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docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/07-irregulars.md
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@@ -1082,107 +1082,112 @@ Here is a table with the word “춥다 (<span class="md spoiler">cold</span>)
### ㅡ Irregular ### ㅡ Irregular
If the final letter in a stem is ㅡ (for example: 잠그다 = to lock), when adding ~아/어, you can not determine whether you need to add ~어 or ~아 to the stem by looking at ㅡ. Instead, you must look at the vowel in the second last syllable. For example, in the word 잠그다, the second last syllable in the stem is 잠, and the vowel here is ㅏ. We use the same rules as above to determine whether 아 or 어 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added. For example: If the final letter in a stem is ㅡ (for example: 잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>), when adding ~아/어, you can not determine whether you need to add ~어 or ~아 to the stem by looking at ㅡ. Instead, you must look at the vowel in the second last syllable. For example, in the word 잠그다, the second last syllable in the stem is 잠, and the vowel here is ㅏ. We use the same rules as above to determine whether 아 or 어 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ, 아 is added. If the vowel in the second last syllable is anything other than ㅏ or ㅗ, 어 is added. For example:
Where the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ: Where the vowel in the second last syllable is ㅏ or ㅗ:
잠그다 + ~아/어
= 잠그아 - 잠그다 + ~아/어 = <TTS>잠그아</TTS>
Where the vowel in the second last syllable is anything butㅏ or ㅗ: Where the vowel in the second last syllable is anything butㅏ or ㅗ:
슬프다 + ~아/어
= 슬프어 - 슬프다 + ~아/어 = <TTS>슬프어</TTS>
Unfortunately, that is not all that happens. When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated. That is quite confusing, so let’s look at examples of how this is done. Unfortunately, that is not all that happens. When ~아/어 is added to a stem where the last letter is ㅡ, ~아/어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated. That is quite confusing, so let’s look at examples of how this is done.
잠그다 = to lock 잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">to lock</span>
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 잠. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
잠그 + 아
~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
잠그 + 아 = 잠가
바쁘다 = to be busy - This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 잠. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 바. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem. - 잠그 + 아
바쁘 + 아 - ~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated: - 잠그 + 아 = <TTS>잠가</TTS>
바쁘 + 아 = 바빠
예쁘다 = pretty 바쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be busy</span>
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 예. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
예쁘 + 어
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
예쁘 + 어 = 예뻐
슬프다 = to be sad - This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 바. The vowel in this syllable is ㅏ, so ~아 needs to be added to the stem.
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 슬. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem. - 바쁘 + 아
슬프 + 어 - ~아 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated: - 바쁘 + 아 = <TTS>바빠</TTS>
슬프 + 어 = 슬퍼
예쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">pretty</span>
- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 예. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ - or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
- 예쁘 + 어
- ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
- 예쁘 + 어 = <TTS>예뻐</TTS>
<TTS>슬프다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to be sad</span>
- This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, which is 슬. The vowel in this syllable is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
- 슬프 + 어
- ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
- 슬프 + 어 = <TTS>슬퍼</TTS>
This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요. For example: This merging of ~아/어 to the stem occurs when ~아/어 is added, or any of its derivatives, including ~아/어요 and past tense conjugations like ~았/었어 or ~았/었어요. For example:
저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3" /> = I locked the door - 저는 문을 잠갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/16-I-locked-the-door.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I locked the door</span>
저는 바빠요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3" /> = I am busy - 저는 바빠요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/17-I-am-busy.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am busy</span>
그 여자는 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3" /> = That girl is pretty - 그 여자는 예뻐요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-13-That-girl-is-pretty.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That girl is pretty</span>
저는 아주 슬퍼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3" /> = I am very sad - 저는 아주 슬퍼요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-15-I-am-very-sad.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I am very sad</span>
Some stems only have one syllable. For example, the stem of 크다 is just 크. In this case, we know that we need to use the ㅡ irregular, but there is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem. For example: Some stems only have one syllable. For example, the stem of 크다 is just 크. In this case, we know that we need to use the ㅡ irregular, but there is no previous syllable to draw on to determine what should be added to the stem. In these cases, ~어 is added to the stem. For example:
크다 = to be big 크다 = <span class="md spoiler">to be big</span>
This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, but there is none, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
크 + 어 - This stem ends in ㅡ. If we were to add ~아/어, we need to look at the second last syllable, but there is none, so ~어 needs to be added to the stem.
~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated: - 크 + 어
크 + 어 = 커 - ~어 merges to the stem and the ㅡ is eliminated:
그 집은 커요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3" /> = That house is big - 크 + 어 = <TTS>커</TTS>
- 그 집은 커요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-7-s1.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">That house is big</span>
Sometimes the last _vowel_ of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is always chosen instead of ~아. For example: Sometimes the last _vowel_ of a stem is ㅡ, but the stem ends in a consonant. In these cases, there is no merging and ~어 is always chosen instead of ~아. For example:
긁다 = to scratch <TTS>긁다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to scratch</span>
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
긁 + 어요 = 긁어요
저는 머리를 긁었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3" /> = I scratched my head
듣다 = to hear - The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added. - 긁 + 어요 = <TTS>긁어요</TTS>
듣 + 었어요 = 듣었어요 - 저는 머리를 긁었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesson-7-14-I-scratched-my-head.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I scratched my head</span>
But wait! Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular. 듣다 = <span class="md spoiler">to hear</span>
듣 + 었다 = 들었다 - The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added.
저는 쥐를 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3" /> = I heard a mouse - 듣 + 었어요 = <TTS>듣었어요</TTS>
- But wait! Don’t forget the ㄷ irregular.
- 듣 + 었다 = <TTS>들었다</TTS>
- 저는 쥐를 들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/18-I-heard-a-mouse.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I heard a mouse</span>
만들다 = to make 만들다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make</span>
The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added. Regardless of what the vowel in the previous stem is, because the stem ends in a consonant, 어 is added.
만들다 + ~아/어요
= 만들어요
Here is a table with the word “잠그다 (to lock – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. - The last vowel in the stem is ㅡ. However, the stem does not end in ㅡ and instead ends with a consonant. Therefore, 어 is added. Regardless of what the vowel in the previous stem is, because the stem ends in a consonant, 어 is added.
- 만들다 + ~아/어요 = <TTS>만들어요</TTS>
| 잠그다 = lock | Past | Present | Future | Here is a table with the word “잠그다 (<span class="md spoiler">to lock</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| ------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **잠갔어** | **잠가** | 잠그겠어 |
| Informal high | **잠갔어요** | **잠가요** | 잠그겠어요 |
| Plain form | **잠갔다** | 잠근다 | 잠그겠다 |
| Formal high | **잠갔습니다** | 잠급니다 | 잠그겠습니다 |
And here is a table with the word “예쁘다 (pretty – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem. | 잠그다 = <span class="md spoiler">lock</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| --------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **잠갔어** | **잠가** | 잠그겠어 |
| Informal high | **잠갔어요** | **잠가요** | 잠그겠어요 |
| Plain form | **잠갔다** | 잠근다 | 잠그겠다 |
| Formal high | **잠갔습니다** | 잠급니다 | 잠그겠습니다 |
| 예쁘다 = pretty | Past | Present | Future | And here is a table with the word “예쁘다 (<span class="md spoiler">pretty</span> – which is an adjective)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. The irregular conjugations are in bold. Notice that this only occurs when ~아/어 (or one of its derivatives like ~았/었어요) is added to the verb stem.
| --------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **예뻤어** | **예뻐** | 예쁘겠어 |
| Informal high | **예뻤어요** | **예뻐요** | 예쁘겠어요 |
| Plain form | **예뻤다** | 예쁘다 | 예쁘겠다 |
| Formal high | **예뻤습니다** | 예쁩니다 | 예쁘겠습니다 |
Finally, here is a table with the word “만들다 (to make – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far. | 예쁘다 = <span class="md spoiler">pretty</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Informal low | **예뻤어** | **예뻐** | 예쁘겠어 |
| Informal high | **예뻤어요** | **예뻐요** | 예쁘겠어요 |
| Plain form | **예뻤다** | 예쁘다 | 예쁘겠다 |
| Formal high | **예뻤습니다** | 예쁩니다 | 예쁘겠습니다 |
| 만들다 = to make | Past | Present | Future | Finally, here is a table with the word “만들다 (<span class="md spoiler">to make</span> – which is a verb)” being conjugated using all the honorific forms you have learned so far.
| ---------------- | --------------------- | ------------ | ------------ |
| Informal low | **만들었어** | **만들어** | 만들겠어 |
| Informal high | **만들었어요** | **만들어요** | 만들겠어요 |
| Plain form | **만들었다** | 만든다 | 만들겠다 |
| Formal high | **만들었** **습니다** | 만듭니다 | 만들겠습니다 |
_You will learn how_ 만든다 _and_ 만듭니다 _are formed later in the lesson when you learn about the_ ㄹ _irregular._ | 만들다 = <span class="md spoiler">to make</span> | Past | Present | Future |
| ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- | ------------ | ------------ |
| Informal low | **만들었어** | **만들어** | 만들겠어 |
| Informal high | **만들었어요** | **만들어요** | 만들겠어요 |
| Plain form | **만들었다** | 만든다 | 만들겠다 |
| Formal high | **만들었** **습니다** | 만듭니다 | 만들겠습니다 |
_You will learn how_ <TTS>만든다</TTS> _and_ <TTS>만듭니다</TTS> _are formed later in the lesson when you learn about the_ ㄹ _irregular._
### 르 Irregular ### 르 Irregular