lesson 14 grammar

docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md

@@ -598,25 +598,27 @@ An active verb is used when a subject does an action. For example:
 
 _In the examples below, the subject is “I”_
 
-I eat
+- I eat
-I learn
+- I learn
-I open
+- I open
 
 Active verbs often act on an object. For example:
 
-_The word “object” here refers to the part of speech that a verb can act on. Sometimes learners get confused and think that an object means “a thing,” for example; “a pencil” or “a door.” In theory, any noun can be an object of a sentence – including people or abstract ideas that are not considered “objects” in the literal (non-language) sense. For example, the objects are underlined in the following sentence_ _s:_
+_The word “object” here refers to the part of speech that a verb can act on. Sometimes learners get confused and think that an object means “a thing,” for example; “a pencil” or “a door.” In theory, any noun can be an object of a sentence – including people or abstract ideas that are not considered “objects” in the literal (non-language) sense. For example, the objects are underlined in the following sentences:_
 
-<em>I love my father
+- I love my father
-He wants respect</em>
+- He wants respect
 
-I eat rice
+---
-I learn Korean
+
-I open the door
+- I eat rice
+- I learn Korean
+- I open the door
 
 Some active verbs by their nature cannot act on an object. For example, the active verbs are underlined in the examples below:
 
-I went to the park
+- I went to the park
-I arrived at the park
+- I arrived at the park
 
 _“The park” in the above examples are not objects. The verb is not acting on that part of speech. They just indicate places within the sentence._
 
@@ -624,15 +626,15 @@ In all of the above examples, regardless of if there is an object in the sentenc
 
 Passive sentences indicate that an action is performed on the subject. For example:
 
-I was kicked
+- I was kicked
-The door was opened
+- The door was opened
-The hamburger was eaten
+- The hamburger was eaten
 
 In English, passive verbs feel like adjectives because their sentence structures are similar. For example:
 
-I was handsome
+- I was handsome
-The door was big
+- The door was big
-The hamburger was delicious
+- The hamburger was delicious
 
 Let’s look at an active verb and passive verb being used in similar sentences:
 
@@ -646,40 +648,46 @@ Below are some more active-passive pairs to help you see how they differ from on
 
 _All of the examples below are in the present tense. In the present tense, these passive sentences (just like most plain sentences used in the present tense) sound unnatural. For example, I would never say “I turn the computer on.” However, I am using the present tense simply because this is the basic “raw” form of the sentence. They could be applied to the past, the future, or other complicated things could be applied to them._
 
-I turn the computer on
+- I turn the computer on
-The computer is turned on
+- The computer is turned on
 
-I lock the door
+---
-The door is locked
 
-I respect my friend
+- I lock the door
-My friend is respected
+- The door is locked
 
-I cooked the rice
+---
-The rice is cooked
+
+- I respect my friend
+- My friend is respected
+
+---
+
+- I cooked the rice
+- The rice is cooked
 
 Passive verbs (like adjectives) cannot act on an object. For example:
 
-I opened the door (active verb) – correct
+- I opened the door (active verb) – correct
-The door was opened me (passive verb) – incorrect
+- The door was opened me (passive verb) – incorrect
-The door was big me (adjective) – incorrect
+- The door was big me (adjective) – incorrect
 
 However, sentences with passive verbs can include more information to indicate by whom (or by what) the action was performed. For example:
 
-The door was opened by me
+- The door was opened by me
-The door was opened by the wind
+- The door was opened by the wind
-The door was opened by the guard
+- The door was opened by the guard
 
 I’ll do the same with all of the passive sentences that I showed you earlier:
 
-The computer was turned on by me
+- The computer was turned on by me
-The door was locked by the teacher
+- The door was locked by the teacher
-My friend is respected by many people
+- My friend is respected by many people
-The rice was cooked by my mother
+- The rice was cooked by my mother
 
 Because passive verbs cannot act on an object, you will never see ~을/를 in a sentence predicated by a passive verb in Korean. Remember, ~을/를 is used to mark objects in Korean sentences – and therefore their usage is impossible with passive verbs.
 
-This is probably the most important paragraph in the entire lesson; it is usually unnatural to use passive verbs in Korean. In almost every situation, it is more natural to use the active form of a verb. For example, instead of saying “the house is built” it is more natural to say “somebody built the house” (which implies that the house is now built).
+This is probably the most important paragraph in the entire lesson; _it is usually unnatural to use passive verbs in Korean_. In almost every situation, it is more natural to use the active form of a verb. For example, instead of saying “the house is built” it is more natural to say “somebody built the house” (which implies that the house is now built).
 
 Nonetheless, understanding how passive verbs are used in Korean is crucial to your development.
 
@@ -689,76 +697,89 @@ It is also important to remember that passive verbs are **_verbs_** – not adje
 
 Alright, let’s get started.
 
-## Korean Passive Verbs – 하다 to 되다
+## 하다 to 되다
 
 I’ve told you twice before that verbs ending in 하다 can usually be separated from 하다 to create a noun form of that verb. 하다 then has the meaning of “do”:
 
-나는 일했어 = I worked
+- 나는 일했어 = <span class="md spoiler">I worked</span>
+
 which has the same meaning of:
-나는 일을 했어 = I did work/I worked
+
+- 나는 일을 했어 = <span class="md spoiler">I did work/I worked</span>
 
 When dealing with 하다 verbs, most of the time you can simply exchange 하다 with 되다, to make that verb passive. For example:
 
-포함하다 = to include
+- 포함하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to include</span>
-포함되다 = to be included
+- <TTS>포함되다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be included</span>
 
-제공하다 = to provide
+---
-제공되다 = to be provided
 
-대체하다 = to replace
+- 제공하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to provide</span>
-대체되다 = to be replaced
+- <TTS>제공되다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be provided</span>
+
+---
+
+- 대체하다 = <span class="md spoiler">to replace</span>
+- <TTS>대체되다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be replaced</span>
 
 You can use passive verbs to create sentences that have similar meaning to sentences with each respective active verb. Structurally the sentences will be different however, because the passive version of a verb cannot act on an object. For example:
 
-이 값은 세금을 포함해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1.mp3" /> = This price includes tax
+- 이 값은 세금을 포함해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">This price includes tax</span>
-세금은 포함돼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-1.mp3" /> = The tax is included
+- 세금은 포함돼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The tax is included</span>
 
-저는 점심을 준비했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-1.mp3" /> = I prepared (the) lunch
+---
-점심이 준비되었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-2.mp3" /> = (The) lunch was prepared
 
-회사는 기계를 대체했어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5.mp3" /> = The company replaced the machine
+- 저는 점심을 준비했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I prepared (the) lunch</span>
-기계는 대체되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6.mp3" /> = The machine was replaced
+- 점심이 준비되었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">(The) lunch was prepared</span>
 
-_Adding_ 어 _to_ 되 _creates either_ 되어 _or_ 돼 _with no difference in meaning. (For example,_ 되다 _in the present tense can either be 돼 or 되어. In the past tense, it can either be_ 되었다 _or_ 됐다.
+---
+
+- 회사는 기계를 대체했어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The company replaced the machine</span>
+- 기계는 대체되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The machine was replaced</span>
+
+_Adding_ 어 _to_ 되 _creates either_ 되어 _or_ 돼 _with no difference in meaning. For example,_ 되다 _in the present tense can either be 돼 or 되어. In the past tense, it can either be_ 되었다 _or_ 됐다.
 
 Often the speaker wants to indicate _by whom/what_ the lunch was prepared, or by _whom/what_ the machine was replaced. For example:
 
-– The lunch was prepared <em>by the school</em>
+- The lunch was prepared <em>by the school</em>
-– The machine was replaced _by the company_
+- The machine was replaced _by the company_
 
 In the examples above, although we are still using a passive verb, information about how the passive verb occurred is given. This is an example of when it is much more common to use the active form over the passive form in Korean. In Korean (and most likely in English as well), it would be much more natural to say “I prepared the lunch” instead of “The lunch was prepared by me.” Nonetheless, the grammar within these sentences is important, so I need to continue teaching it to you here.
 
 In order to create these sentences, you need to remember that sentences with a predicating passive verb can NOT have an object – which means that you CANNOT attach ~를/을 to “the school” or “the company.” For example, the sentence below would be ridiculous and probably wouldn’t be understood at all:
 
-점심이 학교를 준비되었어요
+- ~~점심이 학교를 준비되었어요~~
 
 In these types of sentences, in order to indicate how/by which means the passive verb occurs, you need to use different particles. If this part of a sentence is a person, it is acceptable to attach the particle “에게” to the noun. For example:
 
-그것은 이해되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7-1.mp3" /> = It was understood
+- 그것은 이해되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">It was understood</span>
-그것은 학생들에게 이해되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/8.mp3" /> = It was understood by the students
+- 그것은 학생들에게 이해되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">It was understood by the students</span>
 
-집은 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9-1.mp3" /> = The house was cleaned
+---
-집은 아버지에게 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10-1.mp3" /> = The house was cleaned by my dad
 
-_Again, I highly suggest that you refrain from using this passive voice in Korean. I need you to understand what is being introduced here so I can build on it in later lessons. The two sentences above would be better said as:_
+- 집은 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The house was cleaned</span>
+- 집은 아버지에게 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The house was cleaned by my dad</span>
 
-학생들은 그것을 이해했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-3.mp3" /> _= The students understood that_
+_Again, I highly suggest that you refrain from using this passive voice in Korean. I need you to understand what is being introduced here so I can build on it in later lessons. The two sentences above would be **better said as**:_
-아버지는 집을 청소했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-4.mp3" /> _= My dad cleaned the house_
+
+- 학생들은 그것을 이해했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-3.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The students understood that</span>
+- 아버지는 집을 청소했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My dad cleaned the house</span>
 
 The particle ~에 can be used when this part of a sentence is a non-person. For example:
 
-점심이 학교에 준비되었어요 = The lunch was prepared by the school
+- 점심이 학교에 준비되었어요 = <span class="md spoiler">The lunch was prepared by the school</span>
 
 The particle “~에 의해” can also be attached to nouns that are non-people in these situations, but the distinction between ~에 and ~에 의해 isn’t formally introduced until [Lesson 78](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-78/), Since I’m advising against using this passive form, it’s best to focus on the current presentation and not skip ahead.
 
-Also, remember the meaning of ~(으)로 which you learned in [Lesson 12](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-12/). You learned that ~(으)로 can be used to indicate with what tool/device/method/material something is carried out. This means that you can say something like:
+Also, remember the meaning of ~(으)로 which you learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md). You learned that ~(으)로 can be used to indicate with what tool/device/method/material something is carried out. This means that you can say something like:
 
-저는 집을 청소기로 청소했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-5.mp3" /> = I cleaned the house with a vacuum cleaner
+- 저는 집을 청소기로 청소했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I cleaned the house with a vacuum cleaner</span>
 
-But, if you wanted to say that sentence by using the passive verb (to be cleaned), you would have to again use ~(으)로 as the particle attached to 청소기 because that was the _method/tool_ that was used for it to be cleaned:
+But, if you wanted to say that sentence by using the passive verb (to be cleaned), you would have to again use ~(으)로 as the particle attached to 청소기 because that was the <span class="md spoiler">method/tool</span> that was used for it to be cleaned:
 
-집은 청소기**로** 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/14.mp3" /> = the house was cleaned by a vacuum cleaner, whereas:
+- 집은 청소기**로** 청소되었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the house was cleaned by a vacuum cleaner</span>
-집은 청소기**에** 청소되었어 = is not correct, although most Korean people would probably understand you.
+
+whereas ~~집은 청소기**에** 청소되었어~~ = is not correct, although most Korean people would probably understand you.
 
 Wow. Confusing.
 
@@ -769,242 +790,292 @@ What do you need to take from all of this? Because it is so confusing, I wrote t
 1. Clauses ending in a passive verb can never have a word with an object marker (를/을) within the clause.
 2. Passive verbs are conjugated just like active verbs, even though they feel like adjectives
 3. Though clauses ending in a passive verb cannot have an object in the clause, other particles can be attached to nouns to indicate how the passive action occurred. These particles are usually:
-4. 에 – to indicate that something occurred due to a non-person
+   - 에 – to indicate that something occurred due to <span class="md spoiler">a non-person</span>
-5. 에 의해 – to indicate that something occurred due to a non-person, but we haven’t studied this specifically yet
+   - 에 의해 – to indicate that something occurred due to <span class="md spoiler">a non-person, but we haven’t studied this specifically yet</span>
-6. 에게 – to indicate that something occurred due to a person
+   - 에게 – to indicate that something occurred due to <span class="md spoiler">a person</span>
-7. ~(으)로 – to indicate the tool/method by which something occurred
+   - ~(으)로 – to indicate <span class="md spoiler">the tool/method by which</span> something occurred
 
-One other thing. Just because a noun in a passive sentence has the particle ~에 (or ~에게, or ~에 의해 for that matter) attached to it, it doesn’t necessarily mean that is the noun that caused the passive verb to occur. ~에 could also have its more familiar function of designating a place. For example, we saw this sentence before:
+One other thing. Just because a noun in a passive sentence has the particle ~에 (or ~에게, or ~에 의해 for that matter) attached to it, it doesn’t necessarily mean that is the noun that caused the passive verb to occur. ~에 could also have its more familiar function of <span class="md spoiler">designating a place</span>. For example, we saw this sentence before:
 
-세금은 포함돼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-1.mp3" /> = the tax is included
+- 세금은 포함돼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">the tax is included</span>
 
 I could put the noun “값” in the sentence to indicate the location of where the tax is included in.
 
-세금은 값에 포함된다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/16.mp3" /> = The tax is included in the price
+- 세금은 값에 포함된다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The tax is included in the price</span>
 
 Notice in the example above that the particle “~에” is not denoting that the tax is included _by_ the price. Rather, it is included _in_ the price. Being able to recognize things like this just takes practice and your understanding of this will increase as you progress through your studies. For now, try not to focus too much on the tiny parts of this lessons, and focus more on the big-picture.
 
-Korean Passive Verbs – 하다 to 받다
+## 하다 to 받다
 
-In addition to the usual way of switching 하다 with 되다 to make a passive verb – there is another (similar) way of making these verbs passive. This can only be done with certain verbs (usually acting on people), and is done by switching 하다 with 받다 (to receive). For example:
+In addition to the usual way of switching 하다 with 되다 to make a passive verb – there is another (similar) way of making these verbs passive. This can only be done with certain verbs (usually acting on people), and is done by switching 하다 with 받다 (<span class="md spoiler">to receive</span>). For example:
 
-저는 저의 형을 존경해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17.mp3" /> = I respect my brother
+- 저는 저의 형을 존경해요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I respect my brother</span>
-저의 형은 존경 받아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/18.mp3" /> = My brother is respected (literally-my brother receives respect)
+- 저의 형은 존경 받아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My brother is respected</span> (literally - <span class="md spoiler">my brother receives respect</span>)
 
 The same rules apply with ~에 and ~에게 as described previously:
 
-교장선생님은 선생님들에게 존경받아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/19.mp3" /> = The principal is respected by the teachers
+- 교장선생님은 선생님들에게 존경받아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The principal is respected by the teachers</span>
-나는 너의 말에\* 감동받았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20.mp3" /> = I was impressed with what you said \*_Remember that_ 말하다 _means “to speak.” By removing_ 하다, 말 _becomes the noun form of “speak,” which is “words/the thing you said/what you said/etc…”_
+- 나는 너의 말에\* 감동받았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was impressed with what you said</span>
 
-## Korean Passive Verbs – Non-하다 verbs
+\*_Remember that_ 말하다 _means “<span class="md spoiler">to speak</span>.” By removing_ 하다, 말 _becomes <span class="md spoiler">the noun</span> form of “<span class="md spoiler">speak</span>,” which is “<span class="md spoiler">words/the thing you said/what you said/etc…</span>”_
+
+## Non-하다 verbs
 
 So far you have only learned how to change ~하다 verbs into the passive tense. There are, of course many verbs in Korean that don’t end in ~하다. When dealing with words not ending in 하다, there is often a separate (but very similar) word that can be used to indicate the passive voice. These words will always be presented separately in the vocabulary lists. Here are some examples:
 
-켜다 = to turn on
+- 켜다 = <span class="md spoiler">to turn on</span>
-켜지다 = to be turned on
+- <TTS>켜지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be turned on</span>
 
-끄다 = to turn off
+---
-꺼지다 = to be turned off
 
-닫다 = to close
+- 끄다 = <span class="md spoiler">to turn off</span>
-닫히다 = to be closed
+- <TTS>꺼지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be turned off</span>
+
+---
+
+- 닫다 = <span class="md spoiler">to close</span>
+- <TTS>닫히다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be closed</span>
 
 _The words above are just some examples of active verbs and their passive equivalents. There are many more of these active-passive pairs, and unfortunately there is no way to instinctively know which one is active and which one is passive. In all of the examples above, the longer word (i.e. the word with one more syllable) is the passive verb. However, sometimes the longer word is the active verb, for example:_
 
-붙다 _= to be attached_
+- <TTS>붙다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be attached</span>
-붙이다 _= to attach_
+- 붙이다 = <span class="md spoiler">to attach</span>
 
-끓다 _= to be boiling_
+---
-끓이다 _= to boil_
+
+- <TTS>끓다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be boiling</span>
+- 끓이다 = <span class="md spoiler">to boil</span>
 
 _If you look at these examples, you might think “Oh, so maybe the pattern is – if there is an active-passive pair where “이” is the difference between the two, then the longer word will be the active verb.” Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. Here are two other examples of active-passive pairs that show the opposite:_
 
-쓰다 _= to write_
+- 쓰다 = <span class="md spoiler">to write</span>
-쓰이다 _= to be written_
+- <TTS>쓰이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be written</span>
 
-보다 _= to see_
+---
-보이다 _= to be seen_
+
+- 보다 = <span class="md spoiler">to see</span>
+- <TTS>보이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be seen</span>
 
 _There are many instances of these active-passive pairs in Korean, and there is no way to know which one is active or which one is passive unless you have specifically memorized it. This is just something that you will have to memorize whenever you come across it. The only thing that is helpful is that the active verb usually looks very similar to the passive verb – with just one syllable added or deleted from the active form._
 
-[_I talk about passive verbs, and the use of_ 줄다 _(to be decreased) and_ 줄이다 _(to decrease) in this YouTube video._](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8AqNY6Lyzo)
+I talk about passive verbs, and the use of <TTS>줄다</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">to be decreased</span>) and 줄이다 (<span class="md spoiler">to decrease</span>) in this YouTube video.
 
-[_I also talk about it in this video, where 열리다 is used._](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6swm1JYafsE&list=PLpkY2PdR9aLO_V0LFnP3_cdapJBcuG3-O&t=0s&index=4)
+<YouTube id=K8AqNY6Lyzo />
 
-You can treat these passive verbs just like the passive verbs you learned in the previous two sections (되다 and 받다 verbs). Make sure you use the passive verb and not the active verb (for example – use 닫히다 instead of 닫다 in a passive sentence):
+I also talk about it in this video, where <TTS>열리다</TTS> is used.
 
-밥은 학교에 의해 제공된다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-6.mp3" /> = food is provided by the school
+<YouTube id=6swm1JYafsE />
-밥은 학교에 의해 제공되었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-7.mp3" /> = food was provided by the school
+
-문은 바람에 의해 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-8.mp3" /> = The door was closed by the wind
+You can treat these passive verbs just like the passive verbs you learned in the previous two sections (되다 and 받다 verbs). Make sure you use the passive verb and not the active verb (for example – use <TTS>닫히다</TTS> instead of 닫다 in a passive sentence):
+
+- 밥은 학교에 의해 제공된다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">food is provided by the school</span>
+- 밥은 학교에 의해 제공되었다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-7.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">food was provided by the school</span>
+- 문은 바람에 의해 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-8.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door was closed by the wind</span>
 
 When dealing with these passive verbs however, you need to think about whether or not that passive verb is in the **state** of something. For example, every passive verb you learned in the previous two sections (하다 to 되다 and 하다 to 받다) were **not** passive verbs in the state of something. For example, again:
 
-나는 너의 말에 감동받았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20.mp3" /> = I was impressed with what you said
+- 나는 너의 말에 감동받았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was impressed with what you said</span>
 
 Simply means that you were impressed. It does not mean that you are in the state of being impressed. But, in these sentences:
 
-The computer is on.
+- The computer is on.
-The TV is off
+- The TV is off
-The door is locked
+- The door is locked
 
 All of those nouns are in the **state** of something. The computer is in the state of being on, the TV is in the state of being off, and the door is in the state of locked. To indicate that something “is in the state” of something in Korean, you must add ~아/어 있다 to the passive verb. For example:
 
 _As you know,_ 있다 _has many usages and meanings in Korean. Sometimes_ 있다 *is a verb, and sometimes it is an adjective. When used as ~*아/어 있다 _as described here,_ 있다 _is a verb. For now, this is only important to you when conjugating in the plain form. In the future, there will be other times when this distinction will be important._
 
-저는 컴퓨터를 켰어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/24.mp3" /> = I turned the computer on
+- 저는 컴퓨터를 켰어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I turned the computer on</span>
-컴퓨터가 켜져 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/25-1.mp3" /> = The computer is (in the state of) on
+- 컴퓨터가 켜져 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/25-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The computer is (in the state of) on</span>
 
-저는 TV를 껐어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/26.mp3" /> = I turned the TV off
+---
-TV가 꺼져 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/27.mp3" /> = The TV is (in the state of) off
 
-저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/28.mp3" /> = I locked the door
+- 저는 TV를 껐어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I turned the TV off</span>
-문이 잠겨 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/29-1.mp3" /> = The door is (in the state of) locked
+- TV가 꺼져 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The TV is (in the state of) off</span>
+
+---
+
+- 저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I locked the door</span>
+- 문이 잠겨 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/29-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door is (in the state of) locked</span>
 
 Notice that ~이/가 is used in the passive sentences above. In most cases, this is usually more natural with these types of sentences. Don’t worry about that for now (I’ll discuss it in [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-17/)), and focus more on how the verbs (both active and passive) are being used.
 
+---
+
 I get a lot of people who are confused about this “state” nonsense of these passive verbs. I would like to fully describe how these words can be used to describe that something is in a “state” and compare them to the same passive verb that is not in that state. For example:
 
-저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-9.mp3" /> = I closed the door
+- 저는 문을 닫았어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-9.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I closed the door</span>
+
 This sentence is an active sentence. It has an active verb, and has an object. This should be no problem.
 
-문이 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-10.mp3" /> = The door was closed
+- 문이 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-10.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door was closed</span>
+
 This is a passive sentence. It is indicating that at some point in the past, the door was closed by something or someone. This is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫았어요” – the only difference is that we have no idea who/what closed the door. Though you could assume that the door (after that point) was in the state of “closed” this sentence does not specifically indicate that.
 
-문이 바람에 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-11.mp3" /> = The door was closed by the wind
+- 문이 바람에 닫혔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-11.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door was closed by the wind</span>
+
 This is essentially the same sentence as above, but in this case we know how the door was closed. Again, though you could assume that the door (after that point) was in the state of “closed” this sentence does not specifically indicate that.
 
-문이 닫혀 있었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-12.mp3" /> = The door was closed
+- 문이 닫혀 있었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-12.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door was closed</span>
+
 This is another passive sentence, but notice the difference between this sentence and the two examples above. Here, the sentence is specifically indicating that the door was in the state of “closed”. Here, we have absolutely no idea if something/somebody had opened it recently; all we know is that, at that time, the door was not open.
 
-저는 문을 닫아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-13.mp3" /> = I close the door
+- 저는 문을 닫아요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-13.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I close the door</span>
-This is another active sentence with an active verb. Though it makes sense, it probably wouldn’t be said like this unless there was some sort of adverb or other information in the sentence (for example, “I close the door every day at 9:00pm”)
 
-문이 닫혀요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-14.mp3" /> = The door closes
+This is another active sentence with an active verb. Though it makes sense, it probably wouldn’t be said like this _unless there was some sort of adverb or other information in the sentence (for example, “I close the door every day at 9:00pm”)_
-While technically correct, you would need some other information to make this sentence more natural (for example, “the door closes every day at 9:00pm”). This is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫아요” – except for that in this example, there is no information given as to who/what will close the door. The sentence is not referring to the door being in the state of “closed”, but rather, indicating that door somehow closes.
+
+- 문이 닫혀요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-14.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door closes</span>
+
+While technically correct, _you would need some other information to make this sentence more natural (for example, “the door closes every day at 9:00pm”)._ This is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫아요” – except for that in this example, there is no information given as to who/what will close the door. The sentence is not referring to the door being in the state of “closed”, but rather, indicating that door somehow closes.
+
+- 문이 닫혀 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door is closed</span>
 
-문이 닫혀 있어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s1.mp3" /> = The door is closed
 Notice the difference between this example and the one above. This sentence is not referring to the door closing. It is only stating that the door is currently in the state of “closed”
 
-문이 닫힐 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-15.mp3" /> = The door will close
+- 문이 닫힐 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-15.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door will close</span>
+
 Again, this example is referring to the door somehow closing. It is the exact passive equivalent of “저는 문을 닫을 거예요” – except for that in this example, there is no information given as to who/what will close the door.
 
-문이 닫혀 있을 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-16.mp3" /> = The door will be closed
+- 문이 닫혀 있을 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-16.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The door will be closed</span>
+
 This is a passive sentence that is indicating that the door will be in the state of “closed” in the future. It does not indicate who/what will close the door; all we know is that, at that time in the future, the door will be closed.
 
 Just because an active verb has a passive equivalent, it does not mean you can attach ~아/어 있다 to that word to describe that it is in the “state” of something. Typically this is only done for words like on, off, open, closed, etc…
 
 A good example of this not working with a passive verb is with 속이다 and 속다.
 
-속이다 = to trick somebody
+- 속이다 = <span class="md spoiler">to trick somebody</span>
-속다 = to be tricked
+- <TTS>속다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be tricked</span>
+
+---
+
+나는 친구를 속였어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I tricked my friend</span>
 
-나는 친구를 속였어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/39.mp3" /> = I tricked my friend
 This is an active sentence.
 
-나는 친구에게 속았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-17.mp3" /> = I was tricked by my friend
+나는 친구에게 속았어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-17.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was tricked by my friend</span>
+
 This is a passive sentence
 
-나는 속아 있다…
+~~나는 속아 있다…~~
+
 … I am… in the state of being tricked.
+
 This doesn’t make sense. Once you’re tricked, you’re tricked. You do not continue being in the state of “tricked” like a door continues to be open once it is open.
 
 Here’s an example that I am including just because I have the audio for it. I’m going to get more example sentences for this lesson shortly with more audio clips:
 
-펜이 탁자에 놓여 있었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/41.mp3" />
+- 펜이 탁자에 놓여 있었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The pen was (in the state of) laying on the table</span>
-= The pen was (in the state of) laying on the table
 
-Korean Passive Verbs – 내다 and 나다
+## 내다 and 나다
 
 There are quite a few words in Korean that can either end in 나다 or 내다.
 
-These two play the same role as 되다 and 하다, where a word ending in 나다 is passive and a word ending in 내다 is active. For example:
+These two play the same role as 되다 and 하다, where a word ending in 나다 is <span class="md spoiler">passive</span> and a word ending in 내다 is <span class="md spoiler">active</span>. For example:
 
-끝내다 = to finish
+- 끝내다 = <span class="md spoiler">to finish</span>
-끝나다 = to be finished
+- 끝나다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be finished</span>
 
-나다 and 내다 can actually be used as standalone verbs as well as be attached to other words. Both of their meanings are very complex and depend heavily on the situation, but their general meanings are:
+나다 and 내다 can actually be used as _standalone verbs_ as well as be attached to other words. Both of their meanings are very complex and depend heavily on the situation, but their general meanings are:
 
-나다 = for something to come up/arise/occur
+- 나다 = <span class="md spoiler">for something to come up/arise/occur</span>
-내다 = to make something come up/arise/occur
+- 내다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make something come up/arise/occur</span>
 
-However, not all words ending in 나다 have an equivalent 내다 verb (and vice-versa). For example, 어긋나다 is a word (to be out of step with something) but 어긋내다 is not a word. At any rate, the two most common words ending in 나다/내다 are:
+However, not all words ending in 나다 have an equivalent 내다 verb (and vice-versa). For example, <TTS>어긋나다</TTS> is a word (<span class="md spoiler">to be out of step with something</span>) but 어긋내다 is not a word. At any rate, the two most common words ending in 나다/내다 are:
 
-끝내다 = to finish
+- 끝내다 = <span class="md spoiler">to finish</span>
-끝나다 = to be finished
+- 끝나다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be finished</span>
 
-고장 내다 = to break
+---
-고장 나다 = to be broken
+
+- 고장 내다 = <span class="md spoiler">to break</span>
+- <TTS>고장 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be broken</span>
 
 It is very common to use the past tense conjugation of both of these words in the passive voice even when the thing is currently broken/finished. In English, we would say these sentences in the present tense, but in theory the thing/task was broken/finished in the past. For example:
 
-숙제는 끝났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/42.mp3" /> = My homework is finished
+- 숙제는 끝났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/42.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My homework is finished</span>
-컴퓨터는 고장 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/43-1.mp3" /> = The computer is broken
+- 컴퓨터는 고장 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/43-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">The computer is broken</span>
 
 It is possible to use the active voice to express these sentences, but the use of “나다” (as seen above) is more common than the use of 내다 in these cases. Nonetheless, the following are acceptable:
 
-저는 숙제를 끝냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/44.mp3" /> = I finished my homework
+- 저는 숙제를 끝냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/44.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I finished my homework</span>
-저는 컴퓨터를 고장냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/45.mp3" /> = I broke the computer
+- 저는 컴퓨터를 고장냈어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/45.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I broke the computer</span>
 
-As I said before, 나다 itself means “for something to come up/arise/occur” which means it can be used in a lot of sentences to indicate that some noun “comes up”. Three common ways to use 나다 are with 기억 (a memory) with 생각 (a thought) and with 냄새 (a smell):
+As I said before, 나다 itself means “<span class="md spoiler">for something to come up/arise/occur</span>” which means it can be used in a lot of sentences to indicate that some noun “<span class="md spoiler">comes up</span>”. Three common ways to use 나다 are with <TTS>기억</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">a memory</span>) with <TTS>생각</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">a thought</span>) and with <TTS>냄새</TTS> (<span class="md spoiler">a smell</span>):
 
-아! 그것이 기억났다! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46.mp3" /> = Ah! I remember that! (Literally – my memory came up)
+- 아! 그것이 기억났다! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Ah! I remember that!</span> (Literally – <span class="md spoiler">my memory came up</span>)
-좋은 생각이 났어요! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/47-1.mp3" /> = I have a good idea (Literally – a good idea came up)
+- 좋은 생각이 났어요! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/47-1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have a good idea</span> (Literally – <span class="md spoiler">a good idea came up</span>)
-그 가방에서 냄새가 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-18.mp3" /> = That bag is smelly (A smell is coming out of that bag)
+- 그 가방에서 냄새가 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That bag is smelly</span> (<span class="md spoiler">A smell is coming out of that bag</span>)
-그 방에서 냄새가 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-19.mp3" /> = That room is smelly (A smell is coming out of that room)
+- 그 방에서 냄새가 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-19.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That room is smelly</span> (<span class="md spoiler">A smell is coming out of that room</span>)
 
 _Remember that_ 나다 *is a passive verb and cannot act on an object. Therefore, the particle ~*이/가 *must be used on “*것*.” You will learn more about this sentence structure in the [next lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/#m3).*
 
 Another common example of “나다” in use is in the following phrase:
 
-큰 일 났어요! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-20.mp3" />
+- 큰 일 났어요! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-20.mp3" />
 
-Literally, this translates to “a big thing/task/work came up!” In Korean, this expression is used similar to the expression “Oh no! Something bad just happened!” A more common expression would probably be “Oh crap!”
+Literally, this translates to “<span class="md spoiler">a big thing/task/work came up!</span>” In Korean, this expression is used similar to the expression “<span class="md spoiler">Oh no! Something bad just happened</span>!” A more common expression would probably be “<span class="md spoiler">Oh crap!</span>”
 
 You will see “나다” used with many other words throughout your Korean studies. The most common examples of 나다 (or it’s active 내다 form) are the examples above. Other common examples that you will learn shortly are provided below. I haven’t included these words in the vocabulary list above, so you don’t need to memorize them now. I am simply introducing them to you at this point because they are related to this topic.
 
-소리 = sound
+- 소리 = <span class="md spoiler">sound</span>
-소리가 나다 = the verb of a sound happening (for a sound to “come up”)
+- <TTS>소리가 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the verb of a sound happening (for a sound to “come up”)</span>
 
-화 = anger, rage
+---
-화가 나다 = to be angry (for anger to “come up”)
 
-사고 = accident
+- 화 = <span class="md spoiler">anger, rage</span>
-사고가 나다 = to get into an accident (for an accident to “arise”)
+- <TTS>화가 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be angry (for anger to “come up”)</span>
 
-땀 = sweat
+---
-땀이 나다 = to be sweating (for sweat to “come up”)
 
-전쟁 = war
+- 사고 = <span class="md spoiler">accident</span>
-전쟁이 나다 = for a war to start (for a war to “come up”)
+- <TTS>사고가 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to get into an accident (for an accident to “arise”)</span>
 
-멀미 = motion sickness
+---
-멀미가 나다 = for motion sickness to “come up”
+
+- 땀 = <span class="md spoiler">sweat</span>
+- <TTS>땀이 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be sweating (for sweat to “come up”)</span>
+
+---
+
+- 전쟁 = <span class="md spoiler">war</span>
+- <TTS>전쟁이 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for a war to start (for a war to “come up”)</span>
+
+---
+
+- 멀미 = <span class="md spoiler">motion sickness</span>
+- <TTS>멀미가 나다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">for motion sickness to “come up”</span>
 
 In a lot of these cases, you will see 나다 conjugated into the past tense when we as English speakers would think of the situation in the present tense. To explain this phenomenon, let me bring up an example from before:
 
-아! 그것이 기억났다! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46.mp3" /> = Ah! I remember that!
+- 아! 그것이 기억났다! <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/46.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Ah! I remember that!</span>
 
 Notice here that 나다 is conjugated to the past but I have translated the English sentence into the present tense. If you imagine your memory as a thing that can “come up,” in theory, the memory had already came up before you said that sentence – therefore making it in the past tense. Here, the context of the conversation can inform you if the speaker is referring to something in the past or present tense.
 
 It is possible to use these words in the present tense, but that would mean that the noun is _currently_ coming up. A good example from that list above would be:
 
-땀이 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-21.mp3" /> = I’m sweating
+- 땀이 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m sweating</span>
 
-Here again, you can see 나다 conjugated to the past tense but the English sentence is translated into the present tense. Just by the nature of the word “나다” (to come out) in Korean, when sweat has “come out” of your body it means that you now have sweat on your body which we as English speakers would say as “I’m sweating.”
+Here again, you can see 나다 conjugated to the past tense but the English sentence is translated into the present tense. Just by the nature of the word “나다” (<span class="md spoiler">to come out</span>) in Korean, when sweat has “come out” of your body it means that you now have sweat on your body which we as English speakers would say as “<span class="md spoiler">I’m sweating.</span>”
 
 When 나다 is conjugating into the present tense in these cases, it insinuates that the thing is currently “coming up.” In most situations, the difference is negligible and distinguishing them would really be splitting hairs.
 
 However, let’s split some hairs:
 
-땀이 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-21.mp3" /> = Sweat was coming out of my body… which means that there is currently sweat on my body… which means that I am wet from the sweat on my body that had previously come out of my body.
+- 땀이 났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-21.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Sweat was coming out of my body… </span>
 
-땀이 나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s2.mp3" /> = Sweat is literally currently coming out of my body
+which means that there is currently sweat on my body… which means that I am wet from the sweat on my body that had previously come out of my body.
+
+- 땀이 나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-14-s2.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Sweat is literally currently coming out of my body</span>
 
 ---
 
-저는 그것이 기억났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-22.mp3" /> = I remembered that… which means that I also currently remember that fact… which means that I know that fact that I had previously remembered
+- 저는 그것이 기억났어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I remembered that… </span>
 
-저는 그것이 기억나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-23.mp3" /> = That memory is literally currently just coming to my mind
+which means that I also currently remember that fact… which means that I know that fact that I had previously remembered
+
+- 저는 그것이 기억나요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That memory is literally currently just coming to my mind</span>
 
 ---
 
@@ -1012,28 +1083,31 @@ Really, this whole past/present thing is quite advanced and is not something I d
 
 I should point out that we don’t see this same phenomenon when these words are used in negative sentences. For example, if I say:
 
-그것이 기억이 안 났어
+- 그것이 기억이 안 났어
 
 Does the fact of your memory “_not_ coming up” mean that it is currently not up when you said the sentence? Huh…. I can’t even wrap my head around that sentence.
 
 This type of past-tense-conjugated negative sentence with 나다 would _only_ be used to say that you didn’t remember something sometime in the past. If you want to say that you cannot currently remember something, you can use the present tense conjugation. For example:
 
-나는 그때 기억이 안 났어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-24.mp3" /> = I didn’t remember (that) at that time
+- 나는 그때 기억이 안 났어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t remember (that) at that time</span>
-나는 그것이 기억 안 나 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-25.mp3" /> = I don’t remember that
+- 나는 그것이 기억 안 나 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-14-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I don’t remember that</span>
 
-Korean Passive Verbs – Normal verbs
+## Normal verbs
 
 So far, you’ve learned about dealing with 하다/되다/받다 verbs, verbs that can be in a state (닫다/닫히다) and 나다/내다 verbs. Sometimes, however, a verb that fits none of these conditions can be put into the passive voice. All that needs to be done in these cases is to add ~아/어지다 to the verb stem to make it passive. Note that this cannot be done with all verbs, but some common examples are:
 
-주다 = to give
+- 주다 = <span class="md spoiler">to give</span>
-주어지다 = to be given
+- <TTS>주어지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be given</span>
+
 (Note that the word is 주어지다 and _not_ 줘지다)
 
-짓다 = to build
+- 짓다 = <span class="md spoiler">to build</span>
-지어지다 = to be built (짓 + 어 = 지어) + 지다 = 지어지다
+- <TTS>지어지다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be built</span> (짓 + 어 = 지어) + 지다 = 지어지다
 
-기회가 주어졌어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/57.mp3" /> = I was given a chance
+---
-그 집은 한국에서 지어졌어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/58.mp3" /> = that house was built in Korea
+
+- 기회가 주어졌어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/57.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I was given a chance</span>
+- 그 집은 한국에서 지어졌어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/58.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">that house was built in Korea</span>
 
 That’s it!