diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md index d4a2e77..9faff55 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/14-passive.md @@ -227,10 +227,11 @@ Example:
-The passive form of this word is 켜지다 (to be turned on) +The passive form of this word is 켜지다 (to be turned on) Example: -저는 아까 컴퓨터를 **켰어요** = I **turned** the computer **on** earlier + +- 저는 아까 컴퓨터를 **켰어요** = I **turned** the computer **on** earlier
@@ -238,13 +239,14 @@ Example:
-The passive form of this word is “꺼지다” (to be turned off) +The passive form of this word is “꺼지다” (to be turned off) 끄다 follows the ㅡ irregular Examples: -저는 불을 **껐어요** = I **turned** the lights off -저는 TV를 **껐어요** = I turned the TV **off** + +- 저는 불을 **껐어요** = I **turned** the lights off +- 저는 TV를 **껐어요** = I **turned** the TV **off**
@@ -255,12 +257,16 @@ Examples: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “숨따” Common Usages: -숨어 있다 = to be hidden -Notes: This is used when somebody hides his/herself. When hiding an object, 숨기다 is used. +- 숨어 있다 = to be hidden + +Notes: + +This is used when somebody hides his/herself. When hiding an object, 숨기다 is used. Example: -저는 큰 박스 뒤에 **숨었어요** = I **hid** behind a big box + +- 저는 큰 박스 뒤에 **숨었어요** = I **hid** behind a big box @@ -268,13 +274,18 @@ Example:
-Notes: When hiding oneself, the word 숨다 is used. For example: 저는 박스 뒤에 숨었어요 +Notes: -However, when hiding an object, 숨기다 is used. +When hiding oneself, the word 숨다 is used. For example: + +- 저는 박스 뒤에 숨었어요 + +However, when hiding an object, 숨기다 is used. Examples: -저는 반지를 박스 안에 **숨겼어요** = I **hid** the ring in a box -그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 사실을 **숨겼어요** = She **hid** (the fact that) her child died + +- 저는 반지를 박스 안에 **숨겼어요** = I **hid** the ring in a box +- 그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 사실을 **숨겼어요** = She **hid** (the fact that) her child died
@@ -282,12 +293,15 @@ Examples:
-The passive form of this word is “고장 나다” (to be broken) +The passive form of this word is “고장 나다” (to be broken) -Notes: The passive form of this word is more commonly used than the active version. +Notes: + +The passive form of this word is _more commonly used_ than the active version. Example: -저는 컴퓨터를 **고장 냈어요** = I **broke** the computer + +- 저는 컴퓨터를 **고장 냈어요** = I **broke** the computer
@@ -297,11 +311,12 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “노타” -The passive form of this word is “놓이다” (to be placed on something) +The passive form of this word is “놓이다” (to be placed on something) Examples: -펜을 탁자에 **놓으세요**! = **Put** your pens on the table! -저는 병을 탁자에 **놓았어요** = I **put** the bottle on the table + +- 펜을 탁자에 **놓으세요**! = **Put** your pens on the table! +- 저는 병을 탁자에 **놓았어요** = I **put** the bottle on the table @@ -312,15 +327,19 @@ Examples: 눕다 follows the ㅂ irregular Common Usages: -누워 있다 = to be lying down -누워서… 하다 = to do something while lying down -Notes: The word 눕히다 is used to indicate that you laid another person down +- 누워 있다 = to be lying down +- 누워서… 하다 = to do something while lying down + +Notes: + +The word 눕히다 is used to indicate that you laid another person down Examples: -저는 침대에 잠깐 **눕**고 싶어요 = I want to **lie down** for just a second -저는 **누워서** 책을 읽었어요 = I **lied** down and read a book -피곤한 사람은 침대에 **누워서** 잤어요 = The tired person **lied** on the bed and slept + +- 저는 침대에 잠깐 **눕**고 싶어요 = I want to **lie down** for just a second +- 저는 **누워서** 책을 읽었어요 = I **lied** down and read a book +- 피곤한 사람은 침대에 **누워서** 잤어요 = The tired person **lied** on the bed and slept @@ -328,12 +347,15 @@ Examples:
-Notes: When one receives respect, 존경 받다 is used +Notes: + +When one receives respect, 존경 받다 is used Examples: -아이들은 자기 부모님을 **존경해**야 돼요 = Children must **respect** their parents -저는 저의 형을 **존경해요** = I **respect** my brother -만약 제가 선생님이라면 학생들에게 **존경**을 받고 싶을 거예요 = If I were a teacher, I would want to be **respected** by students + +- 아이들은 자기 부모님을 **존경해**야 돼요 = Children must **respect** their parents +- 저는 저의 형을 **존경해요** = I **respect** my brother +- 만약 제가 선생님이라면 학생들에게 **존경**을 받고 싶을 거예요 = If I were a teacher, I would want to be **respected** by students
@@ -341,11 +363,12 @@ Examples:
-The noun form of this word translates to “replacement” +The noun form of this word translates to “replacement” Examples: -회사는 기계를 **대체했어요** = The company **replaced** the machine -교실에서 선생님들을 컴퓨터로 **대체할** 수 없어요 = You can’t **replace** teachers with computers in the classroom + +- 회사는 기계를 **대체했어요** = The company **replaced** the machine +- 교실에서 선생님들을 컴퓨터로 **대체할** 수 없어요 = You can’t **replace** teachers with computers in the classroom
@@ -354,8 +377,9 @@ Examples:
Examples: -그 헬스장은 개인 사물함을 **제공해요** = That gym **provides** a personal locker -우리 학교는 외국 선생님들한테 집을 **제공해요** = The school **provides** housing to foreign teachers + +- 그 헬스장은 개인 사물함을 **제공해요** = That gym **provides** a personal locker +- 우리 학교는 외국 선생님들한테 집을 **제공해요** = The school **provides** housing to foreign teachers
@@ -364,15 +388,17 @@ Examples:
Common Usages: -~를/을 포함해서 = including… -우리를 포함해서 = including us + +- ~를/을 포함해서 = including… +- 우리를 포함해서 = including us See [Lesson 71](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/lessons-67-75/lesson-71/) for more information Example: -이 가격은 세금을 **포함해요** = This price **includes** tax -이 뷔페가격은 음료수를 **포함해요** = This buffet price **includes** drinks -나를 **포함해서** 네 명이 있어요 = There are four people **including** me + +- 이 가격은 세금을 **포함해요** = This price **includes** tax +- 이 뷔페가격은 음료수를 **포함해요** = This buffet price **includes** drinks +- 나를 **포함해서** 네 명이 있어요 = There are four people **including** me
@@ -380,15 +406,18 @@ Example:
-Notes: Words ending in 내다 can usually be switched to end in 나다 to change the meaning from active to passive (and vice-versa). However, not all words ending in 나다 have an equivalent 내다 verb (and vice-versa). 나다 and 내다 can be used as standalone verbs as well as be attached to other words. Both of their meanings are very complex and depend heavily on the situation. When used by itself, it usually translates to “pay” or to “submit” For example: +Notes: -돈을 내다 = to pay (money) -세금을 내다 = to pay taxes -신청 서류를 내다 = to submit an application form +Words ending in 내다 can usually be switched to end in 나다 to change the meaning from active to passive (and vice-versa). However, not all words ending in 나다 have an equivalent 내다 verb (and vice-versa). 나다 and 내다 can be used as standalone verbs as well as be attached to other words. Both of their meanings are very complex and depend heavily on the situation. When used by itself, it usually translates to “pay” or to “submit” For example: -However, it can be found attached to many words that also have a 나다 (passive) equivalent: -저는 컴퓨터를 고장 **냈어요** = I broke the computer -저는 숙제를 끝**냈어요** = I finished my homework +- 돈을 내다 = to pay (money) +- 세금을 내다 = to pay taxes +- 신청 서류를 내다 = to submit an application form + +However, it can be found attached to many words that also have a 나다 (passive) equivalent: + +- 저는 컴퓨터를 고장 **냈어요** = I broke the computer +- 저는 숙제를 끝**냈어요** = I finished my homework
@@ -397,13 +426,15 @@ However, it can be found attached to many words that also have a 나다 (passive
Common Usages: -싸움 = a fight -싸우지 마세요 = Don’t fight + +- 싸움 = a fight +- 싸우지 마세요 = Don’t fight Example: -그는 여자 친구랑 지금 **싸우**고 있어요 = He is **fighting** with his girlfriend now -교실에서 **싸우지** 마세요= Don’t **fight** in the classroom -우리 할아버지는 한국전쟁에서 **싸웠어요** = Our grandfather **fought** in the Korean War + +- 그는 여자 친구랑 지금 **싸우**고 있어요 = He is **fighting** with his girlfriend now +- 교실에서 **싸우지** 마세요 = Don’t **fight** in the classroom +- 우리 할아버지는 한국전쟁에서 **싸웠어요** = Our grandfather **fought** in the Korean War
@@ -411,9 +442,11 @@ Example:
-The passive form of this word is “속다” (to be tricked) +The passive form of this word is “속다” (to be tricked) -Example: 저는 친구를 **속였어요** = I **tricked** my friend +Example: + +- 저는 친구를 **속였어요** = I **tricked** my friend
@@ -421,13 +454,16 @@ Example: 저는 친구를 **속였어요** = I **tricked** my friend
-The noun form of this word translates to “impression” +The noun form of this word translates to “impression” -Notes: More commonly used as 감동받다 (to be impressed) and 감동시키다 (to impress) +Notes: + +More commonly used as 감동받다 (to be impressed) and 감동시키다 (to impress) Example: -저는 당신의 말에 **감동받았어요** = I was **impressed** with what you said -저는 학생들에게 **감동**을 크게 받았어요 = I was greatly **impressed** by the students + +- 저는 당신의 말에 **감동받았어요** = I was **impressed** with what you said +- 저는 학생들에게 **감동**을 크게 받았어요 = I was greatly **impressed** by the students
@@ -436,14 +472,18 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -서서 … 하다 = to do something while standing -서 있다 = to be standing -Notes: To indicate that you went from the sitting/lying down position to standing, the word “일어나다” (to get up) should be used. +- 서서 … 하다 = to do something while standing +- 서 있다 = to be standing + +Notes: + +To indicate that you went from the sitting/lying down position to standing, the word “일어나다” (to get up) should be used. Examples: -우리는 한 시간 동안 줄에 **서** **있었어요** = We were **standing** in the line for an hour -저는 줄에 **서**서 순서를 기다렸어요 = I **stood** in line and waited for my turn + +- 우리는 한 시간 동안 줄에 **서** **있었어요** = We were **standing** in the line for an hour +- 저는 줄에 **서**서 순서를 기다렸어요 = I **stood** in line and waited for my turn