diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md index b720169..030376f 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md @@ -808,7 +808,14 @@ In the lesson below, all of the sentences are conjugated in an informal style. T You may have noticed that I still haven’t taught you one of those most common words in the English language. I know this sounds weird, but the word ‘you’ is not said very often in Korean. Korean people get around saying the word ‘you’ through a number of ways: -1. Most of the time, you use somebody’s (usually job) position when referring to them or talking about them. For example, boss (부장님), principal (교장선생님), vice principal (교감선생님), Mr. Name (for a teacher) (Name선생님), customer (고객님), guest (손님), 회장님/사장님 (president/CEO of a company). +1. Most of the time, you use somebody’s (usually job) position when referring to them or talking about them. For example, + - boss (부장님) + - principal (교장선생님) + - vice principal (교감선생님) + - Mr. Name (for a teacher) (Name선생님) + - customer (고객님) + - guest (손님) + - president/CEO of a company (회장님/사장님) 2. It is very common in Korean to refer to people that you are close with as your own family member. For example, 오빠 means “older brother” (when you are a woman). But even if somebody is not your older brother, you can call him ‘오빠’ if you are close to him. 3. You can usually call any woman or man that looks very old “grandmother” and “grandfather” (할머니/할아버지). But other than that, you don’t really call somebody part of your family unless you are close with that person. 4. You can generally call any strange man or woman that you don’t know ‘아저씨’ (man) and ‘아주머니’ (woman). @@ -837,26 +844,26 @@ Let’s look at how to conjugate verbs and adjectives into the past, present and When the last syllable of the stem ends in a consonant, you add ~는다 to the stem of the word: -- 먹다 = 먹는다 = to eat (먹 + 는다) -- 닫다 = 닫는다 = to close (닫 + 는다) +- 먹다 = 먹는다 = to eat (먹 + 는다) +- 닫다 = 닫는다 = to close (닫 + 는다) Examples: -- 나는 문을 닫는다 = I close the door -- 나는 밥을 먹는다 = I eat rice +- 나는 문을 닫는다 = I close the door +- 나는 밥을 먹는다 = I eat rice When the last syllable of the stem ends in a vowel, you add ~ㄴto the last syllable followed by 다 -- 배우다 = 배운다 = to learn (배우 + ㄴ다) -- 이해하다 = 이해한다 = to understand (이해하 + ㄴ다) -- 가다 = 간다 = to go (가 + ㄴ다) +- 배우다 = 배운다 = to learn (배우 + ㄴ다) +- 이해하다 = 이해한다 = to understand (이해하 + ㄴ다) +- 가다 = 간다 = to go (가 + ㄴ다) Examples: -- 나는 친구를 만난다 = I meet a friend -- 나는 그것을 이해한다 = I understand that -- 나는 한국어를 배운다 = I learn Korean -- 나는 집에 간다 = I go home +- 나는 친구를 만난다 = I meet a friend +- 나는 그것을 이해한다 = I understand that +- 나는 한국어를 배운다 = I learn Korean +- 나는 집에 간다 = I go home #### Past Tense @@ -881,25 +888,25 @@ Notice that some of these grammatical principles require the addition of “~아 When conjugating to the past tense, we need to add “~았/었다” to the stem of a word (or 였다 in the case of 하다). Following the rule above, ~았다 is added to words with the last vowel being ㅗ or ㅏ and ~었다 is added to words with the last vowel being anything but ㅏ or ㅗ. Finally, ~였다 is added to words with the last syllable being “하.” For example: -나는 밥을 먹다 = I eat rice (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) +나는 밥을 먹다 = I eat rice (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) - The last vowel in the stem is ㅓ. This is not ㅏ or ㅗ. So, we add 었다 to the stem: -- 나는 밥을 먹었다 = I ate rice (먹 + 었다) + - 나는 밥을 먹었다 = I ate rice (먹 + 었다) -나는 문을 닫다 = I close the door (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) +나는 문을 닫다 = I close the door (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) - The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem: -- 나는 문을 닫았다 = I closed the door (닫 + 았다) + - 나는 문을 닫았다 = I closed the door (닫 + 았다) -나는 창문을 열다 = I open the window (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) +나는 창문을 열다 = I open the window (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) - The last vowel in the stem is ㅕ. This is not ㅏ or ㅗ. So we add 었다 to the stem: -- 나는 창문을 열었다 = I opened the window (열 + 었다) + - 나는 창문을 열었다 = I opened the window (열 + 었다) -나는 한국어를 공부하다 = I study Korean (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) +나는 한국어를 공부하다 = I study Korean (note that this sentence is _unconjugated_) - The last syllable in the stem is “하”. Therefore, we add ~였다 to the stem: -- 나는 한국어를 공부하였다 = I studied Korean (공부하 + 였다) + - 나는 한국어를 공부하였다 = I studied Korean (공부하 + 였다) What makes this complicated (at first) is that for verbs that have a last syllable that end in a vowel (including 하다), the ~았다/었다 gets merged to the actual stem itself. This is how ~아 and ~어 merge with syllables ending in a vowel: @@ -921,9 +928,9 @@ Words where the last vowel is “ㅡ” (for example: 잠그다) are complicated Many people have asked me “how do I merge ~아/어 to complex vowels like ㅠ, ㅑ, ㅔ, etc…?” You will find that the stem of almost all verbs and adjectives in Korean do not end in these complex vowels. The most common words I can think of that have stem that ends in one of these complex vowels are: -- 바래다 (to fade) -- 매다 (to tie up) -- 메다 (to put on/carry something on one’s shoulder) +- 바래다 (to fade) +- 매다 (to tie up) +- 메다 (to put on/carry something on one’s shoulder) With these words (and others like it), the same rule applies as above. That is, the final vowel does not end in ㅏ or ㅗ, so we need to add “어” plus whatever we are adding. With these complex vowels, it is irrelevant if you merge the addition to the stem. Both forms (merged and non-merged) would be correct. @@ -937,72 +944,72 @@ For example: Here is a more detailed breakdown: -가다 = to go +가다 = to go - The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem. - 나는 박물관에 가았다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 가: - - 나는 박물관에 갔다 = I went to the museum + - 나는 박물관에 갔다 = I went to the museum -오다 = to come +오다 = to come - The last vowel in the stem is ㅗ. So we add 았다 to the stem. - 삼촌은 가게에 오았다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 오: - - 삼촌은 가게에 왔다 = (My) uncle came to the store + - 삼촌은 가게에 왔다 = (My) uncle came to the store -배우다 = to learn +배우다 = to learn - The last vowel in the stem is ㅜ. So we add 었다 to the stem. - 오빠는 영어를 배우었다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 우: - - 오빠는 영어를 배웠다 = (My) older brother learned English + - 오빠는 영어를 배웠다 = (My) older brother learned English -던지다 = to throw +던지다 = to throw - The last vowel in the stem is ㅣ. So we add 었다 to the stem. - 나는 공을 던지었다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 지: - - 나는 공을 던졌다 = I threw the ball + - 나는 공을 던졌다 = I threw the ball -건너다 = to cross +건너다 = to cross - The last vowel in the stem is ㅓ. So we add 었다 to the stem. - 나는 길을 건너었다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 너: - - 나는 길을 건넜다 = I crossed the street + - 나는 길을 건넜다 = I crossed the street -만나다 = to meet +만나다 = to meet - The last vowel in the stem is ㅏ. So we add 았다 to the stem. - 나는 친구를 만나았다 - But, because the stem ends in a vowel, 았다 can merge with 나: - - 나는 친구를 만났다 = I met friends + - 나는 친구를 만났다 = I met friends -공부하다 = to study +공부하다 = to study - The last vowel in the stem is 하. So, we add 였다 to the stem. - 나는 한국어를 공부하였다 - But, 하 and 여 can be merged to formed 해: - - 나는 한국어를 공부했다 = I studied Korean + - 나는 한국어를 공부했다 = I studied Korean #### Future Tense Future tense is easy, and is simply a matter of adding “~겠다” to the stem of a word. Unlike the past and present tense conjugations, there is no difference if the stem ends in a vowel or a consonant. For example: -나는 먹다 = I eat (_unconjugated_) +나는 먹다 = I eat (_unconjugated_) -- 나는 먹겠다 = I will eat +- 나는 먹겠다 = I will eat -나는 가다 = I go (_unconjugated_) +나는 가다 = I go (_unconjugated_) -- 나는 가겠다 = I will go +- 나는 가겠다 = I will go -나는 배우다 = I learn (_unconjugated_) +나는 배우다 = I learn (_unconjugated_) -- 나는 배우겠다 = I will learn +- 나는 배우겠다 = I will learn -Two verbs specifically that are often conjugated in the future tense without actually having a meaning in the future tenses are 알다(to know) and 모르다(to not know). I don’t want to make any example sentences (because they would be too complicated at this point), but it would be good to remember that the words 알다 and 모르다 are often conjugated to 알겠다 or 모르겠다. Although they are conjugated to the future tense, those two words are typically used to express that somebody knows/doesn’t know something in the present tense. +Two verbs specifically that are often conjugated in the future tense without actually having a meaning in the future tenses are 알다 (to know) and 모르다 (to not know). I don’t want to make any example sentences (because they would be too complicated at this point), but it would be good to remember that the words 알다 and 모르다 are often conjugated to 알겠다 or 모르겠다. Although they are conjugated to the future tense, those two words are typically used to express that somebody knows/doesn’t know something in the present tense. Also note that the ending of the conjugation will often change as well depending on the different honorifics that you will learn in the [next lesson](./06-honorifics.md). @@ -1024,9 +1031,9 @@ Check out the table giving a breakdown of verbs in the past, present and future You learned previously that you need to add ~ㄴ/는다 to a verb stem in order to conjugate it in the present tense. In order to conjugate an adjective into the present tense you don’t need to do anything! Just leave the adjective as it is, and it is conjugated in the present tense. Some examples: -- 그 선생님은 아름답다 = that teacher is beautiful -- 그 길은 길다 = that street is long -- 나의 손은 크다 = my hand is big +- 그 선생님은 아름답다 = that teacher is beautiful +- 그 길은 길다 = that street is long +- 나의 손은 크다 = my hand is big #### Past tense @@ -1034,10 +1041,10 @@ In order to conjugate adjectives to the past tense, you must follow the same rul You must add 았다 or 었다 to the stem of a word. 았다 is added to words with the last vowel being ㅗ or ㅏ, and 었다 is added to words with the last vowel being anything but ㅏ or ㅗ. For example: -- 그 길은 길었다 = That street was long (길 + 었다) -- 그 음식은 맛있었다 = That food was delicious (맛있 + 었다) -- 그 선생님은 좋았다 = That teacher was good (좋 + 았다) -- 그 식당이 오래되었다 = That restaurant is old\*\*\* (오래되 + 었다) +- 그 길은 길었다 = That street was long (길 + 었다) +- 그 음식은 맛있었다 = That food was delicious (맛있 + 었다) +- 그 선생님은 좋았다 = That teacher was good (좋 + 았다) +- 그 식당이 오래되었다 = That restaurant is old\*\*\* (오래되 + 었다) --- @@ -1049,23 +1056,23 @@ Also, while _되다_ is commonly used and conjugated as a verb, in this case, _ For example: -- 우리는 오래된 집에 갔다 = We went to the old house +- 우리는 오래된 집에 갔다 = We went to the old house --- Just like with verbs, if the final letter of a verb/adjective stem is a vowel, ~았다/었다 can be merged to the actual stem itself: -- 이것은 비쌌다 = This was expensive (비싸 + 았다) -- 그 남자는 잘생겼다 = That man was handsome (잘생기 + 었다) -- 그 사람은 뚱뚱했다 = That person was fat (뚱뚱하 + 였다) +- 이것은 비쌌다 = This was expensive (비싸 + 았다) +- 그 남자는 잘생겼다 = That man was handsome (잘생기 + 었다) +- 그 사람은 뚱뚱했다 = That person was fat (뚱뚱하 + 였다) #### Future tense Conjugating adjectives into the future tense is the same as conjugating verbs into the future tense. All you need to do is add 겠다 to the stem of the adjective: -- 나는 행복하겠다 = I will be happy -- 그것은 맛있겠다 = That thing will be delicious -- 나는 배고프겠다 = I will be hungry +- 나는 행복하겠다 = I will be happy +- 그것은 맛있겠다 = That thing will be delicious +- 나는 배고프겠다 = I will be hungry In general, not only is this basic form rare in conversation, but Korean people do not use adjectives in the future as often as English speakers. @@ -1087,23 +1094,23 @@ Check out the table giving a breakdown of adjectives in the past, present and fu 있다 is an adjective when it is used to indicate that one “has” something. You learned these sentences in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/): -- 나는 펜이 있다 = I have a pen -- 나는 차가 있다 = I have a car -- 나는 가방이 있다 = I have a bag +- 나는 펜이 있다 = I have a pen +- 나는 차가 있다 = I have a car +- 나는 가방이 있다 = I have a bag Because this 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – which is do nothing and leave the adjective the way it is. So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated and grammatically correct. When 있다 is used to indicate that something/someone is “at/in” a location, it is also an adjective. This is also very difficult for an English speaker to wrap their head around. You learned these sentences in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/): -- 나는 은행 안에 있다 = I am inside the bank -- 개는 집 안에 있다 = The dog is in the house -- 고양이는 의자 밑에 있다 = The cat is under the chair +- 나는 은행 안에 있다 = I am inside the bank +- 개는 집 안에 있다 = The dog is in the house +- 고양이는 의자 밑에 있다 = The cat is under the chair Again, because this usage of 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – which is do nothing and leave the adjective the way it is. So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated in the plain form and grammatically correct. However, the usage of 있다 is much more complex than just these two meanings. 있다 has _many_ usages. In fact, there are times when 있다 is considered a verb. At this point, your understanding of Korean is not strong enough to see example sentences of 있다 as a verb because you haven’t learned some critical grammatical principles yet. What I want you to take from this is that 있다 _can_ be a verb – and thus – is conjugated as a verb sometimes. Therefore, although the example sentences above with 있다 are properly conjugated, there are times when the proper conjugation of 있다 in the “plain form” would be 있는다. -있다 is considered a verb when a person (or animal) is not only “at” a location, but “staying” at a location or in a state for a period of time. The difference between the adjective “있다” (to indicate something/someone is at a location) and the verb “있다” (to indicate that someone stays at a location or in a state) is confusing. +있다 is considered a verb when a person (or animal) is not only “at” a location, but “staying” at a location or in a state for a period of time. The difference between the adjective “있다” (to indicate something/someone is at a location) and the verb “있다” (to indicate that someone stays at a location or in a state) is confusing. Below are some complicated ways that 있다 can be seen as a verb. You absolutely do not need to understand these now. I suggest that you worry about them when you reach that particular lesson in your studies: @@ -1117,7 +1124,7 @@ Wow, that is a lot of grammar. Understanding this will probably be your the hard There are 1250 example sentences in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/audio/). -[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/?page_id=291) Or, +[Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!](./06-honorifics.md) Or, [Click here for a workbook to go along with this lesson.](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/workbooks#Unit118) ## Summary