diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md index 41104f9..4b0ae88 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md @@ -718,6 +718,241 @@ vocabulary: en: I work **every day** except for public holidays - ko: 저의 엄마는 **매일** 운동해요 en: My mother exercises **every day** + +sentence: + ㅅ: + - notes: + - &ㅅ | + If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. + - 짓 + 어 = 지어 + ko: 나는 집을 지어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3 + en: I build a house + + - notes: + - *ㅅ + - 짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요 + ko: 저는 집을 지었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3 + en: I built a house + + - notes: + - ¬-apply | + Some common words in which this does not apply. + - 웃다 (to laugh) + ko: 저는 웃었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3 + en: I laughed + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 벗다 (to take off clothes) + ko: 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3 + en: I took off my clothes + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 씻다 (to wash) + ko: 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3 + en: I washed my hands + + ㄷ: + - notes: + - &ㄷ | + If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. + - 걷 + 어 = 걸어 + ko: 저는 걸어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3 + en: I walk + + - notes: + - *ㄷ + - 걷 + 었어요 = 걸었어요 + ko: 저는 걸었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3 + en: I walked + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 받다 (to get/receive) + ko: 돈을 받았어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3 + en: I received money + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 묻다 = 묻어요 (to bury) + ko: 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3 + en: I buried my dog + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 닫다 = 닫아요 (to close) + ko: 저는 문을 닫았어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3 + en: I closed the door + + ㅂ: + - notes: + - &ㅂ | +

If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = easy), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.

+

This is mostly done with adjectives.

+

(Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: 줍다 = to pick up, 눕다 = to lie down.)

+ - 쉽다 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = 쉬워 + ko: 그것은 쉬워 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3 + en: That is easy + + - notes: + - *ㅂ + - 어렵다 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = 어려워요 + ko: 그것은 어려워요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3 + en: That is difficult + + - notes: + - *ㅂ + - 귀엽다 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = 귀여워요 + ko: 그 여자는 귀여워요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3 + en: That girl is cute + + - notes: + - *ㅂ + - | +

In the words “돕다” (to help) and “곱다” (an uncommon way to say “beautiful”) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우, only when ~아/어 (or any derivative like ~았/었다 or ~아/어요*) is added.

+

When adding any other vowel, ㅂ changes to 우.

+ - 돕다 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = 도왔어요 + ko: 저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3 + en: I helped my mother + + - notes: + - &ㅂ-noun | + When placing an adjective (who’s stem ends in “ㅂ”) before a noun to describe it, you add ~ㄴ to the newly formed 우/오 syllable. + - 귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = 귀여운 + ko: 저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3 + en: I like cute girls + + - notes: + - *ㅂ-noun + - 쉽다 = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = 쉬운 + ko: 저는 쉬운 일을 했어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3 + en: I did easy work + + - notes: + - *ㅂ-noun + - 부드럽다 = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = 부드러운 + ko: 나는 부드러운 손이 있어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3 + en: I have soft hands + + - notes: + - *ㅂ-noun + - 춥다 = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = 추운 + ko: 저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3 + en: I like cold weather + + - notes: + - &압 | + Even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: 아름답다) or ㅗ (ex: 새롭다), 우 is added. + - 아름답다 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = 아름다워요 + ko: 그 여자는 아름다워요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3 + en: That girl is beautiful + + - notes: + - *압 + - 새롭다 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요 + ko: 그 학교는 새로워요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3 + en: That school is new + + - notes: + - *압 + - 새롭다 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요 + ko: 그것은 새로운 학교예요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3 + en: That (thing) is a new school + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 좁다 = narrow + ko: 이 방은 좁아요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3 + en: This room is narrow + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 잡다 = to catch/grab + ko: 저는 공을 잡았어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3 + en: I caught the ball + + - notes: + - *not-apply + - 넓다 = wide + - (Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”) + ko: 이 방은 넓어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3 + en: This room is wide + + ㅡ: + - notes: &ㅡ | +

If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added.

+

If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added.

+

When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated.

+

This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요.

+ ko: 저는 문을 잠갔어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3 + en: I locked the door + + - notes: *ㅡ + ko: 저는 바빠요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3 + en: I am busy + + - notes: *ㅡ + ko: 그 여자는 예뻐요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3 + en: That girl is pretty + + - notes: *ㅡ + ko: 저는 아주 슬퍼요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3 + en: I am very sad + + - notes: + - | + There is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem. + - 크다 = 크 + 어 = 커 + ko: 그 집은 커요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3 + en: That house is big + + - notes: + - &ㅡ-consonant | + Sometimes the last vowel of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is chosen. + - 긁다 = 긁 + 어요 = 긁어요 + ko: 저는 머리를 긁었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3 + en: I scratched my head + + - notes: + - *ㅡ-consonant + - 듣다 = 듣 + 었다 = 들었다 + - Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular. + ko: 저는 쥐를 들었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3 + en: I heard a mouse + + 르: [] --- # Lesson 7: Irregulars @@ -753,7 +988,7 @@ Notes: Examples: - ⁠저는 영어**교사**예요 = I am an English **teacher** -- ⁠대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도**교사**가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요 = If you want to study freely in university, my **guidance** **counselor** told me to choose my major later +- ⁠대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도**교사**가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요 = If you want to study freely in university, my **guidance counselor** told me to choose my major later @@ -1556,6 +1791,8 @@ You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Voca ## Irregulars + + As with all languages, there are some irregular conjugations that you need to know. Irregulars are applied to certain verbs or adjectives when adding something to the stem of the word. Korean grammar is based on these “additions” that are added to stems. I mentioned this in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), but I want to reiterate it here. There are hundreds of additions that you can add to the stem of a verb or adjective. Some of these additions are conjugations and some of them are grammatical principles that have meaning in a sentence. @@ -1587,7 +1824,7 @@ Let’s look at one example before I introduce each irregular one by one. Let’ Here, you can see that the actual _stem_ of the word changed. This is referred to as the “ㅂ irregular” because the same phenomenon happens with many (but not all) words whose stem ends in “ㅂ”. -As I mentioned previously, most of these irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. There are many additions that start with a vowel, and you got a start on learning some of those conjugations in [Lessons 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) and [6](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-6/): +As I mentioned previously, most of these irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. There are many additions that start with a vowel, and you got a start on learning some of those conjugations in [Lessons 5](./05-tenses.md) and [6](./06-honorifics.md): - ~아/어 - ~아/어요 @@ -1600,6 +1837,10 @@ As such, this lesson will present the Korean irregulars and how they change as a ### ㅅ Irregular +--- + + + If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating: 짓다 = to make/build @@ -1619,7 +1860,7 @@ The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word compl - Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’ - Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’ -The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’ Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done. +The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’) Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done. Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too difficult for you right now, but I’m just showing you): @@ -1648,6 +1889,10 @@ _Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular ### ㄷ irregular +--- + + + If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. For example: 걷다 = to walk @@ -1697,6 +1942,10 @@ Here is a table with the word “걷다 (to walk ### ㅂ Irregular +--- + + + If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = easy), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word. This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs. (Some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: 줍다 = to pick up, 눕다 = to lie down.) For example: @@ -1797,6 +2046,10 @@ Here is a table with the word “춥다 (cold) ### ㅡ Irregular +--- + + + If the final letter in a stem is ㅡ (for example: 잠그다 = to lock), when adding ~아/어, you can not determine whether you need to add ~어 or ~아 to the stem by looking at ㅡ. Instead, you must look at the vowel in the second last syllable. For example, in the word 잠그다, the second last syllable in the stem is 잠, and the vowel here is ㅏ. We use the same rules as above to determine whether 아 or 어 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added. For example: Where the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ: @@ -1906,6 +2159,10 @@ _You will learn how_ 만든다 _and_ 만듭니다 _are for ### 르 Irregular +--- + + + If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (마르다), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much. When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are 따르다 = to follow/to pour; and 푸르다 = to be calming blue). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples: