diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/18-present-progressive.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/18-present-progressive.md index c8beaf9..2111b27 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/18-present-progressive.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/18-present-progressive.md @@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ This same form can be used in the past tense to mean “I was \_\_\_ing.” - 저는 밥을 먹고 있었어요 = I was eating - 학생들은 수업 시간 동안 자고 있었어요 = The students were sleeping during class -_You learned previously that_ 동안 _has the meaning of “for” when placed after an indication of time_ (10년 동안 = _for 10 years). However, when placed after a noun, it has the meaning of “during”_ (방학 동안 _= during vacation_/수업 시간 동안 _= during class)_ +_You learned previously that_ 동안 _has the meaning of “for” when placed after an indication of time_ (10년 동안 = for 10 years). _However, when placed after a noun, it has the meaning of “during”_ (방학 동안 = during vacation / 수업 시간 동안 = during class) However, using \~고 있다 in the past tense is slightly awkward in Korean. It _can_ be used like this, but it is often more natural to use the regular past tense conjugation instead. For example: @@ -1053,9 +1053,8 @@ In most situations the sentences above could be said in the following way withou Nonetheless, if you really want to stress that you _were_ doing something, you can use this form. More examples: -저는 백화점에서 쇼핑했어요 = I shopped at the department store -대학생은 책상에서 공부를 했어요 = The university student studied at his desk - +- 저는 백화점에서 쇼핑했어요 = I shopped at the department store +- 대학생은 책상에서 공부를 했어요 = The university student studied at his desk - 저는 백화점에서 쇼핑하고 있었어요 = I was shopping at the department store - 대학생은 책상에서 공부를 하고 있었어요 = The university student was studying at his desk @@ -1065,7 +1064,7 @@ Nonetheless, if you really want to stress that you _were_ doing something, you c But, just like with the past tense of this form, the same meaning can be expressed by just using a regular future tense conjugation. Therefore, although the sentence above is correct, the same meaning can be expressed by saying: -저는 다음 주에 시험 공부를 할 거예요 = Next week, I will study for an exam +- 저는 다음 주에 시험 공부를 할 거예요 = Next week, I will study for an exam \~고 있다 can usually be used very easily with most verbs, but there are some special situations that we need to talk about before we move on. @@ -1076,7 +1075,7 @@ In English, we can say “I live in Canada.” You _could_ also say “I am livi - 저는 한국에서 살고 있어요 = I live in Korea - 저는 한국에서 살아요 = I live in Korea -살다 (to live) is a little bit strange because you can actually use ‘에서’ or ‘에’ to indicate the place that you are living. For example, these are also correct, and have the same meaning as the previous examples: +살다 (to live) is a little bit strange because you can actually use ‘에서’ or ‘에’ to indicate the place that you are living. For example, these are also correct, and have the same meaning as the previous examples: - 저는 한국에 살고 있어요 = I live in Korea - 저는 한국에 살아요 = I live in Korea @@ -1087,15 +1086,15 @@ Although they both sound natural to Korean speakers, I’ve heard that \~에서 In English, almost every verb can go into the “I am \_\_\_ing” form. For example: -I am studying -I am praying -I am listening -I am walking -I am playing +- I am studying +- I am praying +- I am listening +- I am walking +- I am playing However, one word that we would never say that way is -I am knowing +- I am knowing In Korean, however, it is very common to say “알고 있다.” Instead of translating this to “I am knowing” it needs to be translated to “I know,” because we would never say “I am knowing” in English. @@ -1104,7 +1103,7 @@ In Korean, however, it is very common to say “알고 있다.” Instead of tra While we are on the subject of “알다,” let’s talk about other ways that this word is commonly used. -When a person tells you something and you want to say “okay,” Korean people would use “알다” in these situations. One common time you would want to say “okay” or “알다” in this respect is when responding to a command. I haven’t taught you how to give commands yet (you will learn that in [Lesson 40](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-40/ "Lesson 40: The Imperative Mood: ~아/어(요), ~(으)세요, ~아/어라, (으)십시오, ~지 말다")), but for the moment just accept that “집에 빨리 와” means “come home quickly.” +When a person tells you something and you want to say “okay,” Korean people would use “알다” in these situations. One common time you would want to say “okay” or “알다” in this respect is when responding to a command. I haven’t taught you how to give commands yet (you will learn that in [Lesson 40](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-40/ "Lesson 40: The Imperative Mood: ~아/어(요), ~(으)세요, ~아/어라, (으)십시오, ~지 말다")), but for the moment just accept that “집에 빨리 와” means “come home quickly.” - Person 1: 집에 빨리 와! = come home quickly - Person 2: 알았어 = Okay @@ -1117,18 +1116,23 @@ However, this doesn’t need to be used in response to a command. It could just In formal situations, it is possible to use “알았어요,” but it is also very common to use the future tense formal conjugation of 알겠습니다. For example: - Person 1: 이 일을 내일까지 해야 합니다 = You have to finish this work by tomorrow - - (You haven’t learned the grammar for this sentence yet, so don’t worry about the Korean sentence. Focus more on the English sentence, because what I am trying to teach you here is the response to that question in Korean) - Person 2: 네, 알겠습니다 = Yes, okay. (I got it) +_(You haven’t learned the grammar for this sentence yet, so don’t worry about the Korean sentence. Focus more on the English sentence, because what I am trying to teach you here is the response to that question in Korean)_ + ### 3. 가지고 있다 -A word that you learned in a previous lesson is “가지다.” 가지다 is a verb that means “to have/posses.” You also know that you can use 있다 to state that you “have” something. For example: +A word that you learned in a previous lesson is “가지다.” 가지다 is a verb that means “to have/possess.” You also know that you can use 있다 to state that you “have” something. For example: -나는 펜이 있다 = I have a pen (remember that this usage of 있다 requires that 이/가 be added to the object, because 있다 is actually an adjective in this form). +- 나는 펜이 있다 = I have a pen + +_(remember that this usage of 있다 requires that 이/가 be added to the object, because 있다 is actually an adjective in this form)._ When using 가지다, however, you would think that you could simply do this: -나는 펜을 가져 – I have a pen – But, it is not usually said like this. If you want to say that you _have_ something using 가지다, you should say “가지고 있다” instead of just “가지다.” For example: +- \*나는 펜을 가져 – I have a pen + +– But, it is not usually said like this. If you want to say that you _have_ something using 가지다, you should say “가지고 있다” instead of just “가지다.” For example: - 나는 펜을 가지고 있어 = I have a pen @@ -1138,14 +1142,14 @@ If you want to talk about ‘people’ that you ‘have,’ you should never use - 나는 여자 친구가 있어 = I have a girlfriend -나는 여자 친구를 가지고 있어 – this technically means “I have a girlfriend,” but it’s meaning is more similar to “I possess a girlfriend.” If you say something like this in Korean, Korean people will probably understand you, but laugh at your mistake (similar to if somebody told me that they possess a girlfriend in English). +나는 여자 친구를 가지고 있어 – this technically means “I have a girlfriend,” but it’s meaning is more similar to “I possess a girlfriend.” If you say something like this in Korean, Korean people will probably understand you, but laugh at your mistake (similar to if somebody told me that they possess a girlfriend in English). ## Using 고 있다 with Position Verbs In the previous lesson, you learned that you cannot add \~고 to position verbs. Examples of these verbs were: -앉다 = to sit -서다 = to stand +- 앉다 = to sit +- 서다 = to stand Specifically, I said: @@ -1155,7 +1159,10 @@ Specifically, I said: First of all, adding \~고 있다 to these verbs _can_ be done. For example: -저는 앉고 있다 = I am sitting – but note that this only means that you are actually in the process of sitting; as in, you are currently bending your knees getting ready to sit. +- \*저는 앉고 있다 = I am sitting + +– but note that this only means that you are actually in the process of sitting; as in, you are currently bending your knees getting ready to sit. + “저는 앉고 있다” is grammatically correct, but you need to ask yourself when you would ever say this. What you want to say, is “I am (in the state of) sitting”… as in, your butt is on the floor/on a chair, etc.. If you want to do this, you have to add \~아/어 있다 to these verbs instead of \~고 있다. For example: @@ -1164,7 +1171,7 @@ What you want to say, is “I am (in the state of) sitting”… as in, your but - 나는 학교 옆에 서 있어 = I’m standing next to the school - 나는 침대에 누워 있어 = I’m lying in bed -In theory, this is the same concept that you used when you added \~아/어 있다 to “state” like words in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/ "Lesson 14: Korean Passive Verbs"). For example: +In theory, this is the same concept that you used when you added \~아/어 있다 to “state” like words in [Lesson 14](./14-passive.md). For example: - 컴퓨터가 켜져 있어요 = The computer is (in the state of) on - TV가 꺼져 있어요 = The TV is (in the state of) off @@ -1172,8 +1179,8 @@ In theory, this is the same concept that you used when you added \~아/어 있 One more time, for good measure: -나는 서고 있다 = This means that you are currently in the _process_ of standing up – which probably wouldn’t be said… especially since Korean people have a specific word for “getting up” – 일어나다. -나는 서 있다 = This means that you are in the state of standing (probably what you want to say in almost every situation) +- \*나는 서고 있다 = This means that you are currently in the _process_ of standing up – which probably wouldn’t be said… especially since Korean people have a specific word for “getting up” – 일어나다. +- 나는 서 있다 = This means that you are in the state of standing (probably what you want to say in almost every situation) Another common word that this is used with is 살다. Earlier in this lesson, you learned how you can use \~고 있다 with 살다. For example: @@ -1188,8 +1195,8 @@ By adding “\~아/어 있다” to 살다, you can create the meaning of “in You cannot attach \~고 있다 to adjectives. Adjectives, by their nature, are not able to “progress” as verbs do. This is the same as in English. For example: -저는 행복해요 = I am happy – this is okay. -저는 행복하고 있어요 – I am… being happy? Doesn’t make any sense. +- 저는 행복해요 = I am happy – this is okay. +- \*저는 행복하고 있어요 – I am… being happy? Doesn’t make any sense. In English, you can say I am _getting_ happy. The next section will teach you how to do that. @@ -1197,26 +1204,36 @@ In English, you can say I am _getting_ happy. The next section will teach you ho Another powerful grammatical form in Korean is adding \~아/어지다 to the stem of an adjective. This changes the meaning of an adjective from “be (adjective)” to “get/become (adjective).” For example: -행복하다 = to be happy -행복해지다 = to get/become happy +- 행복하다 = to be happy +- 행복해지다 = to get/become happy -춥다 = to be cold -추워지다 = to get cold +--- -비싸다 = to be expensive -비싸지다 = to get expensive +- 춥다 = to be cold +- 추워지다 = to get cold -크다 = to be big -커지다 = to get/become big +--- -따뜻하다 = to be warm -따뜻해지다 = to get warm +- 비싸다 = to be expensive +- 비싸지다 = to get expensive + +--- + +- 크다 = to be big +- 커지다 = to get/become big + +--- + +- 따뜻하다 = to be warm +- 따뜻해지다 = to get warm You can technically use these adjectives in the present tense, but just like with verbs, you only ever really use the present tense conjugation to indicate common truths or to indicate the frequency of something happening. For example, you would rarely ever say: -I eat rice +- \*I eat rice + But you might be more inclined to say: -I eat rice everyday + +- I eat rice everyday Same thing here: @@ -1236,10 +1253,10 @@ It is more natural to use these types of words in sentences in the past/future t -When \~아/어지다 is added to an adjective, the entire construction is a verb. In practice, this is rarely an issue because most times the conjugation of an adjective and a verb is the same. However, there are some conjugation patterns (which you learned about in [Lessons 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) and [6](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-6/)) that are different depending on if the word is an adjective or verb. For example, when conjugating these using the “diary form,” it should be conjugated as: +When \~아/어지다 is added to an adjective, the entire construction is a verb. In practice, this is rarely an issue because most times the conjugation of an adjective and a verb is the same. However, there are some conjugation patterns (which you learned about in [Lessons 5](./05-tenses.md) and [6](./06-honorifics.md)) that are different depending on if the word is an adjective or verb. For example, when conjugating these using the “diary form,” it should be conjugated as: -날씨가 매일 밤에 추워진다 = The weather gets cold every night, instead of: -날씨가 매일 밤에 추워지다 = The weather gets cold every night +- 날씨가 매일 밤에 추워진다 = The weather gets cold every night, instead of: +- \*날씨가 매일 밤에 추워지다 = The weather gets cold every night Keep this on your mind when you reach [Lessons 26 – 30](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), where I introduce the \~는 것 principle. In those lessons, you will learn about another grammatical principle that is treated differently depending on if it is added to verbs or adjectives. It also allows grammatical principles that otherwise wouldn’t be able to be attached to adjectives to be attached to this new “verb” word.