아버지는 언제 왔어요? = When did dad come? -저와 엄마는 밥을 같이 먹었어요 = Mom and I ate (rice) -그 여자들은 예뻐요 = Those girls are pretty -저는 똑똑한 여자들만 좋아해요 = I only like smart girls +- 나는 너를 사랑해 = I love you +- 아버지는 언제 왔어요? = When did dad come? +- 저와 엄마는 밥을 같이 먹었어요 = Mom and I ate (rice) +- 그 여자들은 예뻐요 = Those girls are pretty +- 저는 똑똑한 여자들만 좋아해요 = I only like smart girls However, there are grammatical principles (in English and Korean) that allow us to create more than one clause. Each clause is able to have a subject, object and also a verb/adjective. A sentence with more than one clause could therefore have more than one subject, object or verb/adjective. For example: -When I go home, my mom will be waiting for me -When my mother ate a hotdog, I ate a hamburger -Before I eat, I want to wash my hands -After I saw the movie, my friend called me -I don’t want to meet him because he isn’t nice +- When I go home, my mom will be waiting for me +- When my mother ate a hotdog, I ate a hamburger +- Before I eat, I want to wash my hands +- After I saw the movie, my friend called me +- I don’t want to meet him because he isn’t nice The grammatical rules of a Korean sentence with two (or more) clauses are similar those with only one clause. However, when a sentence has two (or more) clauses, the particle \~는/은 cannot be placed on the subject of both clauses. Instead, it can only be attached to the subject of the main clause of the sentence. The main clause of a sentence is the clause that is expressing the main idea of the sentence. One way to find the non-main clause (referred to as the “sub-clause” for the remainder of this lesson) is by looking for the part of the sentence that tells us when/where/why/how the main idea is happening. For example: When I go home, my mom will be waiting for me -– Main clause: My mom will be waiting for me -– When will this happen: When I go home + +- Main clause: My mom will be waiting for me +- When will this happen: When I go home When my mother ate a hotdog, I ate a hamburger -– Main clause: I ate a hamburger -– When did this happen: When my mother ate a hotdog + +- Main clause: I ate a hamburger +- When did this happen: When my mother ate a hotdog Before I eat, I want to wash my hands -– Main clause: I want to wash my hands -– When did this happen: Before I eat + +- Main clause: I want to wash my hands +- When did this happen: Before I eat After I saw the movie, my friend called me -– Main clause: My friend called me -– When did happen: After I saw the movie + +- Main clause: My friend called me +- When did happen: After I saw the movie I don’t want to meet him because he isn’t nice -– Main clause: I don’t want to meet him -– Why does this happen: because he isn’t nice + +- Main clause: I don’t want to meet him +- Why does this happen: because he isn’t nice Notice that if you eliminate the sub-clause, the main clause still makes sense. However, if you eliminate the main clause, you are left with an incomplete sentence. Let’s go back to \~기 전에 and see how these rules apply. In the following sentence: -“Before my mom came, I ate rice” + +- “Before my mom came, I ate rice” Which clause is the main clause? Which clause is the sub-clause? -“I ate rice” is the main idea of the sentence. It is a perfect sentence by itself. + +- “I ate rice” is the main idea of the sentence. It is a perfect sentence by itself. “Before my mom came” describes _when_ the action in the main clause takes place. It is also an incomplete sentence by itself. Therefore, this sentence in Korean can be written as: -엄마가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어 = Before my mom came, I ate (rice) + +- 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어 = Before my mom came, I ate (rice) I am going to talk about how the particles \~는/은 and \~이/가 can be used in these sentences. I’m going to separate this discussion with a line before and after it in an attempt to organize it a little bit. ———————————————————————- Notice that \~는/은 is attached to the subject of the main clause of the sentence. The reverse would be incorrect. For example: -엄마는 오기 전에 내가 밥을 먹었어 – incorrect + +- ~~엄마는 오기 전에 내가 밥을 먹었어~~ – incorrect Placing \~는/은 on _both_ subjects would also be incorrect: -엄마는 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어 – incorrect -However, placing \~이/가 on both subjects is acceptable. That is, it is not necessary to place \~는/은 on the subject of the main clause of the sentence, just like how (as you learned in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/)) it is not necessary to place \~은/는 on the subject of the following sentence: +- ~~엄마는 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어~~ – incorrect -고양이가 집 뒤에 있어요 = The cat is behind the house +However, placing \~이/가 on both subjects is acceptable. That is, it is not necessary to place \~는/은 on the subject of the main clause of the sentence, just like how (as you learned in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md)) it is not necessary to place \~은/는 on the subject of the following sentence: + +- 고양이가 집 뒤에 있어요 = The cat is behind the house Placing \~는/은 on the subject of the main clause of a multi-clause sentence has the same effect of adding \~는/은 to the subject of a sentence with one clause. That is, it _could_ indicate that something is being compared with something else. It could also have the exact same meaning as a sentence with “\~이/가” used as the subject particles. In both situations, the context is the only thing that can determine if there is a subtle difference in meaning. For example: -친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank, or -친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank +- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank, or +- 친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank There _could_ be a difference between these two sentences. If the context allowed for it, the feeling is that “I” is being compared to another noun. For example, “before your friend came, (maybe) your girlfriend stayed home but _you (I_) went to the bank.” Sometimes, the use of “\~는/은” as the subject particle creates a different translation in English, although the end result of the sentence is the same. Notice the difference between the following possible English translations: -친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I was the person who went to the bank (compared to my girlfriend who stayed home) -친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank +- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I was the person who went to the bank (compared to my girlfriend who stayed home) +- 친구가 오기 전에 제가 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank -If you are unsure of this distinction between \~은/는 and \~이/가 I encourage you to re-read the distinction made in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/) and [Lesson 22](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-22/). +If you are unsure of this distinction between \~은/는 and \~이/가 I encourage you to re-read the distinction made in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md) and [Lesson 22](./22-how-which-what-how-many.md). Almost all of the time, when you are making the sub-clause to go before “\~전에,” \~이/가 will be attached to the subject of that clause. The only time this isn’t the case is when the subject of _both_ clauses is the same. In these cases, it is acceptable to place “\~는/은” on the subject of the first clause, and eliminate it from the second clause. For example: @@ -701,7 +862,7 @@ Almost all of the time, when you are making the sub-clause to go before “\~전 Instead of: -- 내가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어 = Before I came, I ate +- ~~내가 오기 전에 나는 밥을 먹었어~~ = Before I came, I ate Remember that Korean people love shortening their sentences. Every chance they get, they want to eliminate something from their sentences. So, instead of saying “내가… 나는…” you only need to say “I” once. @@ -725,14 +886,14 @@ Many more examples of \~기 전에: The word ‘후’ translates to ‘after’ or ‘later/from now’ depending on how it is used in Korean sentences. When placed after any indication of time (2 seconds, 5 minutes, 10 hours, 4 days, 3 weeks, 2 years, etc…) it has the meaning of “later/from now:” For example: -2 초 후에 = 2 seconds later/from now -5 분 후에 = 5 minutes later/from now -열 시간 후에 = 10 hours later/from now\* -4 일 후에 = 4 days later/from now -3 주 후에 = 3 weeks later/from now -2 년 후에 = 2 years later/from now +- 2 초 후에 = 2 seconds later/from now +- 5 분 후에 = 5 minutes later/from now +- 열 시간 후에 = 10 hours later/from now\* +- 4 일 후에 = 4 days later/from now +- 3 주 후에 = 3 weeks later/from now +- 2 년 후에 = 2 years later/from now -_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-10/) and [11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/)._ +_\*I typically write the word instead of the numeral when referring to an hour. To see why, check out [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) and [11](./11-time.md)._ You can use these sentences intuitively just like sentences with “전.” For example: @@ -741,8 +902,8 @@ You can use these sentences intuitively just like sentences with “전.” For When ‘후’ is placed after a verb, it has the meaning of “after.” You learned earlier in this lesson that you must add \~기 to the stem of a verb to make “\~기 전에.” When using “후” after a verb, you do not add \~기 to the stem of the word. Instead, you must add \~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the verb. \~은 gets added to a stem where the final syllable ends in a consonant. \~ㄴ gets added directly to stems ending in a vowel. For example: -내가 먹은 후에 = After I eat -내가 간 후에 = After I go +- 내가 먹은 후에 = After I eat +- 내가 간 후에 = After I go These can now go into sentences like “\~기 전에” @@ -752,7 +913,7 @@ These can now go into sentences like “\~기 전에” - 구두를 신은 후에 의자에서 일어났어요 = After putting on my boots, I got up from the chair - 방을 치운 후에 밖에 나갔어요 = After cleaning up my room, I went outside -It is also possible to substitute the word 다음 (which you learned about in [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/)) for 후 to create the same meaning. For example: +It is also possible to substitute the word 다음 (which you learned about in [Lesson 11](./11-time.md)) for 후 to create the same meaning. For example: - 숙제가 끝난 다음에 나는 집에 갈 거예요 = After my homework is finished, I will go home - 밥을 먹은 다음에 친구를 만났어요 = After I ate I met a friend @@ -777,13 +938,13 @@ These two can be used just like 전 and 후 respectively – the difference bein One quick thing. In a lot of the example sentences above, I placed the \~기 전에 or \~ㄴ/은 후에 clauses before the main clause of the sentence. It is important to recognize something here – what we are essentially doing is creating a unit that gives us an indication of time. For example: -친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank +- 친구가 오기 전에 저는 은행에 갔어요 = Before my friend came, I went to the bank “친구가 오기 전에” can just be seen as one unit that can be placed elsewhere in a sentence, just like other adverbs that give us an indication of time. For example: -저는 (at some time) 은행에 갔어요 =I went to the bank (at some time) -저는 (어제) 은행에 갔어요 = I went to the bank (yesterday) -저는 (친구가 오기 전에) 은행에 갔어요 = I went to the bank (before my friend came) +- 저는 (at some time) 은행에 갔어요 = I went to the bank (at some time) +- 저는 (어제) 은행에 갔어요 = I went to the bank (yesterday) +- 저는 (친구가 오기 전에) 은행에 갔어요 = I went to the bank (before my friend came) Therefore, although I often place this indication of time before the clause, it doesn’t always need to be there, and it is the discretion of the speaker that will decide exactly where to place it. Being able to create a single unit from a clause like this is a quick introduction to what you will begin learning in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/) – where you will be able to manipulate entire clauses to describe nouns in the middle of sentences. @@ -791,8 +952,8 @@ Therefore, although I often place this indication of time before the clause, it The word “since” in Korean (이래로) can be used in place of “후” in \~ㄴ/은 후에 to have the meaning of “since I…”: -한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 배우고 있어요 = Since coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean -열심히 공부한 이래로 실력은 빨리 늘었어요 = Since studying hard, my skills have been quickly increasing +- 한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 배우고 있어요 = Since coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean +- 열심히 공부한 이래로 실력은 빨리 늘었어요 = Since studying hard, my skills have been quickly increasing Those two sentences are perfectly correct, but you should know that Korean people rarely use the word 이래로. You can use it, and everybody will understand what you mean (they will probably be impressed because 이래로 is a difficult word). Instead, it is more common for Korean people to use \~ㄴ/은 후에 to have the meaning of “since.” For example: