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lesson 7 remaining grammar quiz

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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md
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@@ -952,7 +952,89 @@ sentence:
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3
en: I heard a mouse
르: []
르:
- notes:
- &르 |
<p>This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어 (or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant.</p>
<p>When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant.</p>
<p>The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아).</p>
<p>This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are 따르다 = to follow/to pour; and 푸르다 = to be calming blue).</p>
- 다르다 = 다르 + 아요 = 다 + ㄹ + 라요 = 달라요
ko: 그것은 달라요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-thing-is-different.mp3
en: That thing is different
- notes:
- *르
- 빠르다 = 빠르 + 아요 = 빠 + ㄹ + 라요 = 빨라요
ko: 그 남자는 빨라요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/That-man-is-fast.mp3
en: That man is fast
- notes:
- *르
- 부르다 = 부르 + 었어요 = 부 + ㄹ + 렀어요 = 불렀어요
ko: 저는 저의 누나를 불렀어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/19-I-called-my-sister.mp3
en: I called my sister
ㄹ+ㄴ:
- notes:
- &ㄹ |
The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem.
- &ㄹ+ㄴ |
When adding ~ㄴ/은 to a stem which ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and ㄴ is added to the stem.
- 길다 = 길 + ㄴ = 긴
ko: 저는 긴 거리를 건넜어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/20-I-crossed-the-long-street.mp3
en: I crossed the long street
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- *ㄹ+ㄴ
- 멀다 = 멀 + ㄴ = 먼
ko: 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/21-I-went-to-a-far-away-hospital.mp3
en: I went to a far away hospital (a hospital that is far away)
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- *ㄹ+ㄴ
- |
when adding ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㄴ다 to the verb stem.
ko: 나는 케이크를 만든다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-25-I-make-a-cake.mp3
en: I make a cake
ㄹ+ㅂ:
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- &ㄹ+ㅂ |
when adding ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ and add ~ㅂ directly to the stem.
ko: 저는 문을 엽니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/24-I-open-the-door.mp3
en: I open the door
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- *ㄹ+ㅂ
ko: 저는 케이크를 만듭니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s6.mp3
en: I make a cake
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- *ㄹ+ㅂ
ko: 그 병원은 멉니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-That-hospital-is-far.mp3
en: That hospital is far
- notes:
- *ㄹ
- *ㄹ+ㅂ
ko: 그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-27-That-girls-hair-is-long.mp3
en: That girl's hair is long
---
# Lesson 7: Irregulars
@@ -2163,7 +2245,7 @@ _You will learn how_ <TTS>만든다</TTS> _and_ <TTS>만듭니다</TTS> _are for
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="르" />
If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (<TTS>마르다</TTS>), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어(or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much.
If the final syllable in a stem is 르 (<TTS>마르다</TTS>), it is conjugated differently when adding ~아/어. This irregular only applies when adding ~아/어 (or any of its derivatives) to a stem and not when adding any other grammatical principles that starts with a vowel or consonant. Up until now, you haven’t learned about any of these other grammatical principles, that can start with anything other than ~아/어~, so don’t worry about this distinction too much.
When adding ~아/어 to these words, an additional ㄹ is created and placed in the syllable preceding 르 as the last consonant. The 르 also gets changed to either 러 or 라 (depending on if you are adding 어 or 아). This is done to both verbs and adjectives (the only exceptions are <TTS>따르다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to follow/to pour</span>; and <TTS>푸르다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be calming blue</span>). This is difficult to explain, and much easier to show with examples:
@@ -2221,10 +2303,14 @@ If the final letter of a stem is ㄹ AND you add any of the following:
- ~ㅂ/습
- ~ㄹ/을
The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem. Let’s look at each one individually.
The first option (~ㄴ/ ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ) should be used. In addition, the ㄹ is removed from the stem and the ~ㄴ / ~ㅂ / ~ㄹ is added directly to the stem. Let’s look at each one individually.
#### Adding ~ㄴ/은 to words
---
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㄹ+ㄴ" />
You have learned about adding ~ㄴ/은 to adjective stems when describing nouns. Usually, you add ~ㄴ directly to the stem of an adjective ending in a vowel, and ~은 to the stem of an adjective ending in a consonant, for example:
- 크다 = <TTS>큰 남자</TTS>
@@ -2259,6 +2345,10 @@ But when adding ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem that ends in ㄹ, you must remove ㄹ
#### Adding ~ㅂ/습 to words
---
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="ㄹ+ㅂ" />
You have also learned about adding ~ㅂ/습니다 to verb and adjective stems when conjugating in the Formal high respect form: Normally, you add ~ㅂ니다 to the stem of a word ending in a vowel, and ~습니다 to the stem of a word ending in a consonant. For example:
Verbs:
@@ -2281,7 +2371,7 @@ Verbs:
Adjectives:
- 그 병원은 멉니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/26-That-hospital-is-far.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That hospital is far</span>
- 그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-27-That-girls-hair-is-long.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girls hair is long</span>
- 그 여자의 머리카락은 깁니다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lesson-7-27-That-girls-hair-is-long.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl's hair is long</span>
_머리 can mean <span class="md spoiler">‘head’</span> or <span class="md spoiler">‘hair’</span> depending on the context. If you want to specifically mention your hair, you can say <span class="md spoiler">머리카락</span>, which always means the hair on one’s head. 머리 or <span class="md spoiler">머리카락</span> does not refer to the hair on an animal, or the body hair of a human. This hair is referred to as <span class="md spoiler">“털”</span> and extends to most of the hair that can be found on animals (fur, the wool on a sheep, etc)._
@@ -2305,7 +2395,7 @@ Here is a table with the word “열다 (<span class="md spoiler">to open</span>
| Plain form | 열었다 | **연다** | 열겠다 |
| Formal high | 열었습니다 | **엽니다** | 열겠습니다 |
And here is a table with the word “길다 (<span class="md spoiler">long</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between.
And here is a table with the word “길다 (<span class="md spoiler">long</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. Notice that this only occurs when ~ㄴ or ~ㅂ is added to the verb stem (it would happen when ~ㄴ is added, but you don’t add ~ㄴ/는 to an adjective when you conjugate it like this. There are times, however, when this would happen, but you haven’t even gotten close to learning about them yet. For example, in [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/), we talk about the addition of ~ㄴ/는데 to clauses. This would make 길다 turn into 긴데. Please don’t even think about looking ahead to [Lesson 76](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-76/) until you’ve finished with this lesson, and the 69 lessons in between.)
| 길다 = <span class="md spoiler">long</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
@@ -2351,7 +2441,7 @@ There is no easy way around memorizing stuff like this. The only words of encour
## Adding ~ㄴ/은 to Adjectives
I mentioned this in some of the sections above, but I would like to organize it all here. In [Lesson 4](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-4/), you learned how to add ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives to describe an upcoming noun. Some irregulars will come into play when doing this because of the possibility of adding a vowel to a stem. Let’s look at the word “어렵다” as an example. 어렵다 has a consonant as its final letter, which means that ~은 must be added (instead of ~ㄴ). Therefore, we end up with:
I mentioned this in some of the sections above, but I would like to organize it all here. In [Lesson 4](./04-adjectives.md), you learned how to add ~ㄴ/은 to adjectives to describe an upcoming noun. Some irregulars will come into play when doing this because of the possibility of adding a vowel to a stem. Let’s look at the word “어렵다” as an example. 어렵다 has a consonant as its final letter, which means that ~은 must be added (instead of ~ㄴ). Therefore, we end up with:
어렵은
@@ -2380,7 +2470,7 @@ This same idea can be applied to grammatical additions that will be introduced i
Each time a new format/style of addition is introduced in my lessons, I will explain how irregulars adapt to it. This only needs to be done once for each format, because each successive addition with the same format will create the same change to irregulars. Below is a list of grammatical principles you will learn in future lessons. Each one follows a particular style. In each of these lessons, I will explain how they cause irregular words to change. Furthermore, I will explain the other grammatical principles that follow the same format that will create the same change:
- ~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-9/))
- ~ㄹ/을 ([Lesson 9](./09-conjugate-이다.md))
- ~니 ([Lesson 21](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-21-asking-questions-in-korean-why-when-where-and-who/))
- ~ㅁ/음 ([Lesson 29](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-29/))
- ~(으)려고 ([Lesson 32](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-32/))