lesson 21 grammar
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@@ -1136,17 +1136,17 @@ Asking questions in Korean, at first glance, is very easy. For the most part, as
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Asking questions in English is unnecessarily complicated. If I asked you the question “Do you like sports?” In English, what is the meaning of the word “do” in that sentence? In English, whenever we ask a question (without a question word), we need to include the words did/do/will to make the listener know that we are asking a question.
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Did you go to the park?
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Do you like sports?
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Will you eat with us?
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- Did you go to the park?
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- Do you like sports?
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- Will you eat with us?
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It is so confusing in English, and my two sentence explanation doesn’t really explain it very well. Luckily, this is not an English learning website! You are here to learn how to ask questions in Korean. Enough of this English nonsense.
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In Korean, if you are asking a question that does not require the use of a question word (one more time: who/what/when/where/why/how/how much/how many) you don’t need to do anything structurally to make that sentence a question. All you need to do is raise the intonation of the end of the sentence to make it sound like a question. For example, if you want to say “My mother ate” you already know that you can say:
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엄마는 먹었어요 = My mom ate
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- 엄마는 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">My mom ate</span>
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But if you want to ask somebody “did you eat?” You just raise the intonation of the end of the sentence to make it sound like a question:
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But if you want to ask somebody “did you eat?” You just <span class="md spoiler">raise the intonation of the end of the sentence</span> to make it sound like a question:
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- 엄마는 먹었어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(literally means “did mom eat?”)</span>
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@@ -1175,35 +1175,35 @@ The formal high respect \~습니다 is never used as a question. When asking a q
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I work at a school in Seoul. In the bathrooms, there are charts on the walls that the cleaning staff is supposed to check once per day. Written on these charts is a list of questions about the state of the bathroom.
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While you will not understand most of the words on this list, notice that all of the sentences (except for the last one) has the ending \~ㅂ/습니까?
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While you will not understand most of the words on this list, _notice that all of the sentences (except for the last one) has the ending \~ㅂ/습니까?_
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[](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Bathroomchart-Copy.jpeg)
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[](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Bathroomchart-Copy.jpeg)
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Some of the words provided in the 10 sentences above are fairly difficult. However, I would like to translate it for you:
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1. Is the bathroom floor clean?
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2. Is the sink clean?
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3. Has the mirror been wiped clean?
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4. Is there extra soap?
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5. Is the toilet paper ready?
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6. Is the bathroom’s garbage can empty?
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7. Are there no toilets that haven’t been flushed?
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8. Are any lights broken?
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9. Is there any smell?
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10. Are there any places, the doorknob, the faucet, etc that are broken?
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1. <span class="md spoiler">Is the bathroom floor clean?</span>
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2. <span class="md spoiler">Is the sink clean?</span>
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3. <span class="md spoiler">Has the mirror been wiped clean?</span>
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4. <span class="md spoiler">Is there extra soap?</span>
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5. <span class="md spoiler">Is the toilet paper ready?</span>
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6. <span class="md spoiler">Is the bathroom’s garbage can empty?</span>
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7. <span class="md spoiler">Are there no toilets that haven’t been flushed?</span>
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8. <span class="md spoiler">Are any lights broken?</span>
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9. <span class="md spoiler">Is there any smell?</span>
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10. <span class="md spoiler">Are there any places, the doorknob, the faucet, etc that are broken?</span>
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There are other ways you can change a sentence to make it a question. \~ㅂ/습니까 is typically the most formal. We will talk about the others in the upcoming sections.
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### \~니
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When asking a question, instead of ending your sentences with \~아/어, you can end them with \~니. This is an informal way to ask a question, and you can do this in all tenses. For example:
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When asking a question, instead of ending your sentences with \~아/어, _you can end them with \~니_. This is an informal way to ask a question, and you can do this in all tenses. For example:
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- Past tense: 했니, 먹었니, 갔니, 이었니
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- Present tense: 하니, 먹니, 가니, 이니
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- Future tense (\~겠): 하겠니, 먹겠니, 가겠니
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- Future tense (\~ㄹ 것이다): 할 거니, 할 것이니, 먹을 거니, 먹을 것이니
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However, note that using this form gives the sentence a slightly feminine feel to it (I’ve never once used \~니). However, I work at a Korean high school, and I hear female Korean teachers use this form all the time when asking questions to a student.
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However, note that using this form gives the sentence a slightly <span class="md spoiler">feminine</span> feel to it (I’ve never once used \~니). However, I work at a Korean high school, and I hear female Korean teachers use this form all the time when asking questions to a student.
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- 시험을 잘 봤니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Did you write the exam well (did you do well on the exam)?</span>
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- 서울에 가겠니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Are you going to go to Seoul?</span>
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@@ -1214,19 +1214,19 @@ However, note that using this form gives the sentence a slightly feminine feel t
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In [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md), you learned how irregular words change as a result of adding different additions. This is the first time you have been introduced to adding \~니.
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The ㄹ irregular applies when adding \~니. When you add \~니 to a stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must drop the ㄹ from the stem, and attach the grammatical principle to the remainder of the word. For example:
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_The ㄹ irregular applies when adding \~니. When you add \~니 to a stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must drop the ㄹ from the stem_, and attach the grammatical principle to the remainder of the word. For example:
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열다 + \~니 = 여니
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- 열다 + \~니 = 여니
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As you know, some additions require the speaker to choose between two possible options – for example, choosing between \~아 and \~어 when adding \~아/어. Notice that when adding \~니 there is no choice. I call this a “solid ㄴ.” That is, there is only one choice, and it starts with ㄴ.
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In later lessons, you will learn other grammatical additions that have a solid ㄴ. For example:
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\~나 ([later in this lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/#21new))
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\~는 ([Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/))
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\~는데 ([Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/))
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\~네 ([Lesson 83](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-83/))
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\~나 ([Lesson 109](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-109-116/lesson-109/))
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- \~나 ([later in this lesson](#%E1%84%82%E1%85%A1-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%AD))
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- \~는 ([Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/))
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- \~는데 ([Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/))
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- \~네 ([Lesson 83](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-83/))
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- \~나 ([Lesson 109](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-109-116/lesson-109/))
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All grammatical additions where a solid ㄴ is attached to a word follow the same rule as when \~니 is added. Below are some examples of \~니 in use with the ㄹ irregular:
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@@ -1234,21 +1234,23 @@ All grammatical additions where a solid ㄴ is attached to a word follow the sam
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- 마음에 드니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Do you like it?</span>
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- 어디 사니? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where do you live?</span>
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\~니 also affects the ㅎ irregular, which is introduced in [Lesson 23](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-23/).
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_\~니 also affects the ㅎ irregular,_ which is introduced in [Lesson 23](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-23/).
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### \~ㄴ/은가(요)
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Just like ‘\~니’ you can also end your questions with \~ㄴ/은가(요). Adding “요” to the end makes it more formal. This form is less formal than the high-respect \~ㅂ/습니까 form.
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\~ㄴ/은가(요) gets added to the stem of adjectives. Using this form makes a question a little bit softer than using the forms described previously. The exact difference cannot be translated perfectly, but sort of like how “would it be okay if I go into the park?” sounds slightly softer than “can I go into the park.”
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\~ㄴ/은가(요) gets added to the stem of adjectives. Using this form makes a question a little bit softer than using the forms described previously. The exact difference cannot be translated perfectly, but sort of like how “<span class="md spoiler">would it be okay if I go into the park?</span>” sounds slightly softer than “can I go into the park.”
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You add \~ㄴ/은 to adjective stems just like you would when conjugating it to describe a noun:
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예쁘다 + ㄴ/은 = 예쁜
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작다 + ㄴ/은 = 작은
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- 예쁘다 + ㄴ/은 = 예쁜
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- 작다 + ㄴ/은 = 작은
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And then attach “가(요)” after that construction:
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예쁜가(요)?
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작은가(요)?
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- 예쁜가(요)?
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- 작은가(요)?
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It is only conjugated into the present tense and therefore usually only used to ask about some sort of present situation. For example:
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@@ -1287,8 +1289,8 @@ This form can be used in the past tense as well. For example:
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It is possible to use this in the future tense, but it only sounds natural when applying it to the \~겠다 future conjugation. Adding \~나(요) to 이다 is typically not done, and therefore adding it to words that are conjugating using \~ㄹ/을 것이다 is unnatural. For example:
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- 내일 퇴원할 거나요? – unnatural
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- 내일 퇴원할 것이나요? – unnatural
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- ~~내일 퇴원할 거나요?~~ – unnatural
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- ~~내일 퇴원할 것이나요?~~ – unnatural
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## Using Question Words
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@@ -1300,22 +1302,22 @@ Why (왜) is probably the easiest question word in Korean. ‘왜’ is an adver
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With these adverb-question words, you can typically just take a statement and change it into a question by inserting the word into the sentence. For example:
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- 만화책을 좋아합니까? = Do you like comic books?
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- 만화책을 좋아합니까? = <span class="md spoiler">Do you like comic books?</span>
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- 만화책을 왜 좋아합니까? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Why do you like comic books?</span>
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---
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- (저는) 한국어를 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying Korean
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- (저는) 한국어를 공부하고 있어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I am studying Korean</span>
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- 한국어를 왜 공부하고 있어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Why are you studying Korean?</span>
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---
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- (저는) 너무 빨리 먹었어요 = I ate really fast
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- (저는) 너무 빨리 먹었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I ate really fast</span>
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- 왜 너무 빨리 먹었어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Why did you eat so fast?</span>
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---
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- (저는) 어제 학교에 안 갔어요 = I didn’t go to school yesterday
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- (저는) 어제 학교에 안 갔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t go to school yesterday</span>
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- 어제 학교에 왜 안 갔어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Why didn’t you go to school yesterday?</span>
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왜 is also used to respond when somebody calls your name (because they want you for some reason). In English, we would say “what,” but in Korean, they say “왜.” For example:
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@@ -1329,52 +1331,52 @@ Notice that saying “why” in English is unnatural. This is how they say it in
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The usage of ‘when’ (언제) is very similar to the usage of ‘왜’ in Korean. As an adverb, it can be used to ask “when” something happens. For example:
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- 집에 갔어? = Did you go home?
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- 집에 갔어? = <span class="md spoiler">Did you go home?</span>
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- 집에 언제 갔어? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-40.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When did you go home?</span>
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---
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- 집에 갈 거야? = Will you go home?
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- 집에 갈 거야? = <span class="md spoiler">Will you go home?</span>
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- 집에 언제 갈 거야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When will you go home?</span>
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---
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- 그 여자가 사라졌어요 = That girl disappeared
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- 그 여자가 사라졌어요 = <span class="md spoiler">That girl disappeared</span>
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- 그 여자가 언제 사라졌어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When did that girl disappear?</span>
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---
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- 낮잠을 잤어요? = Did you take a nap?
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- 낮잠을 잤어요? = <span class="md spoiler">Did you take a nap?</span>
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- 낮잠을 언제 잤어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When did you take a nap?</span>
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---
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- 아빠가 왔어요? = Did dad come?
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- 아빠가 왔어요? = <span class="md spoiler">Did dad come?</span>
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- 아빠가 언제 왔나요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When did dad come?</span>
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Particles like \~부터 and \~까지, which are often used to indicate from/until when something happens can be attached to 언제 to indicate that it is unknown “from/until when” something happens. For example:
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Particles like \~부터 and \~까지, which are often used to indicate from/until when something happens can be attached to 언제 to indicate that it is unknown “<span class="md spoiler">from/until when</span>” something happens. For example:
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- 어제부터 아팠어요 = I have been sick since yesterday
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- 어제부터 아팠어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I have been sick since yesterday</span>
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- 언제부터 아팠어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Since when have you been sick?</span>
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_Notice that_ 어제 _and_ 언제 _are not the same word._
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- 한국에서 내년까지 있을 거예요 = I will be in Korea until next year
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- 한국에서 내년까지 있을 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will be in Korea until next year</span>
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- 한국에서 언제까지 있을 거예요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Until when will you be in Korea?</span>
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---
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- 작년부터 한국어를 공부했어요 = I have been studying Korean since last year
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- 작년부터 한국어를 공부했어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I have been studying Korean since last year</span>
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- 언제부터 한국어를 공부했어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Since when have you been studying Korean?</span>
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언제 can also be attached to “이다” to ask “when” something is. In these cases as well, it replaces the noun that would normally be attached to 이다. For example:
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- 결혼식은 내일이야 = The wedding is tomorrow
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- 결혼식은 내일이야 = <span class="md spoiler">The wedding is tomorrow</span>
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- 결혼식은 언제야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When is the wedding?</span>
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---
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- 방학은 다음 주야 = Vacation is next week
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- 방학은 다음 주야 = <span class="md spoiler">Vacation is next week</span>
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- 방학은 언제야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">When is vacation?</span>
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The grammatical principle \~든지 is commonly attached to 언제 to form 언제든지. For now, you can think of this simply as a word that means “whenever.” When you learn about the function of \~든지 in [Lesson 106](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-101-108/lesson-106/ "Lesson 106: Listing Possibilities/Outcomes: ~든지 (간에)"), you will understand how this meaning is formed.
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@@ -1383,34 +1385,34 @@ The grammatical principle \~든지 is commonly attached to 언제 to form 언제
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어디 works very much like 언제. It can be used to ask “where” something happened if the place is unknown. For example:
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- 집에 가고 싶어요 = I want to go home
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- 집에 가고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to go home</span>
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- 어디 가고 싶어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-50.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where do you want to go?</span>
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---
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- 한국에 살아요 = I live in Korea
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- 한국에 살아요 = <span class="md spoiler">I live in Korea</span>
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- 어디 살아요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-51.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where do you live?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
_Just like_ 여기, \~에 _is often omitted from_ “어디.” 어디에서 _is often contracted to_ 어디서.
|
||||
|
||||
More examples:
|
||||
|
||||
- 그것을 집에서 하고 싶어요 = I want to do that at home
|
||||
- 그것을 집에서 하고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to do that at home</span>
|
||||
- 그것을 어디서 하고 싶어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where do you want to do that?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- 한국에서 왔어요 = I came from Korea
|
||||
- 한국에서 왔어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I came from Korea</span>
|
||||
- 어디에서 왔어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-53.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Where are you from (from where did you come?)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
The particle \~까지 is commonly attached to 어디. \~부터 is not commonly attached to 어디 for the same reason that \~부터 is not commonly attached to a place, as described in [Lesson 12](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-12/chinese/). For example:
|
||||
The particle \~까지 is commonly attached to 어디. \~부터 is not commonly attached to 어디 for the same reason that \~부터 is not commonly attached to a place, as described in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md). For example:
|
||||
|
||||
- 부산까지 가고 싶어요 = I want to go until Busan
|
||||
- 부산까지 가고 싶어요 = <span class="md spoiler">I want to go until Busan</span>
|
||||
- 어디까지 가고 싶어요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-54.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">How far/until where do you want to go?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- 지하철을 서울역까지 탈 거예요 = We will take/ride the Subway until Seoul Station
|
||||
- 지하철을 서울역까지 탈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">We will take/ride the Subway until Seoul Station</span>
|
||||
- 지하철을 어디까지 탈 거예요? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-21-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Until where will we ride the subway?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
Like 언제, it can be used as the noun before 이다 to ask where something “is.”
|
||||
@@ -1450,29 +1452,29 @@ As a pronoun, 누구 can be used in the place of a noun in a sentence – that i
|
||||
|
||||
This is the same in English – as you can see in the following three examples:
|
||||
|
||||
Who will study Korean tomorrow? – ‘who’ is the subject of the sentence
|
||||
Who will you meet tomorrow? – ‘who’ is the object of the sentence -“you” is the subject
|
||||
Who is that person? = ‘who’ is ‘that person’ in the sentence
|
||||
- Who will study Korean tomorrow? – ‘who’ is the subject of the sentence
|
||||
- Who will you meet tomorrow? – ‘who’ is the object of the sentence -“you” is the subject
|
||||
- Who is that person? – ‘who’ is ‘that person’ in the sentence
|
||||
|
||||
However, this is confusing in English because in all three cases “who” is the first word of the sentence regardless of its role.
|
||||
In Korean, instead of always placing ‘who’ at the start of the sentence, it should be placed in the location of the subject (usually the start of the sentence), the object (usually somewhere in the middle of the sentence) or before 이다. I will show you an example of each:
|
||||
|
||||
In the third sentence below you can see an example of 누구 being used as a subject. The subject is underlined in each case. When 누구 is used as the subject of a sentence, it is changed to 누가.
|
||||
|
||||
- 너는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야 = You will study Korean tomorrow
|
||||
- 너는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야? = Will you study Korean tomorrow?
|
||||
- 너는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">You will study Korean tomorrow</span>
|
||||
- 너는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야? = <span class="md spoiler">Will you study Korean tomorrow?</span>
|
||||
- 누가 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-65.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Who will study Korean tomorrow?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
In the third sentence below you can see an example of 누구 being used as an object. The object is underlined in each case. The object particles can be used if 누구 is the object.
|
||||
|
||||
- 너는 내일 친구를 만날 거야 = You will meet a friend tomorrow
|
||||
- 너는 내일 친구를 만날 거야? = Will you meet a friend tomorrow?
|
||||
- 너는 내일 친구를 만날 거야 = <span class="md spoiler">You will meet a friend tomorrow</span>
|
||||
- 너는 내일 친구를 만날 거야? = <span class="md spoiler">Will you meet a friend tomorrow?</span>
|
||||
- 너는 내일 누구(를) 만날 거야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-66.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Who will you meet tomorrow?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
In the third sentence below you can see an example of 누구 being used before 이다:
|
||||
|
||||
- 그 사람은 너의 아버지야 = That person is your dad
|
||||
- 그 사람은 너의 아버지야? = Is that person your dad?
|
||||
- 그 사람은 너의 아버지야 = <span class="md spoiler">That person is your dad</span>
|
||||
- 그 사람은 너의 아버지야? = <span class="md spoiler">Is that person your dad?</span>
|
||||
- 그 사람은 누구야? <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson21-67.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Who is that person?</span>
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it for this lesson, but there is still lots for you to know about asking questions in Korean! This lesson covered the first half of what you need to know, and the following lesson ([Lesson 22](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-22/)) will cover the rest!
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in new issue
Block a user