diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md index b58ac50..c1ece39 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md @@ -1191,40 +1191,43 @@ _You will learn how_ 만든다 _and_ 만듭니다 _are for ### 르 Irregular -If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (마르다), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much. +If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (마르다), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much. -When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are 따르다 = to follow/to pour; and 푸르다 = to be calming blue). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples: +When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are 따르다 = to follow/to pour; and 푸르다 = to be calming blue). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples: -다르다 = different -다르 + 아요 = 다 + ㄹ + 라요 = 달라요 -그것은 달라요 = That thing is different +다르다 = different -빠르다 = to be fast -빠르 + 아요 = 빠 + ㄹ + 라요 = 빨라요 -그 남자는 빨라요 = That man is fast +- 다르 + 아요 = 다 + ㄹ + 라요 = 달라요 +- 그것은 달라요 = That thing is different -부르다 = to call somebody’s name -부르 + 었어요 = 부 + ㄹ + 렀어요 = 불렀어요 -저는 저의 누나를 불렀어요 = I called my sister +빠르다 = to be fast -Here is a table with the word “고르다 (to choose – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. +- 빠르 + 아요 = 빠 + ㄹ + 라요 = 빨라요 +- 그 남자는 빨라요 = That man is fast -| 고르다 = choose | Past | Present | Future | -| --------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ | -| Informal low | **골랐어** | **골라** | 고르겠어 | -| Informal high | **골랐어요** | **골라요** | 고르겠어요 | -| Plain form | **골랐다** | 고른다 | 고르겠다 | -| Formal high | **골랐습니다** | 고릅니다 | 고르겠습니다 | +부르다 = to call somebody’s name -And here is a table with the word “마르다 (thin – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. +- 부르 + 었어요 = 부 + ㄹ + 렀어요 = 불렀어요 +- 저는 저의 누나를 불렀어요 = I called my sister -| 마르다 = thin | Past | Present | Future | -| -------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | ------------ | -| Informal low | **말랐어** | **말라** | 마르겠어 | -| Informal high | **말랐어요** | **말라요** | 마르겠어요 | -| Plain form | **말랐다** | 마르다 | 마르겠다 | -| Formal high | **말랐습니다** | 마릅니다 | 마르겠습니다 | -| Adjective form | 마른 여자 = thin girl | +Here is a table with the word “고르다 (to choose – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. + +| 고르다 = choose | Past | Present | Future | +| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ | +| Informal low | **골랐어** | **골라** | 고르겠어 | +| Informal high | **골랐어요** | **골라요** | 고르겠어요 | +| Plain form | **골랐다** | 고른다 | 고르겠다 | +| Formal high | **골랐습니다** | 고릅니다 | 고르겠습니다 | + +And here is a table with the word “마르다 (thin – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. + +| 마르다 = thin | Past | Present | Future | +| --------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | ------------ | +| Informal low | **말랐어** | **말라** | 마르겠어 | +| Informal high | **말랐어요** | **말라요** | 마르겠어요 | +| Plain form | **말랐다** | 마르다 | 마르겠다 | +| Formal high | **말랐습니다** | 마릅니다 | 마르겠습니다 | +| Adjective form | 마른 여자 = thin girl | ### ㄹ Irregular @@ -1232,77 +1235,83 @@ Okay, last one, I promise. As you know, there are times when you must choose between two things to add to a stem. For example: -~아/어 means you must choose between adding ~아 or ~어 -~ㄴ/은 means you must choose between adding ~ㄴ or ~은 -~ㅂ/습 means you must choose between adding ~ㅂ or ~습 -~ㄹ/을 means you must choose between adding ~ㄹ or ~을 +- ~아/어 means you must choose between adding ~아 or ~어 +- ~ㄴ/은 means you must choose between adding ~ㄴ or ~은 +- ~ㅂ/습 means you must choose between adding ~ㅂ or ~습 +- ~ㄹ/을 means you must choose between adding ~ㄹ or ~을 As you know, you choose the correct addition based on the stem. If the final letter of a stem is ㄹ AND you add any of the following: -~ㄴ/은 -~ㄴ/는 -~ㅂ/습 -~ㄹ/을 +- ~ㄴ/은 +- ~ㄴ/는 +- ~ㅂ/습 +- ~ㄹ/을 The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem. Let’s look at each one individually. -ㄹ Irregular: Adding ~ㄴ/은 to words +#### Adding ~ㄴ/은 to words You have learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjective stems when describing nouns. Usually, you add ~ㄴ directly to the stem of an adjective ending in a vowel, and ~은 to the stem of an adjective ending in a consonant, for example: -크다 = 큰 남자 -작다 = 작은 남자 +- 크다 = 큰 남자 +- 작다 = 작은 남자 When adding ~ㄴ/은 to a stem which ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and ㄴ is added to the stem: -길다 = long -길 + ㄴ = 긴 -저는 긴 거리를 건넜어요 = I crossed the long street +길다 = long -멀다 = far away -멀 + ㄴ = 먼 -저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 = I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away) +- 길 + ㄴ = 긴 +- 저는 긴 거리를 건넜어요 = I crossed the long street + +멀다 = far away + +- 멀 + ㄴ = 먼 +- 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 = I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away) There will be times when you have to add ~ㄴ/은 to verbs stems as well, but you haven’t learned about this yet. I introduce this concept in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), and then talk about the irregular being applied in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). I don’t want you to think about this too much until those lessons, but just so you know, the concept is the same as adding ~ㄴ/은 to an adjective. For example: -열다 = to open -열 + ㄴ = 연 +- 열다 = to open + - 열 + ㄴ = 연 Although you haven’t learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to stems, you _have_ learned about adding ~ㄴ/는다 to verb stems. Normally, you add ~ㄴ다 to the stem of a verb ending in a vowel, and ~는다 to the stem of a verb ending in a consonant. For example: -나는 집에 간다 = I go home -나는 밥을 먹는다 = I eat rice +- 나는 집에 간다 = I go home +- 나는 밥을 먹는다 = I eat rice But when adding ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㄴ다 to the verb stem: -나는 문을 연다 = I open the door -나는 케이크를 만든다 = I make a cake +- 나는 문을 연다 = I open the door +- 나는 케이크를 만든다 = I make a cake -ㄹ Irregular: Adding ~ㅂ/습 to words +#### Adding ~ㅂ/습 to words You have also learned about adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to verb and adjective stems when conjugating in the Formal high respect form: Normally, you add ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word ending in a vowel, and ~습니다 to the stem of a word ending in a consonant. For example: Verbs: -저는 집에 갑니다 = I go home -저는 밥을 먹습니다 = I eat rice + +- 저는 집에 갑니다 = I go home +- 저는 밥을 먹습니다 = I eat rice Adjectives: -그 여자는 예쁩니다 = That girl is pretty -이 방은 넓습니다 = This room is big/wide + +- 그 여자는 예쁩니다 = That girl is pretty +- 이 방은 넓습니다 = This room is big/wide But when adding ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㅂ directly to the stem. For example: Verbs: -저는 문을 엽니다 = I open the door -저는 케이크를 만듭니다 = I make a cake + +- 저는 문을 엽니다 = I open the door +- 저는 케이크를 만듭니다 = I make a cake Adjectives: -그 병원은 멉니다 = That hospital is far -그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 = That girls hair is long -_머리 can mean ‘head’ or ‘hair’ depending on the context. If you want to specifically mention your hair, you can say 머리카락, which always means the hair on one’s head. 머리 or 머리카락 does not refer to the hair on an animal, or the body hair of a human. This hair is referred to as “털” and extends to most of the hair that can be found on animals (fur, the wool on a sheep, etc)._ +- 그 병원은 멉니다 = That hospital is far +- 그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 = That girls hair is long + +_머리 can mean ‘head’ or ‘hair’ depending on the context. If you want to specifically mention your hair, you can say 머리카락, which always means the hair on one’s head. 머리 or 머리카락 does not refer to the hair on an animal, or the body hair of a human. This hair is referred to as “털” and extends to most of the hair that can be found on animals (fur, the wool on a sheep, etc)._ The addition of ~ㅂ/습니다 only affects words that end in ㄹ. There is no irregular that occurs if adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to any other type of stem. For example, notice how only the stem of 길다 changes as a result of adding this: @@ -1315,24 +1324,24 @@ The addition of ~ㅂ/습니다 only affects words that end in ㄹ. There is no i | 르 Irregular | 마르다 | 마릅니다 | | ㄹ Irregular | 길다 | **깁니다** | -Here is a table with the word “열다 (to open – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem. +Here is a table with the word “열다 (to open – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem. -| 열다 = open | Past | Present | Future | -| ------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | -| Informal low | 열었어 | 열어 | 열겠어 | -| Informal high | 열었어요 | 열어요 | 열겠어요 | -| Plain form | 열었다 | **연다** | 열겠다 | -| Formal high | 열었습니다 | **엽니다** | 열겠습니다 | +| 열다 = open | Past | Present | Future | +| ------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | +| Informal low | 열었어 | 열어 | 열겠어 | +| Informal high | 열었어요 | 열어요 | 열겠어요 | +| Plain form | 열었다 | **연다** | 열겠다 | +| Formal high | 열었습니다 | **엽니다** | 열겠습니다 | -And here is a table with the word “길다 (long – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between. +And here is a table with the word “길다 (long – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between. -| 길다 = long | Past | Present | Future | -| -------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------- | -| Informal low | 길었어 | 길어 | 길겠어 | -| Informal high | 길었어요 | 길어요 | 길겠어요 | -| Plain form | 길었다 | 길다 | 길겠다 | -| Formal high | 길었습니다 | **깁니다** | 길겠습니다 | -| Adjective form | **긴** 거리 = long road | +| 길다 = long | Past | Present | Future | +| ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------- | +| Informal low | 길었어 | 길어 | 길겠어 | +| Informal high | 길었어요 | 길어요 | 길겠어요 | +| Plain form | 길었다 | 길다 | 길겠다 | +| Formal high | 길었습니다 | **깁니다** | 길겠습니다 | +| Adjective form | **긴** 거리 = long road | I don’t want to confuse you too much more because I am sure you are already really confused. Just the amount of content on this page alone is enough to make somebody cry. That being said, I think it is a very good exercise to try to compare how the words 듣다 and 들다 differ in their conjugations. Don’t worry about the meaning of 들다 yet (it is a very complex word that has many meanings), but just assume it is a verb in this case. For now, let’s just focus on how they are conjugated. @@ -1343,12 +1352,12 @@ Notice that when conjugating 듣다, you need to consider the following irregula The following table shows how 듣다 should be conjugated across the honorifics and tenses you have learned so far: _(Irregular conjugations are in bold)_ -| 듣다 = to hear | Past | Present | Future | -| -------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- | -| Informal low | **들었어** | **들어** | 듣겠어 | -| Informal high | **들었어요** | **들어요** | 듣겠어요 | -| Plain form | **들었다** | 듣는다 | 듣겠다 | -| Formal high | **들었습니다** | 듣습니다 | 듣겠습니다 | +| 듣다 = to hear | Past | Present | Future | +| ---------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- | +| Informal low | **들었어** | **들어** | 듣겠어 | +| Informal high | **들었어요** | **들어요** | 듣겠어요 | +| Plain form | **들었다** | 듣는다 | 듣겠다 | +| Formal high | **들었습니다** | 듣습니다 | 듣겠습니다 | Notice when conjugating 들다, you need to consider the following irregular patterns: @@ -1389,7 +1398,7 @@ Below is a table that shows how irregular adjectives can change because of addin --- -Looking Ahead to Grammatical Principles that you will Learn in Future Lessons +## Looking Ahead to Grammatical Principles that you will Learn in Future Lessons There are many additions that you will learn in future lessons. You will learn the meaning and usage of all of these when they become important for your level of study. When you learn about a new addition in a future lesson, I will explain how it causes irregular words to change. @@ -1399,13 +1408,13 @@ This same idea can be applied to grammatical additions that will be introduced i Each time a new format/style of addition is introduced in my lessons, I will explain how irregulars adapt to it. This only needs to be done once for each format, because each successive addition with the same format will create the same change to irregulars. Below is a list of grammatical principles you will learn in future lessons. Each one follows a particular style. In each of these lessons, I will explain how they cause irregular words to change. Furthermore, I will explain the other grammatical principles that follow the same format that will create the same change: -~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)) -~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/)) -~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/)) -~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/)) -~(으)시다 ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/)) -~(으)면 ([Lesson 43](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-43/)) -~(으)니까 ([Lesson 81](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-81/)) +- ~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/)) +- ~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/)) +- ~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/)) +- ~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/)) +- ~(으)시다 ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/)) +- ~(으)면 ([Lesson 43](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-43/)) +- ~(으)니까 ([Lesson 81](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-81/)) For now, focus on the concepts that were introduced in this lesson. When you reach each of the lessons above, I will bring up the discussion of irregulars again. At that point, we can talk about how that grammatical principle causes irregular words to change.