diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md index e9c2c61..1e84438 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/05-tenses.md @@ -432,43 +432,49 @@ Example: ### Verbs -기대하다 = to expect +기대하다 = to expect
The noun form of this word translates to “expectation” Notes: -The passive version of this word (기대되다) is commonly used to say that one is excited for something to happen. For more information on passive verbs, see [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). + +The passive version of this word (기대되다) is commonly used to say that one is excited for something to happen. For more information on passive verbs, see [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). Example: -선생님이 3시에 올 것을 **기대했어요** = I **expected** the teacher to come at 3:00 + +- 선생님이 3시에 올 것을 **기대했어요** = I **expected** the teacher to come at 3:00
-건너다 = to cross (a road/etc) +건너다 = to cross (a road/etc)
Common Usages: -길을 건너다 = to cross a road + +- 길을 건너다 = to cross a road Example: -빨리 **건너자**! = Quick! Let’s **cross**! -저는 거리를 안전하게 **건넜어요** = I **crossed** the street safely + +- 빨리 **건너자**! = Quick! Let’s **cross**! +- 저는 거리를 안전하게 **건넜어요** = I **crossed** the street safely
-던지다 = to throw +던지다 = to throw
Common Usages: -공을 던지다 = to throw a ball + +- 공을 던지다 = to throw a ball Example: -수업시간 동안 종이를 **던지**지 마세요 = During class, don’t **throw** paper please -야구선수는 공을 세게 **던졌어요** = The baseball player **threw** the ball hard + +- 수업시간 동안 종이를 **던지**지 마세요 = During class, don’t **throw** paper please +- 야구선수는 공을 세게 **던졌어요** = The baseball player **threw** the ball hard This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1. @@ -476,61 +482,74 @@ This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1.
-싫어하다 = to not like +싫어하다 = to not like
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “시러하다” -Notes: 싫다 is an adjective that means “not good.” 싫어하다 is a verb. Therefore, ~을/를 should be attached to the object in the sentence that one does not like. +Notes: + +싫다 is an adjective that means “not good.” 싫어하다 is a verb. Therefore, ~을/를 should be attached to the object in the sentence that one does not like. Examples: -저는 그 사람을 **싫어해요** = I **don’t like** that person -저는 과일을 **싫어해요** = I **dislike** fruit -처음에 그 여자를 **싫어했어요** = I **didn’t like** that girl at first -그들은 저를 처음부터 **싫어했어요** = They **didn’t** **like** me from the start -저는 사람들이 지하철을 급히 타는 것을 **싫어해요** = I **don’t** **like** people getting on the subway in a rush -제가 그 여자를 **싫어해**도 그녀를 위해 선물을 사야 되었어요 = Regardless of how much I **dislike** that girl, I still had to buy her a present + +- 저는 그 사람을 **싫어해요** = I **don’t like** that person +- 저는 과일을 **싫어해요** = I **dislike** fruit +- 처음에 그 여자를 **싫어했어요** = I **didn’t like** that girl at first +- 그들은 저를 처음부터 **싫어했어요** = They **didn’t** **like** me from the start +- 저는 사람들이 지하철을 급히 타는 것을 **싫어해요** = I **don’t** **like** people getting on the subway in a rush +- 제가 그 여자를 **싫어해**도 그녀를 위해 선물을 사야 되었어요 = Regardless of how much I **dislike** that girl, I still had to buy her a present
-떠나다 = to leave somewhere +떠나다 = to leave somewhere
Common Usages: -세상을 떠나다 = to die (literally, “to leave the world”) + +- 세상을 떠나다 = to die (literally, “to leave the world”) Notes: -This word is usually only used if you are leaving something forever or for a very long time. If you want to say that you left your house (and are returning), you should use the words “출발하다” (to depart) or “나가다” (to go out). + +This word is usually only used if you are leaving something forever or for a very long time. If you want to say that you left your house (and are returning), you should use the words “출발하다” (to depart) or “나가다” (to go out). Example: -한국은 언제 **떠났어요**? = When did you **leave** Korea? -아버지가 벌써 **떠났다**는 것을 몰랐어요 = I didn’t know (the fact) that dad already left + +- 한국은 언제 **떠났어요**? = When did you **leave** Korea? +- 아버지가 벌써 **떠났다**는 것을 몰랐어요 = I didn’t know (the fact) that dad already left
-농담하다 = to joke +농담하다 = to joke
The noun form of this word translates to “a joke” Example: -나의 남자친구는 나에게 **농담**을 많이 **해**= My boyfriend tells me a lot of **jokes** -공부하다 = to study +- 나의 남자친구는 나에게 **농담**을 많이 **해** = My boyfriend tells me a lot of **jokes** + +
+ +공부하다 = to study + +
Common Usages: -열심히 공부하다 = to study hard + +- 열심히 공부하다 = to study hard Examples: -저는 한국어를 4년 동안 **공부했어요** = I **studied** Korean for 4 years -저는 저녁에 **공부했어요** = I **studied** in the evening -여름에 저는 **공부하겠어요** = I will **study** in the summer -저는 30분 동안 **공부했어요** = I **studied** for 30 minutes -저는 내일부터 한국어를 **공부할** **거예요** = I’m going to **study** Korean from tomorrow -저는 아침부터 밤까지 **공부**만 **했어요** = From morning to night I only **studied** + +- 저는 한국어를 4년 동안 **공부했어요** = I **studied** Korean for 4 years +- 저는 저녁에 **공부했어요** = I **studied** in the evening +- 여름에 저는 **공부하겠어요** = I will **study** in the summer +- 저는 30분 동안 **공부했어요** = I **studied** for 30 minutes +- 저는 내일부터 한국어를 **공부할** **거예요** = I’m going to **study** Korean from tomorrow +- 저는 아침부터 밤까지 **공부**만 **했어요** = From morning to night I only **studied**
@@ -540,7 +559,9 @@ Examples:
-Notes: In English we use similar words to describe that one is bored, and that something is boring. However, in Korean, these are separate words. If you are bored, you can use “심심하다.” If something is boring (and thus, making you bored), you can use “지루하다” +Notes: + +In English we use similar words to describe that one is bored, and that something is boring. However, in Korean, these are separate words. If you are bored, you can use “심심하다.” If something is boring (and thus, making you bored), you can use “지루하다” Example: @@ -548,256 +569,299 @@ Example:
-마르다 = for a person to be too thin +마르다 = for a person to be too thin
마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. -Notes: This is usually used in a negative way. +Notes: -If you are telling somebody that they look (too) thin, this is usually used in the past tense. For example: 형! 너무 말랐어! = (Brother!) You look so thin! +This is usually used in a negative way. + +If you are telling somebody that they look (too) thin, this is usually used in the past tense. For example: 형! 너무 말랐어! = (Brother!) You look so thin! Example: -보통 모델들은 **말라요** = Models are usually **thin** + +- 보통 모델들은 **말라요** = Models are usually **thin**
-멀다 = to be far away +멀다 = to be far away
멀다 follows the ㄹ Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Example: -우리 집은 너무 **멀어요** = Our home is very far -저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 = I went to a **far away** hospital (a hospital that is **far away**) + +- 우리 집은 너무 **멀어요** = Our home is very far +- 저는 먼 병원에 갔어요 = I went to a **far away** hospital (a hospital that is **far away**)
-마르다 = to be dry +마르다 = to be dry
마르다 follows the 르 Irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Notes: -Most commonly used as “목 마르다” (literally: dry throat) to indicate that one is thirsty. + +Most commonly used as “목 마르다” (literally: dry throat) to indicate that one is thirsty. Example: -그 강은 완전히 **말랐어요** = That river has completely **dried** up + +- 그 강은 완전히 **말랐어요** = That river has completely **dried** up
-비슷하다 = to be similar +비슷하다 = to be similar
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “비스타다” Examples: -저와 저의 아버지는 너무 **비슷해요** = My father and I are very **similar** -저는 친구와 비슷해요 = I am **similar** to my friend + +- 저와 저의 아버지는 너무 **비슷해요** = My father and I are very **similar** +- 저는 친구와 비슷해요 = I am **similar** to my friend
-싫다 = to not be good +싫다 = to not be good
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “실타” Common Usages: -가기 싫다 = to not want to go -먹기 싫다 = to not want to eat -Notes: 싫다 can be used to say “one does not like” by attaching ~이/가 to an object. For more information, see [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/). +- 가기 싫다 = to not want to go +- 먹기 싫다 = to not want to eat + +Notes: + +싫다 can be used to say “one does not like” by attaching ~이/가 to an object. For more information, see [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/). Example: -저는 그 사람이 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** that person -학교가 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** school -맥주가 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** beer + +- 저는 그 사람이 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** that person +- 학교가 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** school +- 맥주가 **싫어요** = I **don’t like** beer
-오래되다 = for an object to be old +오래되다 = for an object to be old
Notes: -Like 낡다, 오래되다 can only be used to describe objects – but 낡다 implies that the object in question is also damaged/rugged in some form. Using 오래되다 simply implies that it is has been a long time since something was built/released/bought, etc… + +Like 낡다, 오래되다 can only be used to describe objects – but 낡다 implies that the object in question is also damaged/rugged in some form. Using 오래되다 simply implies that it has been a long time since something was built/released/bought, etc… Example: -저는 저의 **오래된** 핸드폰을 팔았어요 = I sold my **old** phone -그 식당이 **오래되었다** = That restaurant is old -우리는 **오래된** 집에 갔다 = We went to the **old** house -한국문화는 **오래됐**고 흥미로워요 = Korean culture is **long/old** and interesting -오늘 새로운 복사기가 올 거라서 이 **오래된** 것을 버려야 돼요 = The new photocopier will come today, so we have to throw out this **old** one + +- 저는 저의 **오래된** 핸드폰을 팔았어요 = I sold my **old** phone +- 그 식당이 **오래되었다** = That restaurant is old +- 우리는 **오래된** 집에 갔다 = We went to the **old** house +- 한국문화는 **오래됐**고 흥미로워요 = Korean culture is **long/old** and interesting +- 오늘 새로운 복사기가 올 거라서 이 **오래된** 것을 버려야 돼요 = The new photocopier will come today, so we have to throw out this **old** one
-배고프다 = to be hungry +배고프다 = to be hungry
-Notes: This is sometimes as “배가 고프다” +Notes: + +This is sometimes as “배가 고프다” Common Usages: -배고파 죽겠다 = I’m so hungry I could die -Examples: 나는 별로 **배고프지 않아** = I’m not really **hungry** -저는 먹고 싶지만 **배고프지 않아요** = Even though I want to eat, I am not **hungry** -밥을 안 먹으면 **배고플 거야** = If you don’t eat, you will be **hungry** +- 배고파 죽겠다 = I’m so hungry I could die + +Examples: + +- 나는 별로 **배고프지 않아** = I’m not really **hungry** +- 저는 먹고 싶지만 **배고프지 않아요** = Even though I want to eat, I am not **hungry** +- 밥을 안 먹으면 **배고플 거야** = If you don’t eat, you will be **hungry**
### Adverbs and Other Words -오늘 = today +오늘 = today
Common Usages: -오늘밤 = tonight -오늘아침 = this morning -오늘날 = the present time, these days -Notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 오늘 as it can be assumed - -Examples: -저는 **오늘**에 시험을 봐 야 돼요 = I need to write an exam today -저는 **오늘** 두 번 운동할 것입니다 = I will exercise twice (two times) today -저는 오늘 아침식사를 못 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast today -오늘 날씨가 너무 더워요 = **Today** the weather is too hot -어제 운동을 해서 **오늘** 저의 팔이 아파요 = My arms are sore **today** because I exercised yesterday -저는 **오늘** 네 개의 수업을 가르쳤어요 = I taught four classes today -이 수업은 **오늘** 저의 열 번째 수업입니다 = This is my tenth class today -저는 **오늘** 오후에 낮잠을 잤어요 = I took a nap in the afternoon **today** - -
- -어제 = yesterday - -
- -Common Usages: -어젯밤 = last night - -Notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 어제 as it can be assumed - -Examples: -저는 **어제** 학교에 못 갔어요 = I couldn’t go to school yesterday -저는 **어제**부터 아팠어요 = I have been sick since (from) yesterday -그 건물은 **어제**와 달라요 = That building is different from yesterday -나는 **어제** 친구 다섯 명을 만났어 = I met five friends yesterday -저는 **어제** 선생님을 처음 만났어요 = I met my teacher for the first time yesterday -저는 **어제** 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요 = I played baseball for an hour yesterday -저는 **어제** 여자친구랑 이야기했어요 = I talked with my girlfriend yesterday -저는 **어제** 학교에 세 번 갔어요 = I went to school three times **yesterday** - -
- -내일 = tomorrow - -
- -Common Usages: -내일 봐 = informal: see you tomorrow -내일 뵙겠습니다 = formal: see you tomorrow -(내일)모레 = the day after tomorrow -내일 밤 = tomorrow night - -Notes: ~에 is typically not attached to 내일 as it can be assumed. - -Example: -저는 **내일** 공원에 갈 거예요 = I am going to the park tomorrow -내일 뭐 하고 싶어요? = What do you want to do **tomorrow**? -선생님은 **내일** 학생들을 만날 거예요 = The teacher will meet the students tomorrow -저는 **내일** 사람 두 명 더 만날 거예요 = I will meet two more people tomorrow -내일 학교에 갈 것입니까? = Are you going to school **tomorrow**? -너는 **내일** 누구(를) 만날 거야? = Who will you meet **tomorrow**? -저는 **내일**부터 건강한 음식만 먹을 거예요 = From **tomorrow**, I am going to eat only healthy food - -
- -모레 = the day after tomorrow - -
- -Notes: Often said as “내일모레” - -This word is commonly misspelled as “모래” (which actually means “sand”) - -Example: -학교가 **모레** 닫혀 있을 거예요 = The school will be closed **two days from now** - -
- -년 = year - -
- -Common Usages: -작년 = last year -내년 = next year -매년 = every year -학년 = grade level +- 오늘밤 = tonight +- 오늘아침 = this morning +- 오늘날 = the present time, these days Notes: + +~에 is typically not attached to 오늘 as it can be assumed + +Examples: + +- 저는 **오늘**에 시험을 봐 야 돼요 = I need to write an exam today +- 저는 **오늘** 두 번 운동할 것입니다 = I will exercise twice (two times) today +- 저는 **오늘** 아침식사를 못 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast today +- **오늘** 날씨가 너무 더워요 = **Today** the weather is too hot +- 어제 운동을 해서 **오늘** 저의 팔이 아파요 = My arms are sore **today** because I exercised yesterday +- 저는 **오늘** 네 개의 수업을 가르쳤어요 = I taught four classes today +- 이 수업은 **오늘** 저의 열 번째 수업입니다 = This is my tenth class today +- 저는 **오늘** 오후에 낮잠을 잤어요 = I took a nap in the afternoon **today** + +
+ +어제 = yesterday + +
+ +Common Usages: + +- 어젯밤 = last night + +Notes: + +~에 is typically not attached to 어제 as it can be assumed + +Examples: + +- 저는 **어제** 학교에 못 갔어요 = I couldn’t go to school yesterday +- 저는 **어제**부터 아팠어요 = I have been sick since (from) yesterday +- 그 건물은 **어제**와 달라요 = That building is different from yesterday +- 나는 **어제** 친구 다섯 명을 만났어 = I met five friends yesterday +- 저는 **어제** 선생님을 처음 만났어요 = I met my teacher for the first time yesterday +- 저는 **어제** 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요 = I played baseball for an hour yesterday +- 저는 **어제** 여자친구랑 이야기했어요 = I talked with my girlfriend yesterday +- 저는 **어제** 학교에 세 번 갔어요 = I went to school three times **yesterday** + +
+ +내일 = tomorrow + +
+ +Common Usages: + +- 내일 봐 = informal: see you tomorrow +- 내일 뵙겠습니다 = formal: see you tomorrow +- (내일)모레 = the day after tomorrow +- 내일 밤 = tomorrow night + +Notes: + +~에 is typically not attached to 내일 as it can be assumed. + +Example: + +- 저는 **내일** 공원에 갈 거예요 = I am going to the park **tomorrow** +- **내일** 뭐 하고 싶어요? = What do you want to do **tomorrow**? +- 선생님은 **내일** 학생들을 만날 거예요 = The teacher will meet the students tomorrow +- 저는 **내일** 사람 두 명 더 만날 거예요 = I will meet two more people **tomorrow** +- **내일** 학교에 갈 것입니까? = Are you going to school **tomorrow**? +- 너는 **내일** 누구(를) 만날 거야? = Who will you meet **tomorrow**? +- 저는 **내일**부터 건강한 음식만 먹을 거예요 = From **tomorrow**, I am going to eat only healthy food + +
+ +모레 = the day after tomorrow + +
+ +Notes: + +Often said as “내일모레” + +This word is commonly misspelled as “모래” (which actually means “sand”) + +Example: + +- 학교가 **모레** 닫혀 있을 거예요 = The school will be closed **two days from now** + +
+ +년 = year + +
+ +Common Usages: + +- 작년 = last year +- 내년 = next year +- 매년 = every year +- 학년 = grade level + +Notes: + This word is more commonly used in compilation with other words rather than by itself. Example: -저는 작**년**에 한국에 갔어요 = I went to Korea last year -저는 5**년** 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요 = I want to learn 5 languages within five years -우리는 1**년** 안에 결혼할 거예요 = We will get married within one year -제가 한국에서 산 지 1**년** 됐어요 = I have been living in Korea for a year -그 선생님은 영어를 가르친 지 20 **년** 됐어요 = That teacher has been teaching English for 20 years -저는 7**년** 동안 한국에서 살았어요 = I lived in Korea for seven years -저는 내**년**에 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea next **year** + +- 저는 작**년**에 한국에 갔어요 = I went to Korea last year +- 저는 5**년** 이내에 외국어를 다섯 개 배우고 싶어요 = I want to learn 5 languages within five years +- 우리는 1**년** 안에 결혼할 거예요 = We will get married within one year +- 제가 한국에서 산 지 1**년** 됐어요 = I have been living in Korea for a year +- 그 선생님은 영어를 가르친 지 20 **년** 됐어요 = That teacher has been teaching English for 20 years +- 저는 7**년** 동안 한국에서 살았어요 = I lived in Korea for seven years +- 저는 내**년**에 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea next **year**
-일 = day +일 = day
Common Usages: -The days of the week = 일요일, 월요일, 화요일, etc… -생일 = birthday -내일 = tomorrow -매일 = every day -마감일 = deadline (day) -Notes: When talking about a day, “날” should be used. For more information, see [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/). - -Examples: -저는 토요**일**에 학교에 안 가요 = I don’t go to school on Saturday -저는 3**일** 동안 학교에 안 갔어요 = I didn’t go to school for 3 **days** - -
- -시간 = time - -
- -Common Usages: -한 시간 = one hour -두 시간 = two hours -두 시간 동안 = for two hours -영업 시간 = business hours -시간표 = timetable +- The days of the week = 일요일, 월요일, 화요일, etc… +- 생일 = birthday +- 내일 = tomorrow +- 매일 = every day +- 마감일 = deadline (day) Notes: + +When talking about a day, “날” should be used. For more information, see [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/). + +Examples: + +- 저는 토요**일**에 학교에 안 가요 = I don’t go to school on Saturday +- 저는 3**일** 동안 학교에 안 갔어요 = I didn’t go to school for 3 **days** + +
+ +시간 = time + +
+ +Common Usages: + +- 한 시간 = one hour +- 두 시간 = two hours +- 두 시간 동안 = for two hours +- 영업 시간 = business hours +- 시간표 = timetable + +Notes: + You can use this word to indicate that something was done for a certain amount of hours. In addition, it can mean “time” as in “last time” or “this time.” For more information, visit [Lesson 11](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-11/). Examples: -저는 두 **시간** 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for two hours -저는 세 **시간** 동안 잤어요 = I slept for three hours -저는 어제 두 **시간** 동안 TV를 봤어요 = I watched TV for two **hours** yesterday -우리는 다음 **시간**에 더 배울 거예요 = We will learn more next time -시간이 있으시면 술을 마시러 술집에 갑시다 = If you have **time**, let’s go to a bar to drink alcohol! -저는 그것을 지난 **시간**에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time -수업**시간** 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요 = During class (**time**), don’t throw paper please + +- 저는 두 **시간** 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for two hours +- 저는 세 **시간** 동안 잤어요 = I slept for three hours +- 저는 어제 두 **시간** 동안 TV를 봤어요 = I watched TV for two **hours** yesterday +- 우리는 다음 **시간**에 더 배울 거예요 = We will learn more next **time** +- **시간**이 있으시면 술을 마시러 술집에 갑시다 = If you have **time**, let’s go to a bar to drink alcohol! +- 저는 그것을 지난 **시간**에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time +- 수업**시간** 동안 종이를 던지지 마세요 = During class (**time**), don’t throw paper please This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1. @@ -807,19 +871,19 @@ This word appears in my Korean Sign Explanation Video #1. ### Days of the Week -월요일 = Monday +월요일 = Monday -화요일 = Tuesday +화요일 = Tuesday -수요일 = Wednesday +수요일 = Wednesday -목요일 = Thursday +목요일 = Thursday -금요일 = Friday +금요일 = Friday -토요일 = Saturday +토요일 = Saturday -일요일 = Sunday +일요일 = Sunday You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this Vocabulary Practice video