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lesson 14 grammar, example sent manual random

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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md
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@@ -449,6 +449,235 @@ vocabulary:
examples:
- ko: 저에게 왜 **자꾸** 전화해요?
en: Why do you keep calling me **over and over**?
sentence:
되다:
- ko: 이 값은 세금을 포함**해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1.mp3
en: This price **includes** tax
- ko: 세금은 포함**돼요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-1.mp3
en: The tax **is included**
- ko: 저는 점심을 준비**했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-1.mp3
en: I **prepared** (the) lunch
- ko: 점심이 준비**되었어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-2.mp3
en: (The) lunch **was prepared**
- ko: 회사는 기계를 대체**했어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5.mp3
en: The company **replaced** the machine
- ko: 기계는 대체**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6.mp3
en: The machine **was replaced**
- ko: 그것은 이해**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7-1.mp3
en: It **was** understood
- ko: 그것은 학생들**에게** 이해**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/8.mp3
en: It **was** understood **by** the students
- ko: 집은 청소**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9-1.mp3
en: The house **was** cleaned
- ko: 집은 아버지**에게** 청소**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10-1.mp3
en: The house **was** cleaned **by** my dad
- ko: 학생들은 그것을 이해**했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-3.mp3
en: The students **understood** that
- ko: 아버지는 집을 청소**했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-4.mp3
en: My dad **cleaned** the house
- ko: 저는 집을 청소기로 청소**했어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-5.mp3
en: I **cleaned** the house with a vacuum cleaner
- ko: 집은 청소기**로** 청소**되었어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/14.mp3
en: the house **was** cleaned **by** a vacuum cleaner
- ko: 세금은 값에 포함**된다**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/16.mp3
en: The tax **is included** in the price
받다:
- ko: 저는 저의 형을 존경**해요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17.mp3
en: I **respect** my brother
- ko: 저의 형은 존경 **받아요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/18.mp3
en: My brother **is respected**
notes: literally - my brother receives respect
- ko: 교장선생님은 선생님들**에게** 존경**받아요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/19.mp3
en: The principal **is** respected **by** the teachers
- ko: 나는 너의 말**에**\* 감동**받았어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20.mp3
en: I **was** impressed **with** what you said
non-하다:
- ko: 밥은 학교에 의해 **제공된다**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-6.mp3
en: food **is provided** by the school
- ko: 밥은 학교에 의해 **제공되었다**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-7.mp3
en: food **was provided** by the school
- ko: 문은 바람에 의해 **닫혔어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-8.mp3
en: The door **was closed** by the wind
notes: Make sure you use the passive verb and not the active verb (for example – use 닫히다 instead of 닫다 in a passive sentence)
- ko: 저는 컴퓨터를 **켰어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/24.mp3
en: I **turned** the computer on
- ko: 컴퓨터가 **켜져 있어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/25-1.mp3
en: The computer is **(in the state of)** on
- ko: 저는 TV를 **껐어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/26.mp3
en: I **turned** the TV off
- ko: TV가 **꺼져 있어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/27.mp3
en: The TV is **(in the state of)** off
- ko: 저는 문을 **잠갔어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/28.mp3
en: I **locked** the door
- ko: 문이 **잠겨 있어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/29-1.mp3
en: The door is **(in the state of)** locked
- ko: 저는 문을 **닫았어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-9.mp3
en: I **closed** the door
- ko: 문이 **닫혔어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-10.mp3
en: The door **was closed**
notes: This is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫았어요”
- ko: 문이 바람에 **닫혔어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-11.mp3
en: The door **was** closed by the wind
- ko: 문이 **닫혀 있었어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-12.mp3
en: The door **was** closed
notes: The sentence is specifically indicating that the door was in the state of “closed”. Here, we have absolutely no idea if something/somebody had opened it recently; all we know is that, at that time, the door was not open.
- ko: 저는 문을 **닫아요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-13.mp3
en: I **close** the door
notes: Though it makes sense, it probably wouldn’t be said like this unless there was some sort of adverb or other information in the sentence (for example, “I close the door every day at 9:00pm”)
- ko: 문이 **닫혀요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-14.mp3
en: The door **closes**
notes: While technically correct, you would need some other information to make this sentence more natural (for example, “the door closes every day at 9:00pm”). This is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫아요”
- ko: 문이 **닫혀 있어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s1.mp3
en: The door **is closed**
notes: This sentence is not referring to the door closing. It is only stating that the door is currently in the state of “closed”
- ko: 문이 **닫힐 거예요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-15.mp3
en: The door **will close**
notes: It is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫을 거예요”
- ko: 문이 **닫혀 있을 거예요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-16.mp3
en: The door **will be closed**
notes: This is a passive sentence that is indicating that the door will be in the state of “closed” in the future.
- ko: 나는 친구를 **속였어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/39.mp3
en: I **tricked** my friend
- ko: 나는 친구에게 **속았어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-17.mp3
en: I **was tricked** by my friend
- ko: 펜이 탁자에 **놓여 있었어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/41.mp3
en: The pen was **(in the state of)** laying on the table
나다:
- ko: 숙제는 **끝났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/42.mp3
en: My homework **is finished**
- ko: 컴퓨터는 **고장 났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/43-1.mp3
en: The computer **is broken**
- ko: 저는 숙제를 **끝냈어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/44.mp3
en: I **finished** my homework
- ko: 저는 컴퓨터를 **고장냈어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/45.mp3
en: I **broke** the computer
- ko: 아! 그것이 **기억났다!**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46.mp3
en: Ah! I **remember** that!
notes: Literally – my memory came up
- ko: 좋은 생각이 **났어요!**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/47-1.mp3
en: I **have** a good idea
notes: Literally – a good idea came up
- ko: 그 가방에서 냄새가 **났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-18.mp3
en: That bag **is smelly**
notes: A smell is coming out of that bag
- ko: 그 방에서 냄새가 **났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-19.mp3
en: That room **is smelly**
notes: A smell is coming out of that room
- ko: 큰 일 **났어요**!
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-20.mp3
en: Oh no! Something bad **just happened**!
notes: Literally, this translates to “a big thing/task/work came up!” In Korean, this expression is used similar to the expression “Oh no! Something bad just happened!” A more common expression would probably be “Oh crap!”
- ko: 땀이 **났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-21.mp3
en: I’m **sweating**
- ko: 땀이 **나요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s2.mp3
en: Sweat is **literally currently coming out** of my body
notes: |
When 나다 is conjugating into the present tense in these cases, it insinuates that the thing is currently “coming up.” In most situations, the difference is negligible and distinguishing them would really be splitting hairs.
- ko: 저는 그것이 **기억났어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-22.mp3
en: I **remembered** that…
notes: which means that I also currently remember that fact… which means that I know that fact that I had previously remembered
- ko: 저는 그것이 **기억나요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-23.mp3
en: That memory is **literally currently just coming** to my mind
- ko: 나는 그때 기억이 안 **났어**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-24.mp3
en: I didn’t **remember (that) at that time**
- ko: 나는 그것이 기억 안 **나**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-25.mp3
en: I don’t **remember that**
normal:
- ko: 기회가 주**어졌어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/57.mp3
en: I **was give**n a chance
notes: add ~아/어지다 to the verb stem to make it passive.
- ko: 그 집은 한국에서 지**어졌어요**
audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/58.mp3
en: that house **was built** in Korea
notes: add ~아/어지다 to the verb stem to make it passive.
---
# Lesson 14: Korean Passive Verbs
@@ -1129,6 +1358,8 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy
## Introduction
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" />
This lesson contains a lot of boring, confusing grammar. I am warning you now.
If you looked at the vocabulary list of this lesson before reading this, you may have noticed something strange with some of the words. A lot of the words look very similar to each other. The reason for this is because today you will learn about passive verbs in Korean. Though I studied passive verbs very early in my studies, it is something that actually took me a year to fully grasp – and not because it is incredibly difficult, but rather that I never received any proper instruction regarding passive verbs.
@@ -1240,6 +1471,8 @@ Alright, let’s get started.
## 하다 to 되다
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="되다" />
I’ve told you twice before that verbs ending in 하다 can usually be separated from 하다 to create a noun form of that verb. 하다 then has the meaning of “do”:
- 나는 일했어 = <span class="md spoiler">I worked</span>
@@ -1348,6 +1581,8 @@ Notice in the example above that the particle “~에” is not denoting that th
## 하다 to 받다
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="받다" />
In addition to the usual way of switching 하다 with 되다 to make a passive verb – there is another (similar) way of making these verbs passive. This can only be done with certain verbs (usually acting on people), and is done by switching 하다 with 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to receive</span>). For example:
- 저는 저의 형을 존경해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I respect my brother</span>
@@ -1362,6 +1597,8 @@ The same rules apply with ~에 and ~에게 as described previously:
## Non-하다 verbs
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="non-하다" />
So far you have only learned how to change ~하다 verbs into the passive tense. There are, of course many verbs in Korean that don’t end in ~하다. When dealing with words not ending in 하다, there is often a separate (but very similar) word that can be used to indicate the passive voice. These words will always be presented separately in the vocabulary lists. Here are some examples:
- 켜다 = <span class="md spoiler">to turn on</span>
@@ -1511,6 +1748,8 @@ Here’s an example that I am including just because I have the audio for it. I
## 내다 and 나다
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="나다" />
There are quite a few words in Korean that can either end in 나다 or 내다.
These two play the same role as 되다 and 하다, where a word ending in 나다 is <span class="md spoiler">passive</span> and a word ending in 내다 is <span class="md spoiler">active</span>. For example:
@@ -1635,6 +1874,8 @@ This type of past-tense-conjugated negative sentence with 나다 would _only_ be
## Normal verbs
<VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="normal" />
So far, you’ve learned about dealing with 하다/되다/받다 verbs, verbs that can be in a state (닫다/닫히다) and 나다/내다 verbs. Sometimes, however, a verb that fits none of these conditions can be put into the passive voice. All that needs to be done in these cases is to add ~아/어지다 to the verb stem to make it passive. Note that this cannot be done with all verbs, but some common examples are:
- 주다 = <span class="md spoiler">to give</span>