From a9ff08f0ef1baa9ff9e870f9d699dd442f56fbfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 17:05:34 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] lesson 6 grammar --- docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/06-honorifics.md | 223 ++++++++++++++++-- .../unit-1/19-comparatives.md | 28 +-- 2 files changed, 223 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/06-honorifics.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/06-honorifics.md index e7f58ae..ab7b136 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/06-honorifics.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/06-honorifics.md @@ -622,6 +622,187 @@ vocabulary: examples: - ko: 여기 **아래**에 사인해 주세요 en: Please sign **below**, here + +sentence: + present: + - ko: 나는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/3-I-always-eat-food-in-evening.mp3 + en: I always eat food in the evening + notes: + - &present-low | + All you need to do is add ~어/아/여 to the stem of the verb. + - 먹 + 어 + + - ko: 나는 나의 선생님을 항상 봐 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/4-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3 + en: I always see my teacher + notes: + - *present-low + - 보 + 아 + + - ko: 나는 항상 아침에 운동해 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/5-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3 + en: I always exercise in the morning + notes: + - *present-low + - 운동하 + 여 + + - ko: 저는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.mp3 + en: I always eat food in the evening + notes: + - &present-high | + This is done the exact same way as ‘Informal low respect’ but you also add ‘~요’ to the end of the word. Adding ~요 to the end of anything in Korean makes it more respectful. + - 먹 + 어요 + + - ko: 저는 저의 선생님을 항상 봐요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/7-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3 + en: I always see my teacher + notes: + - *present-high + - 보 + 아요 + + - ko: 저는 항상 아침에 운동해요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/8-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3 + en: I always exercise in the morning + notes: + - *present-high + - 운동하 + 여요 + + - ko: 저는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/9-I-always-eat-food-in-the-evening.mp3 + en: I always eat food in the evening + notes: + - &present-formal | + To conjugate using the Formal high respect honorific ending, you add ~ㅂ니다/습니다 to the end of the word stem. If a word stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㅂ to the last syllable and 니다 follows. If a word stem ends in a consonant, you add ~습니다 to the word stem. + - 먹 + 습니다 + + - ko: 저는 저의 선생님을 항상 봅니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/10-I-always-see-my-teacher.mp3 + en: I always see my teacher + notes: + - *present-formal + - 보 + ㅂ니다 + + - ko: 저는 항상 아침에 운동합니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-6-I-always-exercise-in-the-morning.mp3 + en: I always exercise in the morning + notes: + - *present-formal + - 운동하 + ㅂ니다 + + past: + - ko: 나는 먹었어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-ate.mp3 + en: I ate + notes: + - &past-low | + Instead of adding 었다/았다/였다 to a stem, remove 다 and add 어 after 었/았/였 + - 먹 + 었어 + + - ko: 나는 들어봤어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/11.mp3 + en: I listened + notes: + - *past-low + - 들어보 + 았어 + + - ko: 나는 운동했어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.mp3 + en: I exercised + notes: + - *past-low + - 운동하 + 였어 + + - ko: 저는 먹었어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/131.mp3 + en: I ate + notes: + - &past-high | + Just add 요 to the end of the Informal low respect conjugations + - 먹 + 었어요 + + - ko: 저는 들어봤어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/141.mp3 + en: I listened + notes: + - *past-high + - 들어보 + 았어요 + + - ko: 저는 운동했어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/15.mp3 + en: I exercised + notes: + - *past-high + - 운동하 + 였어요 + + - ko: 저는 먹었습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lesson8nnsent810.mp3 + en: I ate + notes: + - &past-formal | + After adding 었/았/였 instead of adding 다 add 습니다 + - 먹 + 었습니다 + + - ko: 저는 들어봤습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/19-I-listened.mp3 + en: I listened + notes: + - *past-formal + - 들어보 + 았습니다 + + - ko: 저는 운동했습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/20-I-exercised.mp3 + en: I exercised + notes: + - *past-formal + - 운동하 + 였습니다 + + future: + - ko: 나는 먹겠어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/23-I-will-eat.mp3 + en: I will eat + notes: + - &future-low | + Instead of adding 겠다 to a word stem, remove 다 and add 어 after 겠 + - 먹 + 겠어 + + - ko: 나는 배우겠어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24-I-will-learn.mp3 + en: I will learn + notes: + - *future-low + - 배우 + 겠어 + + - ko: 저는 먹겠어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-6-s1.mp3 + en: I will eat + notes: + - &future-high | + Just add 요 to the end of the Informal low respect conjugations + - 먹 + 겠어요 + + - ko: 저는 배우겠어요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-I-will-learn.mp3 + en: I will learn + notes: + - *future-high + - 배우 + 겠어요 + + - ko: 저는 먹겠습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/27-I-will-eat.mp3 + en: I will eat + notes: + - &future-formal | + After 겠 instead of adding 다 add 습니다 + - 먹 + 겠습니다 + + - ko: 저는 배우겠습니다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/29-I-will-learn.mp3 + en: I will learn + notes: + - *future-formal + - 배우 + 겠습니다 --- # Lesson 6: Honorifics @@ -1472,10 +1653,12 @@ You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Voca ## Conjugating with Honorifics -In [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), you learned how to conjugate verbs and adjectives into the past, present and future forms. You also learned that those conjugations are hardly ever used in speech and are most often used when writing a book, test, article or diary. In this lesson, you will learn the basic word conjugations that are more commonly used in speech. +In [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md), you learned how to conjugate verbs and adjectives into the past, present and future forms. You also learned that those conjugations are hardly ever used in speech and are most often used when writing a book, test, article or diary. In this lesson, you will learn the basic word conjugations that are more commonly used in speech. ## What are Honorifics in Korean? + + To this point, you haven’t learned anything about Honorifics (from this website, at least). In Korean, depending on who you are speaking to, you must use different conjugations of the same word. The different conjugations imply respect and politeness to the person you are speaking to. Depending on that person’s age and/or seniority in relation to yours, you must speak differently to that person. The reason this is so hard for English speakers to understand is that we have nothing like this in English. We can make some sentences sound polite by adding ‘please’ and ‘thank you,’ but you can only use those words in a limited amount of sentences. For example, if somebody asked you “where did you go yesterday?” You could respond: @@ -1503,7 +1686,7 @@ Keep in mind that all these conjugations with different honorific endings have e The names of each form of speech might be different in every source, but I have chosen the words above to describe each form. In addition, you learned the “Plain form” in the previous lesson. -Before you start! Remember the rule you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/): When adding something to a word stem, if the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 아 plus whatever you are adding. If the last vowel is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 어 plus whatever you are adding. If the syllable of the stem is 하, you add 하여 which can be shortened to 해. +Before you start! Remember the rule you learned in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md): When adding something to a word stem, if the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 아 plus whatever you are adding. If the last vowel is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, you must add 어 plus whatever you are adding. If the syllable of the stem is 하, you add 하여 which can be shortened to 해. Also, in the previous lesson, you learned that if a stem of a word ends in a vowel, “~았/었다” gets merged to the actual stem itself when conjugating into the past tense. @@ -1524,11 +1707,15 @@ Conversely, if a stem ends in a consonant, ~아/어 is attached to the stem, but There are _many_ situations when you will have to add ~아/어 (or other vowels and consonants) to stems. Conjugating is just one of these situations. Always keep this rule in mind, as you will see it throughout this lesson, and throughout your studies. -### Verbs +## Verbs -#### Present Tense +### Present Tense -You learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) how to conjugate verbs to the present tense by adding ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To review: +--- + + + +You learned in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md) how to conjugate verbs to the present tense by adding ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To review: 먹다 = to eat (not conjugated) @@ -1549,9 +1736,9 @@ _Remember, 나 is the informal way to say “I” and 저 is the formal way to s - 나는 나의 선생님을 항상 봐 = I always see my teacher (보 + 아) - 나는 항상 아침에 운동해 = I always exercise in the morning (운동하 + 여) -_In [Lesson 1](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-1/), you were introduced to the function of_ ~에 _as a particle which identifies a location or a time in which something occurs in a sentence. Since then, you have seen many cases of_ ~에 _being used to indicate a place, but you have yet to see any examples of it being used to indicate a time. This is just a quick reminder that_ ~에 is (in addition to other things) attached to part of a sentence to indicate a time. +_In [Lesson 1](./01-sentences.md), you were introduced to the function of_ ~에 _as a particle which identifies a location or a time in which something occurs in a sentence. Since then, you have seen many cases of_ ~에 _being used to indicate a place, but you have yet to see any examples of it being used to indicate a time. This is just a quick reminder that_ ~에 _is (in addition to other things) attached to part of a sentence to indicate a time._ -_Also notice in the examples above that “항상” (always)_ is placed in two different places within a sentence. Adverbs are usually able to be placed wherever the speaker desires. The usage and placement of adverbs is discussed in [Lesson 8](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-8/) +_Also notice in the examples above that “항상” (always) is placed in two different places within a sentence. Adverbs are usually able to be placed wherever the speaker desires. The usage and placement of adverbs is discussed in [Lesson 8](./08-adverbs.md)_ 2. Informal high respect - This is done the exact same way as ‘Informal low respect’ but you also add ‘~요’ to the end of the word. Adding ~요 to the end of anything in Korean makes it more respectful: @@ -1561,15 +1748,19 @@ _Also notice in the examples above that “항상” (a - 저는 항상 아침에 운동해요 = I always exercise in the morning (운동하 + 여요) 3. Formal high respect - - This is done very similar to the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) – that is, adding ~ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To conjugate using the Formal high respect honorific ending, you add ~ㅂ니다/습니다 to the end of the word stem. If a word stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㅂ to the last syllable and 니다 follows. If a word stem ends in a consonant, you add ~습니다 to the word stem. + - This is done very similar to the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md) – that is, adding ~ㄴ/는다 to the stem of the word. To conjugate using the Formal high respect honorific ending, you add ~ㅂ니다/습니다 to the end of the word stem. If a word stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㅂ to the last syllable and 니다 follows. If a word stem ends in a consonant, you add ~습니다 to the word stem. - 저는 항상 저녁에 음식을 먹습니다 = I always eat food in the evening (먹 + 습니다) - 저는 저의 선생님을 항상 봅니다 = I always see my teacher (보 + ㅂ니다) - 저는 항상 아침에 운동합니다 = I always exercise in the morning (운동하 + ㅂ니다) -#### Past Tense +### Past Tense -You learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) how to conjugate verbs to the past tense by adding 었다/았다/였다 to the stem of the word. To review: +--- + + + +You learned in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md) how to conjugate verbs to the past tense by adding 었다/았다/였다 to the stem of the word. To review: 먹다 = to eat (not conjugated) @@ -1602,7 +1793,11 @@ The three new conjugations should be very simple for you now: - 저는 들어봤습니다 = I listened (들어보 + 았습니다) - 저는 운동했습니다 = I exercised (운동하 + 였습니다) -#### Future Tense +### Future Tense + +--- + + You learned in Lesson 5 how to conjugate verbs to the future tense by adding 겠다 to the stem of the word. To review: @@ -1634,7 +1829,7 @@ The three new conjugations should be very simple for you now: - 저는 먹겠습니다 = I will eat (먹 + 겠습니다) - 저는 배우겠습니다 = I will learn (배우 + 겠습니다) -Lets try looking at all the verb conjugations you know together in one table. This table will include the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), often called “Formal low respect,” “plain form,” or “diary form.” +Lets try looking at all the verb conjugations you know together in one table. This table will include the conjugation you learned in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md), often called “Formal low respect,” “plain form,” or “diary form.” | 먹다 | Past | Present | Future | | ------------- | ---------- | -------- | ---------- | @@ -1657,9 +1852,9 @@ Lets try looking at all the verb conjugations you know together in one table. Th | Plain form | 이해했다 | 이해한다 | 이해하겠다 | | Formal high | 이해했습니다 | 이해합니다 | 이해하겠습니다 | -### Adjectives +## Adjectives -Thankfully, adjectives are conjugated the exact same way as verbs are when using these three honorific endings. The major difference in conjugating adjectives and verbs is when conjugating in the most basic form (which we did in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/)). To conjugate adjectives with ‘Informal low respect,’ Informal high respect’ and Formal high respect,’ follow the same rules as verbs: +Thankfully, adjectives are conjugated the exact same way as verbs are when using these three honorific endings. The major difference in conjugating adjectives and verbs is when conjugating in the most basic form (which we did in [Lesson 5](./05-tenses.md)). To conjugate adjectives with ‘Informal low respect,’ Informal high respect’ and Formal high respect,’ follow the same rules as verbs: | 비싸다 | Past | Present | Future | | ------------- | ---------- | -------- | ------------ | diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md index 20847af..24376f6 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ You can also add 더 to sentences with counters in them. For example: --- - 사람 두 명이 올 거예요 = Two people will come -- 사람 두 명이 더 올 거예요 = Two more people will come +- 사람 두 명이 더 올 거예요 = Two more people will come --- @@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ The words 좋다 and 많다 are often used with \~보다 as well. For example: —————— -Another way you can create the meaning of “better” is by using the adjective 낫다. 낫다 is very much like 좋다, but it is more naturally used when a specified comparison is being made. Therefore, it is common to see 낫다 used in sentences with \~보다. For example: +Another way you can create the meaning of “better” is by using the adjective 낫다. 낫다 is very much like 좋다, but it is more naturally used when a specified comparison is being made. Therefore, it is common to see 낫다 used in sentences with \~보다. For example: - 그 학생의 태도가 지난 주보다 나아요 = That student’s attitude is better than last week - 라면보다 밥이 더 나아요 = Rice is better than Ramen @@ -1216,30 +1216,30 @@ Superlatives, just like comparatives are so much easier in Korean than they are In Korean, instead of mucking (I said “mucking”) around with different forms like in English, all you need to do is add one word: 가장 -- 예쁘다 = pretty -- 가장 예쁘다 = Prettiest +- 예쁘다 = pretty +- 가장 예쁘다 = Prettiest --- -- 아름답다 = beautiful -- 가장 아름답다 = Most beautiful +- 아름답다 = beautiful +- 가장 아름답다 = Most beautiful -A synonym of “가장” is “제일,” which is often used in speech. +A synonym of “가장” is “제일,” which is often used in speech. You can then put these into sentences just like you would normal adjectives: - 저의 여자 친구는 한국에서 가장 예쁜 여자예요 = My girlfriend is the prettiest girl in Korea - 가족은 가장 중요해요 = Family is the most important -You can’t really use 가장 with verbs unless there is also an adverb included within the sentence. For example, you can’t say this: +You can’t really use 가장 with verbs unless there is also an adverb included within the sentence. For example, you can’t say this: -- 나는 가장 달려 = I run… most?… doesn’t make sense +- ~~나는 가장 달려~~ = I run… most?… doesn’t make sense In these cases, you need to add an adverb to the sentence: - 나는 가장 빨리 달려 = I run the fastest - 우리가 집에 제일 늦게 도착했어요 = We arrived home the latest (we were the latest people to arrive at home) -However, you can add 가장 to 좋아하다 (to like) without an adverb to indicate that you ‘like something the most.’ (This is also how you say “my favorite” in Korean). +However, you can add 가장 to 좋아하다 (to like) without an adverb to indicate that you ‘like something the most.’ (This is also how you say “my favorite” in Korean). - 나는 그 여자를 가장 좋아해 = I like that girl most (that girl is my favorite) - 나는 수학을 가장 좋아해 = I like math most (math is my favorite) @@ -1251,8 +1251,8 @@ Note here that in most real situations it is probably more natural \[in English To this point, you haven’t learned how to add this extra dimension to your sentences with verbs. This concept is introduced in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/ "Lesson 26: ~는 것 Describing Nouns with Verbs"). That being said, it is essentially the same as making this change to adjectives: -- 가족은 가장 중요해요 = Family is the most important -- 가족이 가장 중요한 것이에요 = Family is the most important thing +- 가족은 가장 중요해요 = Family is the most important +- 가족이 가장 중요한 것이에요 = Family is the most important thing In order to express a negative superlative, of course, you can use a word that has a negative meaning, for example: @@ -1266,8 +1266,8 @@ You could technically add \~지 않다 or \~안 to the sentence to make it a neg --- -- 수학은 가장 쉽지 않아요 = Math is the least easy -- 수학은 제일 쉽지 않아요 = Math is the least easy +- 수학은 가장 쉽지 않아요 = Math is the least easy +- 수학은 제일 쉽지 않아요 = Math is the least easy However, those sentences would sound much more natural (in English and Korean) if you just used a word with the opposite meaning. For example: