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docs/.vitepress/config.mts
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import { defineConfig } from 'vitepress'
import { defineConfig } from "vitepress";
// https://vitepress.dev/reference/site-config
export default defineConfig({
title: "ko-grammar",
description: "Korean grammar edited",
lang: "ko-KR",
themeConfig: {
// https://vitepress.dev/reference/default-theme-config
nav: [
{ text: 'Home', link: '/' },
{ text: 'Examples', link: '/markdown-examples' }
],
sidebar: [
{
text: 'Examples',
items: [
{ text: 'Markdown Examples', link: '/markdown-examples' },
{ text: 'Runtime API Examples', link: '/api-examples' }
]
}
],
socialLinks: [
{ icon: 'github', link: 'https://github.com/vuejs/vitepress' }
]
}
})
{ icon: "github", link: "https://github.com/vuejs/vitepress" },
],
outline: {
level: "deep",
},
},
});
docs/.vitepress/theme/components/AudioButton.vue
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<template>
<span>
<button type="button" @click="playAudio()">▶️</button>
<audio ref="audio" style="display: none"></audio>
</span>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useTemplateRef } from "vue";
const props = defineProps<{
src: string;
}>();
const audioEl = useTemplateRef("audio");
function playAudio() {
if (!audioEl.value) return;
audioEl.value.src = props.src;
audioEl.value.play();
}
</script>
<style module></style>
docs/.vitepress/theme/components/Details.vue
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<template>
<details>
<summary :class="$style.summary">{{ summary }}</summary>
<blockquote>
<slot />
</blockquote>
</details>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
defineProps<{
summary?: string;
}>();
</script>
<style module>
.summary {
margin-top: -1em !important;
}
</style>
docs/.vitepress/theme/components/TTS.vue
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<template>
<span>
<span ref="main">
<slot />
</span>
<span>
<button type="button" @click="playAudio()">▶️</button>
</span>
</span>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useTemplateRef } from "vue";
const { lang = "ko" } = defineProps<{
lang?: string;
}>();
const mainEl = useTemplateRef("main");
async function playAudio() {
if (!mainEl.value) return;
const voices = speechSynthesis
.getVoices()
.filter((v) => v.lang.split(/[-_]/)[0] === lang);
if (!voices.length) return;
const u = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance(mainEl.value.innerText);
u.voice = voices[Math.floor(Math.random() * voices.length)];
speechSynthesis.speak(u);
}
</script>
<style module></style>
docs/.vitepress/theme/index.ts
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// https://vitepress.dev/guide/custom-theme
import { h } from 'vue'
import type { Theme } from 'vitepress'
import DefaultTheme from 'vitepress/theme'
import './style.css'
import "./style.css";
import DefaultTheme from "vitepress/theme";
// https://vitepress.dev/guide/custom-theme
import { h } from "vue";
import AudioButton from "./components/AudioButton.vue";
import type { Theme } from "vitepress";
import Details from "./components/Details.vue";
import TTS from "./components/TTS.vue";
export default {
extends: DefaultTheme,
Layout: () => {
return h(DefaultTheme.Layout, null, {
// https://vitepress.dev/guide/extending-default-theme#layout-slots
})
});
},
enhanceApp({ app, router, siteData }) {
// ...
}
} satisfies Theme
app.component("AudioButton", AudioButton);
app.component("Details", Details);
app.component("TTS", TTS);
},
} satisfies Theme;
docs/howtostudykorean/.gitkeep
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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md
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# Lesson 7: Korean Irregulars
## Vocabulary
The vocabulary is separated into nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs for the purpose of simplicity.
A PDF file neatly presenting all of these words, example sentences and extra information can be found [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/buyingpdf/vocabulary-examples/).
You can try to find all of the words from this lesson, and all of the words from every lesson in Unit 1 in a package of twenty five [Word Searches](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wordsearch/).
### Nouns:
눈썹 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-1.mp3" /> = eyebrow
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>속눈썹</TTS> = eyelashes
Examples:
- <TTS>그 사람의 <b>눈썹</b>은 짙어요</TTS> = That person’s **eyebrows** are thick
- <TTS>저도 그런 <b>눈썹</b>이 있었으면 좋겠어요</TTS> = I wish I had that type of **eyebrows**, too
</Details>
교사 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-2.mp3" /> = teacher
<Details>
Notes: 교사 refers more to the position of a teacher. You would usually refer to a teacher by calling him/her “선생님.” However, if you wanted to tell somebody what your position was, you could use 교사 (선생님 would also work here as well)
Examples:
- <TTS>저는 영어교사예요</TTS> = I am an English teacher
- <TTS>대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요</TTS>
- If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major later
</Details>
반 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-4.mp3" /> = class of students in school
<Details>
Common Usages:
- <TTS>우리 반</TTS> = our class
- <TTS>2학년 3반</TTS> = class 2-3
- <TTS>반장</TTS> = class president
Examples:
- <TTS>몇 반이에요?</TTS> = What class are you in?
- <TTS>그 여자는 우리 반에서 제일 못생긴 여자예요</TTS> = That girl is the ugliest in our class
</Details>
직장 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-5.mp3" /> = location of work
벽 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-10.mp3" /> = wall
털 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-11.mp3" /> = hair (not on head), fur
머리카락 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-12.mp3" /> = hair (on head)
저녁 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson-7-8.mp3" /> = dinner, evening
점심 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Lesson7-9.mp3" /> = lunch, noonish
옷 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-v1.mp3" /> = clothes
오전 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-39.mp3" /> = morning
오후 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-40.mp3" /> = afternoon
여름 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-42.mp3" /> = summer
가을 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-43.mp3" /> = fall
겨울 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-44.mp3" /> = winter
봄 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-45.mp3" /> = spring
### Verbs:
찾다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-13.mp3" /> = to search for, find
가르치다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-15.mp3" /> = to teach
일하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-16.mp3" /> = to work
짓다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-17.mp3" /> = to build
가지다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-18.mp3" /> = to own, to possess
잠그다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-19.mp3" /> = to lock
잊다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-20.mp3" /> = to forget
돕다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Lesson3Vocab-help.mp3" /> = to help
주다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-21.mp3" /> = to give
맞다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-36.mp3" /> = to be correct
### Adjectives:
쉽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-22.mp3" /> = to be easy
덥다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-23.mp3" /> = to be hot
그립다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-24.mp3" /> = to miss (a thing)
귀엽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-25.mp3" /> = to be cute
춥다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-26.mp3" /> = to be cold
어렵다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-27.mp3" /> = to be difficult
더럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-28.mp3" /> = to be dirty
바쁘다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-29.mp3" /> = to be busy
같다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-30.mp3" /> = to be the same
안전하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-31.mp3" /> = to be safe
딱딱하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-32.mp3" /> = to be hard, to be rigid
부드럽다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-33.mp3" /> = to be soft
가능하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-34.mp3" /> = to be possible
불가능하다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-35.mp3" /> = to be impossible
예쁘다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-11-vocab-36.mp3" /> = to be pretty
### Adverbs:
일찍 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-38.mp3" /> = early
매일 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vLesson-7-41.mp3" /> = everyday
You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this [Vocabulary Practice video](https://youtu.be/gwXJVRSyVGI).
## Irregulars
As with all languages, there are some irregular conjugations that you need to know. Irregulars are applied to certain verbs or adjectives when adding something to the stem of the word. Korean grammar is based on these “additions” that are added to stems. I mentioned this in [Lesson 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/), but I want to reiterate it here.
There are hundreds of additions that you can add to the stem of a verb or adjective. Some of these additions are conjugations and some of them are grammatical principles that have meaning in a sentence.
You have learned about some of these additions now. For example:
- ~ㄴ/는다 to conjugate to the plain form
- ~아/어 to conjugate to the informal low respect form
- ~아/어요 to conjugate to the informal high respect form
- ~ㅂ/습니다 to conjugate to the formal high respect form
- ~았/었어 to conjugate to the informal low respect form in the past tense
- ~ㄴ/은 added to an adjective to describe an upcoming noun
In future lessons, you will learn about many more of these additions. For example, some of them are:
- ~ㄴ/은 후에 to mean “after”
- ~기 전에 to mean “before”
- ~기 때문에 to mean “because”
- ~아/어서 to mean “because”
- ~(으)면 to mean “when”
- ~아/어야 하다 to mean “one must”
- ~아/어서는 안 되다 to mean “one should not”
Notice that some of these additions start with a vowel, and some of them start with a consonant. Most of the irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. The ㄹ irregular that is introduced at the end of the lesson is the only irregular that applies when adding a consonant to a stem.
Let’s look at one example before I introduce each irregular one by one. Let’s say we want to conjugate the word “어렵다” into the past tense using the informal low respect form. The following would happen:
어렵다 + ~았/었어 = 어려웠어
Here, you can see that the actual _stem_ of the word changed. This is referred to as the “ㅂ irregular” because the same phenomenon happens with many (but not all) words whose stem ends in “ㅂ”.
As I mentioned previously, most of these irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. There are many additions that start with a vowel, and you got a start on learning some of those conjugations in [Lessons 5](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-5/) and [6](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-6/):
- ~아/어
- ~아/어요
- ~았/었어
- ~았/었어요
- ~았/었습니다
- ~았/었다
As such, this lesson will present the Korean irregulars and how they change as a result of adding these conjugations. In later lessons when you learn about other additions, you can apply what you learned in this lesson to those concepts. For now, let’s get started.
## ㅅ Irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating:
짓다 = to make/build
짓 + 어 = 지어
나는 집을 지어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-1-I-build-a-house.mp3" /> = I build a house
짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요
저는 집을 지었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-2-I-built-a-house.mp3" /> = I built a house
Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:
집을 짓는다 = to build a house
The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.
Pronouncing 짓다 sounds like ‘jit-da.’
Pronouncing 지어 sounds like ‘ji-uh’
Pronouncing 짓어 sounds like ‘jis-suh’
The third one (which is incorrect) completely changes the sound of the word stem when a vowel is added (from ‘jit’ to ‘jis.’ Whereas in the second one, the sound of the word stem only changes from ‘jit’ to ‘ji,’ which is much smaller of a difference (especially considering the ‘t’ in the pronunciation of 짓 is not aspirated – which makes it barely audible). I know that is confusing, but if you can’t understand _why_ it is done, that’s fine. Just know that it must be done.
Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are (these words are too difficult for you right now, but I’m just showing you):
낫다 = better (adjective) – You will learn more about this word in [Lesson 19
](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-19/#comp31)잇다 = to continue (verb)
Common words that this does not apply to are:
웃다 (to laugh) = 저는 웃었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-3-I-laughed.mp3" /> = I laughed
벗다 (to take off clothes) = 저는 저의 옷을 벗었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-4-I-took-off-my-clothes.mp3" /> = I took off my clothes
씻다 (to wash) = 저는 저의 손을 씻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-1-I-washed-my-hands.mp3" /> = I washed my hands
Here is a table with the word “짓다 (to build)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 짓다 = build | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **지었어** | **지어** | 짓겠어 |
| Informal high | **지었어요** | **지어요** | 짓겠어요 |
| Plain form | **지었다** | 짓는다 | 짓겠다 |
| Formal high | **지었습니다** | 짓습니다 | 짓겠습니다 |
_Note that when a word stem has_ ㅅ _as the fourth consonant,_ _this irregular does not_ _apply. For example, this does not apply to_ 없다*, which you will learn about in the next lesson.*
## ㄷ irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. For example:
걷다 = to walk
걷 + 어 = 걸어
저는 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-5-I-walk.mp3" /> = I walk
걷 + 었어요 = 걸었어요
저는 걸었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-6-I-walked.mp3" /> = I walked
I don’t mean to confuse you, but I will:
걷다 means “to walk.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it changes to 걸어
Another meaning of 걷다 is “to tuck.” But this meaning of 걷다 does not follow the irregular rule. So when conjugating by adding a vowel, it simply stays as 걷어.
걸다 means “to hang.” When conjugating, by adding a vowel it stays as 걸어
Confusing enough? Let’s look at all three:
걷다
To walk 걷다
To tuck 걸다
To hang
Past (Informal High) 걸었어요 걷었어요 걸었어요
Present (Informal High) 걸어요 걷어요 걸어요
Future (Informal High) 걷겠어요 걷겠어요 걸겠어요
Honestly, though, the whole 걷다/걷다/걸다 thing is probably the most confusing part of this conjugation, and don’t worry too much about it. “Walk” is a word that is used much more frequently than “tuck,” so it is not something that comes up a lot.
The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your tongue better. It is similar to pronouncing the word “butter” in English. When pronouncing “butter” we don’t say “butt-tter,” we just say “bud-er.” Like the ㄷ irregular, it is simply to avoid saying a hard consonant.
This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = to tuck) are:
받다 (to get/receive) = 돈을 받았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-7-Received-money.mp3" /> = I received money
묻다 = 묻어요 (to bury) = 저는 저의 강아지를 묻었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-2-I-burried-my-dog.mp3" /> = I buried my dog
닫다 = 닫아요 (to close) = 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-3-I-closed-the-door.mp3" /> = I closed the door
Here is a table with the word “걷다 (to walk)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 걷다 = walk | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **걸었어** | **걸어** | 걷겠어 |
| Informal high | **걸었어요** | **걸어요** | 걷겠어요 |
| Plain form | **걸었다** | 걷는다 | 걷겠다 |
| Formal high | **걸었습니다** | 걷습니다 | 걷겠습니다 |
## ㅂ Irregular
If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅂ (쉽다 = easy), the ㅂ changes to 우 when adding a vowel. 우 then gets added to the next syllable in the conjugated word.
This is mostly done with adjectives. Many verbs end with ㅂ but this rule is rarely applied to verbs (some of the few verbs where this rule applies are: 줍다 (to pick up), 눕다 (to lie down)). For example:
쉽다 = to be easy
쉽 + 어 = 쉬 + 우 + 어 = 쉬워
그것은 쉬워 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-8-That-thing-is-easy.mp3" /> = That is easy
어렵다 = to be difficult
어렵 + 어요 = 어려 + 우 + 어요 = 어려워요
그것은 어려워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-9-That-is-difficult.mp3" /> = That is difficult
귀엽다 = cute
귀엽 + 어요 = 귀여 + 우 + 어요 = 귀여워요
그 여자는 귀여워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/11-That-girl-is-cute.mp3" /> = That girl is cute
In the words “돕다” (to help) and “곱다” (an uncommon way to say “beautiful”) ㅂ changes to 오 instead of 우. For example:
돕다 = to help
돕 + 았어요 = 도 + 오 + 았어요 = 도왔어요
저는 저의 어머니를 도왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-10-I-helped-my-mother.mp3" /> = I helped my mother
_Note: The_ ㅂ _in_ 돕다 _and_ 곱다 _changes to_ 오 _only when_ ~아/어 _(or any derivative like_ ~았/었다 _or_ ~아/어요*) is added. When adding any other vowel,* ㅂ _changes to_ 우*. As of now, you haven’t learned when you would need to add a different vowel. For example, in future lessons you will learn about adding ~*ㄹ/을 _to verbs. When this gets added to_ 돕다*, it changes to* 도울*. This isn’t immediately pressing to you now, but you should make a mental note of it.*
Because the ㅂ irregular is found in adjectives, you will be conjugating it not only at the end of a sentence, but also in the middle of a sentence (before a noun). Remember the difference between these two sentences.
사과는 크다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-4-Apples-are-big.mp3" /> = Apples are big
나는 큰 사과를 좋아한다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-5-I-like-big-apples.mp3" /> = I like big apples
In the first sentence, ‘big’ is an adjective that describes the noun (apple) at the end of the sentence.
In the second, ‘big’ _describes_ the apple (as ‘a big apple’) and then “like” acts on the noun. In Lesson 4, you learned how to describe a noun by placing an adjective with ~ㄴ/은 before it. Adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives where the stem ends in “ㅂ” causes this irregular to come into play.
When placing an adjective (who’s stem ends in “ㅂ”) before a noun to describe it, you add ~ㄴ to the newly formed 우/오 syllable:
귀엽 + ㄴ = 귀여 + 우 + ㄴ = 귀여운
저는 귀여운 여자를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-I-like-cute-girls.mp3" /> = I like cute girls
More examples:
쉽다 = easy
쉽 + ㄴ = 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ = 쉬운
저는 쉬운 일을 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13-I-did-easy-work.mp3" /> = I did easy work
부드럽다 = soft
부드럽 + ㄴ = 부드러 + 우 + ㄴ = 부드러운
나는 부드러운 손이 있어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-6-I-have-soft-hands.mp3" />= I have soft hands
춥다 = cold
춥 + ㄴ = 추 + 우 + ㄴ = 추운
저는 추운 날씨를 좋아해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/15-I-like-cold-weather.mp3" /> = I like cold weather
Note that in most irregulars, the word changes differently if the last vowel in the stem is ㅗ OR ㅏ. However, in the ㅂ irregular, except for 돕다 and 곱다, all applicable words are changed by adding 우. Therefore, even in words where the last vowel in the stem is ㅏ (ex: 아름답다) or ㅗ (ex: 새롭다), 우 is added. For example:
아름답다 = beautiful:
아름답 + 어요 = 아름다 + 우 + 어요 = 아름다워요
그 여자는 아름다워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-7-That-girl-is-beautiful.mp3" /> = That girl is beautiful
새롭다 = new
새롭 + 어요 = 새로 + 우 + 어요 = 새로워요
그 학교는 새로워요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-8-That-school-is-new.mp3" /> = That school is new
그것은 새로운 학교예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-9-That-is-a-new-school.mp3" /> = That (thing) is a new school
Probably the most confusing of all irregulars, mainly because it seems strange that ㅂ can change to 우/오. The reason this happens is similar to the ㅅ irregular. As you know already, when pronouncing a syllable with the last letter ㅂ, you don’t really pronounce the ‘B’ sound. If you don’t know what I mean, check out the [Pronunciation guide](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=197). But, if you add a vowel after ㅂ the sound of ‘B’ would be pronounced. The purpose of the irregular is to eliminate the ‘B’ sound which isn’t actually in the word. Confusing? Yes, I know, but again, you don’t really need to care about _why_ it is done.
This is done to some words ending in ㅂ. Some common words in which this does not apply:
좁다 (narrow) = 이 방은 좁아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-10-This-room-is-small.mp3" /> = This room is narrow
잡다 (to catch/grab) = 저는 공을 잡았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-12-I-caught-the-ball.mp3" /> = I caught the ball
넓다 (wide) 이 방은 넓어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-11-This-room-is-wide.mp3" /> = This room is wide
(Korean people often describe a room/place being “big” by saying it is “wide”)
Here is a table with the word “춥다 (cold)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 춥다 = cold | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **추웠어** | **추워** | 춥겠어 |
| Informal high | **추웠어요** | **추워요** | 춥겠어요 |
| Plain form | **추웠다** | 춥다 | 춥겠다 |
| Formal high | **추웠습니다** | 춥습니다 | 춥겠습니다 |
| Adjective form | **추운** 날씨 = cold weather |
## ㅡ Irregular
If the final letter in a stem is ㅡ (for example: 잠그다 = to lock), when adding ~아/어, you can not determine whether you need to add ~어 or ~아 to the stem by looking at ㅡ. Instead, you must look at the vowel in the second last syllable. For example, in the word 잠그다, the second last syllable in the stem is 잠, and the vowel here is ㅏ. We use the same rules as above to determine whether 아 or 어 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added. For example:
Where the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ:
잠그다 + ~아/어
= 잠그아
Where the vowel in the second last syllable is anything butㅏ or ㅗ:
슬프다 + ~아/어
= 슬프어
Unfortunately, that is not all that happens. When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated. That is quite confusing, so let’s look at examples of how this is done.
잠그다 = to lock
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 잠. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
잠그 + 아
~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
잠그 + 아 = 잠가
바쁘다 = to be busy
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 바. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
바쁘 + 아
~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
바쁘 + 아 = 바빠
예쁘다 = pretty
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 예. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
예쁘 + 어
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
예쁘 + 어 = 예뻐
슬프다 = to be sad
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 슬. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
슬프 + 어
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
슬프 + 어 = 슬퍼
This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요. For example:
저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3" /> = I locked the door
저는 바빠요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3" /> = I am busy
그 여자는 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3" /> = That girl is pretty
저는 아주 슬퍼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3" /> = I am very sad
Some stems only have one syllable. For example, the stem of 크다 is just 크. In this case, we know that we need to use the ㅡ irregular, but there is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem. For example:
크다 = to be big
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, but there is none, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
크 + 어
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
크 + 어 = 커
그 집은 커요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3" /> = That house is big
Sometimes the last _vowel_ of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is always chosen instead of ~아. For example:
긁다 = to scratch
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
긁 + 어요 = 긁어요
저는 머리를 긁었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3" /> = I scratched my head
듣다 = to hear
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
듣 + 었어요 = 듣었어요
But wait! Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular.
듣 + 었다 = 들었다
저는 쥐를 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3" /> = I heard a mouse
만들다 = to make
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added. Regardless of what the vowel in the previous stem is, because the stem ends in a consonant, 어 is added.
만들다 + ~아/어요
= 만들어요
Here is a table with the word “잠그다 (to lock – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 잠그다 = lock | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **잠갔어** | **잠가** | 잠그겠어 |
| Informal high | **잠갔어요** | **잠가요** | 잠그겠어요 |
| Plain form | **잠갔다** | 잠근다 | 잠그겠다 |
| Formal high | **잠갔습니다** | 잠급니다 | 잠그겠습니다 |
And here is a table with the word “예쁘다 (pretty – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 예쁘다 = pretty | Past | Present | Future |
| --------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **예뻤어** | **예뻐** | 예쁘겠어 |
| Informal high | **예뻤어요** | **예뻐요** | 예쁘겠어요 |
| Plain form | **예뻤다** | 예쁘다 | 예쁘겠다 |
| Formal high | **예뻤습니다** | 예쁩니다 | 예쁘겠습니다 |
Finally, here is a table with the word “만들다 (to make – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far.
| 만들다 = to make | Past | Present | Future |
| ---------------- | --------------------- | ------------ | ------------ |
| Informal low | **만들었어** | **만들어** | 만들겠어 |
| Informal high | **만들었어요** | **만들어요** | 만들겠어요 |
| Plain form | **만들었다** | 만든다 | 만들겠다 |
| Formal high | **만들었** **습니다** | 만듭니다 | 만들겠습니다 |
_You will learn how_ 만든다 _and_ 만듭니다 _are formed later in the lesson when you learn about the_ ㄹ _irregular._
## 르 Irregular
If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (마르다), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much.
When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are 따르다 = to follow/to pour; and 푸르다 = to be calming blue). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples:
다르다 = different
다르 + 아요 = 다 + ㄹ + 라요 = 달라요
그것은 달라요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-thing-is-different.mp3" /> = That thing is different
빠르다 = to be fast
빠르 + 아요 = 빠 + ㄹ + 라요 = 빨라요
그 남자는 빨라요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-man-is-fast.mp3" /> = That man is fast
부르다 = to call somebody’s name
부르 + 었어요 = 부 + ㄹ + 렀어요 = 불렀어요
저는 저의 누나를 불렀어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/19-I-called-my-sister.mp3" /> = I called my sister
Here is a table with the word “고르다 (to choose – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 고르다 = choose | Past | Present | Future |
| --------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **골랐어** | **골라** | 고르겠어 |
| Informal high | **골랐어요** | **골라요** | 고르겠어요 |
| Plain form | **골랐다** | 고른다 | 고르겠다 |
| Formal high | **골랐습니다** | 고릅니다 | 고르겠습니다 |
And here is a table with the word “마르다 (thin – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| 마르다 = thin | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **말랐어** | **말라** | 마르겠어 |
| Informal high | **말랐어요** | **말라요** | 마르겠어요 |
| Plain form | **말랐다** | 마르다 | 마르겠다 |
| Formal high | **말랐습니다** | 마릅니다 | 마르겠습니다 |
| Adjective form | 마른 여자 = thin girl |
## ㄹ Irregular
Okay, last one, I promise.
As you know, there are times when you must choose between two things to add to a stem. For example:
~아/어 means you must choose between adding ~아 or ~어
~ㄴ/은 means you must choose between adding ~ㄴ or ~은
~ㅂ/습 means you must choose between adding ~ㅂ or ~습
~ㄹ/을 means you must choose between adding ~ㄹ or ~을
As you know, you choose the correct addition based on the stem.
If the final letter of a stem is ㄹ AND you add any of the following:
~ㄴ/은
~ㄴ/는
~ㅂ/습
~ㄹ/을
The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem. Let’s look at each one individually.
ㄹ Irregular: Adding ~ㄴ/은 to words
You have learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjective stems when describing nouns. Usually, you add ~ㄴ directly to the stem of an adjective ending in a vowel, and ~은 to the stem of an adjective ending in a consonant, for example:
크다 = 큰 남자
작다 = 작은 남자
When adding ~ㄴ/은 to a stem which ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and ㄴ is added to the stem:
길다 = long
길 + ㄴ = 긴
저는 긴 거리를 건넜어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/20-I-crossed-the-long-street.mp3" /> = I crossed the long street
멀다 = far away
멀 + ㄴ = 먼
저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/21-I-went-to-a-far-away-hospital.mp3" /> = I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away)
There will be times when you have to add ~ㄴ/은 to verbs stems as well, but you haven’t learned about this yet. I introduce this concept in [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), and then talk about the irregular being applied in [Lesson 28](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-28/). I don’t want you to think about this too much until those lessons, but just so you know, the concept is the same as adding ~ㄴ/은 to an adjective. For example:
열다 = to open
열 + ㄴ = 연
Although you haven’t learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to stems, you _have_ learned about adding ~ㄴ/는다 to verb stems. Normally, you add ~ㄴ다 to the stem of a verb ending in a vowel, and ~는다 to the stem of a verb ending in a consonant. For example:
나는 집에 간다 = I go home
나는 밥을 먹는다 = I eat rice
But when adding ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㄴ다 to the verb stem:
나는 문을 연다 = I open the door
나는 케이크를 만든다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-25-I-make-a-cake.mp3" /> = I make a cake
ㄹ Irregular: Adding ~ㅂ/습 to words
You have also learned about adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to verb and adjective stems when conjugating in the Formal high respect form: Normally, you add ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word ending in a vowel, and ~습니다 to the stem of a word ending in a consonant. For example:
Verbs:
저는 집에 갑니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s2.mp3" /> = I go home
저는 밥을 먹습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s3.mp3" /> = I eat rice
Adjectives:
그 여자는 예쁩니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s4.mp3" /> = That girl is pretty
이 방은 넓습니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s5.mp3" /> = This room is big/wide
But when adding ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㅂ directly to the stem. For example:
Verbs:
저는 문을 엽니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24-I-open-the-door.mp3" /> = I open the door
저는 케이크를 만듭니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s6.mp3" /> = I make a cake
Adjectives:
그 병원은 멉니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-That-hospital-is-far.mp3" /> = That hospital is far
그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-27-That-girls-hair-is-long.mp3" /> = That girls hair is long
_머리 can mean ‘head’ or ‘hair’ depending on the context. If you want to specifically mention your hair, you can say 머리카락, which always means the hair on one’s head. 머리 or 머리카락 does not refer to the hair on an animal, or the body hair of a human. This hair is referred to as “털” and extends to most of the hair that can be found on animals (fur, the wool on a sheep, etc)._
The addition of ~ㅂ/습니다 only affects words that end in ㄹ. There is no irregular that occurs if adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to any other type of stem. For example, notice how only the stem of 길다 changes as a result of adding this:
| Irregular | Example Word | + ~ㅂ/습니다 |
| ------------ | ------------ | ------------ |
| ㅅ Irregular | 짓다 | 짓습니다 |
| ㄷ Irregular | 걷다 | 걷습니다 |
| ㅂ Irregular | 쉽다 | 쉽습니다 |
| ㅡ Irregular | 예쁘다 | 예쁩니다 |
| 르 Irregular | 마르다 | 마릅니다 |
| ㄹ Irregular | 길다 | **깁니다** |
Here is a table with the word “열다 (to open – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem.
| 열다 = open | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 열었어 | 열어 | 열겠어 |
| Informal high | 열었어요 | 열어요 | 열겠어요 |
| Plain form | 열었다 | **연다** | 열겠다 |
| Formal high | 열었습니다 | **엽니다** | 열겠습니다 |
And here is a table with the word “길다 (long – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between.
| 길다 = long | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 길었어 | 길어 | 길겠어 |
| Informal high | 길었어요 | 길어요 | 길겠어요 |
| Plain form | 길었다 | 길다 | 길겠다 |
| Formal high | 길었습니다 | **깁니다** | 길겠습니다 |
| Adjective form | **긴** 거리 = long road |
I don’t want to confuse you too much more because I am sure you are already really confused. Just the amount of content on this page alone is enough to make somebody cry. That being said, I think it is a very good exercise to try to compare how the words 듣다 and 들다 differ in their conjugations. Don’t worry about the meaning of 들다 yet (it is a very complex word that has many meanings), but just assume it is a verb in this case. For now, let’s just focus on how they are conjugated.
Notice that when conjugating 듣다, you need to consider the following irregular patterns:
- ㄷ irregular (because it ends in ㄷ)
- ㅡ irregular (because the final vowel is ㅡ)
The following table shows how 듣다 should be conjugated across the honorifics and tenses you have learned so far: _(Irregular conjugations are in bold)_
| 듣다 = to hear | Past | Present | Future |
| -------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | **들었어** | **들어** | 듣겠어 |
| Informal high | **들었어요** | **들어요** | 듣겠어요 |
| Plain form | **들었다** | 듣는다 | 듣겠다 |
| Formal high | **들었습니다** | 듣습니다 | 듣겠습니다 |
Notice when conjugating 들다, you need to consider the following irregular patterns:
- ㄹ irregular (because it ends in ㄹ)
- ㅡ irregular (because the final vowel is ㅡ)
The following table shows how 들다 should be conjugated across the honorifics and tenses you have learned so far: _(Irregular conjugations are in bold)_
| 들다 | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Informal low | 들었어 | 들어 | 들겠어 |
| Informal high | 들었어요 | 들어요 | 들겠어요 |
| Plain form | 들었다 | **든다** | 들겠다 |
| Formal high | 들었습니다 | **듭니다** | 들겠습니다 |
I feel that comparing these two is a very good exercise because you can see that sometimes, because of the irregular conjugations, 듣다 might look exactly like 들다. For example, in all of the past tense conjugations, there is no way to distinguish between the two based on sound, and the only way to distinguish them is by context in a sentence.
There is no easy way around memorizing stuff like this. The only words of encouragement I can give you is that – as you become more and more familiar with the language, and as you expose yourself to it more and more, it _does_ become second nature. I know you can’t believe that now, but it does.
## Adding ~ㄴ/은 to Adjectives
I mentioned this in some of the sections above, but I would like to organize it all here. In [Lesson 4](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-4/), you learned how to add ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives to describe an upcoming noun. Some irregulars will come into play when doing this because of the possibility of adding a vowel to a stem. Let’s look at the word “어렵다” as an example. 어렵다 has a consonant as its final letter, which means that ~은 must be added (instead of ~ㄴ). Therefore, we end up with:
어렵은
Because of this, we now have the final consonant “ㅂ” followed by a vowel, which causes the ㅂ irregular to be applied. The correct conjugation of 어렵다 + ~ㄴ/은 is therefore “어려운.”
Below is a table that shows how irregular adjectives can change because of adding ~ㄴ/은:
| Irregular | Example Word | Does this apply? | Application |
| ------------ | ------------- | ---------------- | ----------- |
| ㅅ Irregular | 낫다 (better) | YES | 나은 |
| ㄷ Irregular | NA | NA | NA |
| ㅂ Irregular | 쉽다 (easy) | YES | 쉬운 |
| ㅡ Irregular | 바쁘다 (busy) | NO | 바쁜 |
| 르 Irregular | 빠르다 (fast) | NO | 빠른 |
| ㄹ Irregular | 길다 (long) | YES | 긴 |
---
Looking Ahead to Grammatical Principles that you will Learn in Future Lessons
There are many additions that you will learn in future lessons. You will learn the meaning and usage of all of these when they become important for your level of study. When you learn about a new addition in a future lesson, I will explain how it causes irregular words to change.
The good thing is – if you learn how one format of addition causes irregulars to change, every addition with the same initial letters will cause the same change. For example, adding ~아/어 causes ㅅ to be eliminated in words that follow the ㅅ irregular. Likewise, any other addition that _starts_ with ~아/어 causes the same change. For example, if I add ~아/어 or ~았/었다 to 짓다, we see the same change to the word stem – that is 짓다 changes to 지어 and 지었다 respectively.
This same idea can be applied to grammatical additions that will be introduced in later lessons. For example, in Lesson 43 you will learn how ~(으)면 causes irregular words to change. The change that results from adding ~(으)면 is exactly the same as the change that results from adding similar additions like ~(으)며 and ~(으)면서. Therefore, you don’t need to memorize how each one affects irregulars, but rather how the general format of adding ~(으)ㅁ… will affect irregulars. I know the road ahead to memorizing these new additions and their effects on irregulars looks daunting, but this grouping of formats will allow your brain to compartmentalize the information.
Each time a new format/style of addition is introduced in my lessons, I will explain how irregulars adapt to it. This only needs to be done once for each format, because each successive addition with the same format will create the same change to irregulars. Below is a list of grammatical principles you will learn in future lessons. Each one follows a particular style. In each of these lessons, I will explain how they cause irregular words to change. Furthermore, I will explain the other grammatical principles that follow the same format that will create the same change:
~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/))
~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/))
~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/))
~(으)시다 ([Lesson 39](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-39/))
~(으)면 ([Lesson 43](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-42-50/lesson-43/))
~(으)니까 ([Lesson 81](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-81/))
For now, focus on the concepts that were introduced in this lesson. When you reach each of the lessons above, I will bring up the discussion of irregulars again. At that point, we can talk about how that grammatical principle causes irregular words to change.
[Check out our Irregular Guide if you are confused (I’m sure you are!).](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=448)
Everybody is confused when they learn these irregulars. Eventually you will reach a point where all of these will come natural to you. Whenever you learn a new word where the stem ends in ㅅ/ㄹ/ㅂ/ㄷ/르/ㅡ just make a mental note about how you should conjugate that word in the future. I don’t even have to think about these irregulars anymore because they just flow out naturally. If you can’t memorize them all right now, just try to understand them, which will allow you to recognize them later. Eventually, you will memorize them simply from using and hearing them so much.
These videos are available to reinforce this lesson:
[Sentence Practice](https://youtu.be/nU_N2kZZmEU), [Conjugation Practice](https://youtu.be/nq42Ak6m_cE), [Dictation](https://youtu.be/gVa2UTUBQIo), [Lesson Recap](https://youtu.be/FCn6SLVfruA)
[Click here for a free PDF of this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/HowtoStudyKorean-Unit-1-Lesson-7.pdf)
[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=297) Or,
[Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit118)
docs/index.md
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hero:
name: "ko-grammar"
text: "Korean grammar edited"
tagline: My great project tagline
actions:
- theme: brand
text: Markdown Examples
link: /markdown-examples
- theme: alt
text: API Examples
link: /api-examples
features:
- title: Feature A
details: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit
- title: Feature B
details: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit
- title: Feature C
details: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit
tagline: "Korean grammar edited"
---
[Irregulars](./howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md)