diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/13-and-with.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/13-and-with.md index ff099cd..2a6a7b0 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/13-and-with.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/13-and-with.md @@ -608,12 +608,13 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy ## Introduction -In the last lesson, you learned some important Korean particles that you can use in a wide variety of situations. There are still a few more basic particles that you need to be aware of before you can begin learning more complex grammar. Most of these particles are very common, so it is hard to build sentences using more complex grammar without the use of what you learned in [Lesson 12](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-12/), and what you will learn in this lesson. Let’s get started! +In the last lesson, you learned some important Korean particles that you can use in a wide variety of situations. There are still a few more basic particles that you need to be aware of before you can begin learning more complex grammar. Most of these particles are very common, so it is hard to build sentences using more complex grammar without the use of what you learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md), and what you will learn in this lesson. Let’s get started! ## Particles (and): ~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 ~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 can all be used interchangeably to mean “and” in Korean. -~과 and ~와 are the same. ~과 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~와 is attached to words ending in a vowel. Similarly, ~랑 and ~이랑 are the same. ~이랑 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~랑 is attached to words ending in a vowel. ~하고 can be attached to words ending in a vowel or consonant. These can be added fairly simply to nouns. For example: + +~과 and ~와 are the same. ~과 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~와 is attached to words ending in a vowel. Similarly, ~랑 and ~이랑 are the same. ~이랑 is attached to words ending in a consonant, ~랑 is attached to words ending in a vowel. ~하고 can be attached to words ending in a vowel or consonant. These can be added fairly simply to nouns. For example: - 우리는 밥과 빵을 팔아요 = We sell rice and bread - 나는 사과와 바나나를 샀어 = I bought apples and bananas @@ -640,7 +641,8 @@ After 와, another noun is used, which means you are talking about apples AND ba There is no additional noun after 와, which means it can only mean “with.” If ~와in that sentence had the meaning of “and”, it would translate to: -I went, my friend and… +- I went, my friend and… + … which is just nonsense Here are some examples: @@ -654,9 +656,9 @@ Also notice that you can actually use these particles to mean both “and” and - 저는 밥을 친구랑 저의 어머니랑 먹었어요 = I ate (rice\*) with my mom and my friend -\*\*Korean people often use “_밥_” (rice) to simply mean “food.” It stems from the fact that Korean people eat rice with (almost) every meal – so if you ate, it means that you ate rice. You can say “_밥을 먹었어_” which can simply mean “I ate.”\* +\*\*Korean people often use “_밥_” (rice) to simply mean “food.” It stems from the fact that Korean people eat rice with (almost) every meal – so if you ate, it means that you ate rice. You can say “_밥을 먹었어_” which can simply mean “I ate.”\* -Two adverbs that are commonly used in sentences with “with” are 같이 and 함께. Both of them mean “together,” and can be used in sentences even if the sentence doesn’t have one of the particles meaning “with” (과/와/랑/이랑/하고). For example: +Two adverbs that are commonly used in sentences with “with” are 같이 and 함께. Both of them mean “together,” and can be used in sentences even if the sentence doesn’t have one of the particles meaning “with” (과/와/랑/이랑/하고). For example: - 우리는 빵을 같이 먹었어요 = We ate bread together - 우리는 빵을 함께 먹었어요 = We ate bread together @@ -673,12 +675,12 @@ Two adverbs that are commonly used in sentences with “with” are 같이 and The use of the word “together” in the same sentence as the word “with” in English is usually unnatural. For example, it sounds unnatural for me to say something like this: -I ate bread together with a friend +- I ate bread together with a friend Instead, in English, we would say one of the following sentences: -I ate bread with a friend -We ate bread together +- I ate bread with a friend +- We ate bread together In Korean however, it is okay to use 같이 or 함께 in either of these situations; that is – with the word “with” in the sentence, or without it. For example: @@ -709,11 +711,13 @@ You can also use these particles to say that you are simply ‘with’ somebody - 나는 친구랑 같이 있어 = I’m with my friend - 저는 친구와 집에 함께 있어요 = I’m with a friend at home -Note that this meaning of “with” in Korean cannot be used like this: -I built a house **with** my hands -Remember, “my hands” are the method by which you did something, so _, as you learned in [Lesson 12 ](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-12/)_~(으)로 _should be used in those situations_ _. For example:_ +Note that this meaning of “with” in Korean cannot be used like this: -저는 손으로 집을 지었어요 +- I built a house **with** my hands + +Remember, “my hands” are the method by which you did something, so, as you learned in [Lesson 12](./12-more-particles.md) _~(으)로 should be used in those situations_. For example: + +- 저는 손으로 집을 지었어요 ## Particles (to): 에게/한테/께