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docs/howtostudykorean/theme/05-weather.md
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "날씨"
en: "weather"
notes: |
<p>날씨 = the day-to-day weather conditions. 기후 = climate, the long-term pattern.</p>
날씨 = the day-to-day weather conditions. 기후 = climate, the long-term pattern.
examples:
- ko: "**날씨**가 너무 더워요"
en: "The **weather** is too hot"
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ vocabulary:
notes: Generated by Claude
- ko: "비"
en: "rain"
notes: "<p>비가 오다 / 비가 내리다 = for rain to come / fall. 비 is also part of compounds such as 비옷 (rain jacket).</p>"
notes: "비가 오다 / 비가 내리다 = for rain to come / fall. 비 is also part of compounds such as 비옷 (rain jacket)."
examples:
- ko: "**비**가 왔어요"
en: "It rained (lit. **rain** came)"
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "눈"
en: "snow"
notes: |
<p>눈 also means "eye". Context tells you which one is meant: 눈이 오다 = snow comes, 눈이 아프다 = eyes hurt.</p>
눈 also means "eye". Context tells you which one is meant: 눈이 오다 = snow comes, 눈이 아프다 = eyes hurt.
examples:
- ko: "**눈**이 왔어요"
en: "It snowed (lit. **snow** came)"
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "이슬비"
en: "drizzle"
notes: |
<p>이슬비 is a very fine, light rain, lighter than a 소나기 (a sudden shower).</p>
이슬비 is a very fine, light rain, lighter than a 소나기 (a sudden shower).
examples:
- ko: "아침부터 **이슬비**가 내려요"
en: "A **drizzle** has been falling since the morning"
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ vocabulary:
notes: Generated by Claude
- ko: "눈바람"
en: "blizzard (snow + wind)"
notes: "<p>눈바람 literally means snow + wind. 눈보라 is also commonly used for a blizzard or snowstorm.</p>"
notes: "눈바람 literally means snow + wind. 눈보라 is also commonly used for a blizzard or snowstorm."
examples:
- ko: "**눈바람**이 심하게 불어요"
en: "A **blizzard** is blowing hard"
@@ -220,8 +220,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "해"
en: "sun"
notes: |
<p>해 means "sun" here. It also means "year" (올해 = this year) and "harm" in other contexts.</p>
<p>The sun has the verbs 뜨다 (rise) and 지다 (set).</p>
해 means "sun" here. It also means "year" (올해 = this year) and "harm" in other contexts.
The sun has the verbs 뜨다 (rise) and 지다 (set).
examples:
- ko: "여름에는 **해**가 일찍 떠요"
en: "In the summer, the **sun** rises early"
@@ -348,16 +349,18 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "난방"
en: "heating"
notes: |
<p>난방 is heating (a building, a room, a heater system). Compare 냉방 (cooling).</p>
<p>You will see these words written on signs indicating that the air conditioner or heater is on, and because of that, the owner of the building (or whatever) wants you to close the door after you come in or leave. For example, you might see "난방중". Another place you will see these is on the control console for the central heating/cooling in a building, where you can choose heat "난방" or cooling "냉방".</p>
난방 is heating (a building, a room, a heater system). Compare 냉방 (cooling).
You will see these words written on signs indicating that the air conditioner or heater is on, and because of that, the owner of the building (or whatever) wants you to close the door after you come in or leave. For example, you might see "난방중". Another place you will see these is on the control console for the central heating/cooling in a building, where you can choose heat "난방" or cooling "냉방".
examples:
- ko: "이 방은 **난방** 중이다"
en: "This room is being **heated**"
- ko: "냉방"
en: "cooling (air conditioning)"
notes: |
<p>냉방 is cooling / air conditioning. Compare 난방 (heating).</p>
<p>You will see these words written on signs indicating that the air conditioner or heater is on, and because of that, the owner of the building (or whatever) wants you to close the door after you come in or leave. For example, you might see "냉방중". Another place you will see these is on the control console for the central heating/cooling in a building, where you can choose heat "난방" or cooling "냉방".</p>
냉방 is cooling / air conditioning. Compare 난방 (heating).
You will see these words written on signs indicating that the air conditioner or heater is on, and because of that, the owner of the building (or whatever) wants you to close the door after you come in or leave. For example, you might see "냉방중". Another place you will see these is on the control console for the central heating/cooling in a building, where you can choose heat "난방" or cooling "냉방".
examples:
- ko: "이 방은 **냉방** 중이다"
en: "This room is being air conditioned (**cooled**)"
@@ -366,10 +369,12 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "치다"
en: "to strike (lightning/thunder)"
notes: |
<p>치다 has many meanings that depend on context:</p>
<p>1) for lightning/thunder to strike (번개가 치다, 천둥이 치다)</p>
<p>2) to play/hit (골프를 치다, 테니스를 치다)</p>
<p>It is not the same verb as 치우다 (to clear away).</p>
치다 has many meanings that depend on context:
- for lightning/thunder to strike (번개가 치다, 천둥이 치다)
- to play/hit (골프를 치다, 테니스를 치다)
It is not the same verb as 치우다 (to clear away).
examples:
- ko: "저는 천둥 **치는** 소리를 들었어요"
en: "I heard (the sound of) thunder **striking**"
@@ -382,8 +387,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "쌓이다"
en: "to be piled up"
notes: |
<p>The word 쌓이다 is used when it snows but the snow doesn't go away, and it continues to pile up more and more.</p>
<p>It is the passive form of 쌓다 (to pile something up).</p>
The word 쌓이다 is used when it snows but the snow doesn't go away, and it continues to pile up more and more.
It is the passive form of 쌓다 (to pile something up).
examples:
- ko: "눈이 **쌓이고** 있어요"
en: "The snow is **piling up**"
@@ -392,8 +398,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "오다"
en: "to come (rain/snow)"
notes: |
<p>오다 is the everyday verb for rain/snow coming. 내리다 (to fall down) is also used, and sounds a little more descriptive.</p>
<p>오다 literally means "to come" and is also used for storms and seasons arriving (태풍이 오다, 봄이 오다).</p>
오다 is the everyday verb for rain/snow coming. 내리다 (to fall down) is also used, and sounds a little more descriptive.
오다 literally means "to come" and is also used for storms and seasons arriving (태풍이 오다, 봄이 오다).
examples:
- ko: "비가 **왔어요**"
en: "It rained (lit. rain **came**)"
@@ -408,8 +415,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "내리다"
en: "to fall (rain/snow)"
notes: |
<p>내리다 = for rain/snow to fall down. It focuses on the falling motion, whereas 오다 is the plain everyday verb.</p>
<p>내리다 also means "to get off" (버스에서 내리다) and "to go down".</p>
내리다 = for rain/snow to fall down. It focuses on the falling motion, whereas 오다 is the plain everyday verb.
내리다 also means "to get off" (버스에서 내리다) and "to go down".
examples:
- ko: "비가 많이 **내려요**"
en: "It's raining a lot (lit. rain is **falling** a lot)"
@@ -435,10 +443,11 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "지다"
en: "to set (sun)"
notes: |
<p>지다 depends on context:</p>
<p>1) for the sun to set (해가 지다)</p>
<p>2) for flowers to wither/fall (꽃이 지다)</p>
<p>3) to lose (경기에서 지다)</p>
지다 depends on context:
- for the sun to set (해가 지다)
- for flowers to wither/fall (꽃이 지다)
- to lose (경기에서 지다)
examples:
- ko: "여름에는 해가 늦게 **져요**"
en: "In the summer, the sun **sets** late"
@@ -451,7 +460,7 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "뜨다"
en: "to rise (sun)"
notes: |
<p>뜨다 depends on context: for the sun to rise (해가 뜨다), to float (물에 뜨다), and to open one's eyes (눈을 뜨다).</p>
뜨다 depends on context: for the sun to rise (해가 뜨다), to float (물에 뜨다), and to open one's eyes (눈을 뜨다).
examples:
- ko: "여름에는 해가 일찍 **떠요**"
en: "In the summer, the sun **rises** early"
@@ -494,8 +503,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "덥다"
en: "hot (weather)"
notes: |
<p>덥다 is for hot weather or feeling hot. It is a ㅂ irregular adjective (더워요, 더운, 더워서).</p>
<p>For something hot to the touch (water, food), 뜨겁다 is used.</p>
덥다 is for hot weather or feeling hot. It is a ㅂ irregular adjective (더워요, 더운, 더워서).
For something hot to the touch (water, food), 뜨겁다 is used.
examples:
- ko: "날씨가 너무 **더워요**"
en: "The weather is too **hot**"
@@ -631,8 +641,9 @@ vocabulary:
- ko: "영상"
en: "above zero"
notes: |
<p>영상 means "above zero" when talking about temperature, e.g. 영상 3도.</p>
<p>영상 also means "video/footage" in other contexts. Compare 영하 (below zero).</p>
영상 means "above zero" when talking about temperature, e.g. 영상 3도.
영상 also means "video/footage" in other contexts. Compare 영하 (below zero).
examples:
- ko: "낮 기온은 **영상** 3도예요"
en: "The daytime temperature is 3 degrees **above zero**"
@@ -649,7 +660,7 @@ sentence:
- ko: "비가 왔어요"
en: "It rained"
notes: |
<p>Mainly past tense: "It rained". The sentence pool also lists "It's raining" for this sentence (rain that has come and is still around), but for a plain present "It's raining" use 비가 와요.</p>
Mainly past tense: "It rained". The sentence pool also lists "It's raining" for this sentence (rain that has come and is still around), but for a plain present "It's raining" use 비가 와요.
- ko: "비가 와요"
en: "It's raining"
notes: "Present tense. 오다 (to come) is the everyday verb for rain/snow; 내리다 (to fall down) is also used."
@@ -668,16 +679,18 @@ sentence:
- ko: "골프를 치고 있었는데 갑자기 소나기가 왔어요"
en: "I was playing golf, and then suddenly it started to shower"
notes: |
<p>치다 here means "to play (golf)", not "to strike (lightning)". Context decides the meaning.</p>
<p>-는데 sets up the background, then the new event follows ("and then").</p>
치다 here means "to play (golf)", not "to strike (lightning)". Context decides the meaning.
-는데 sets up the background, then the new event follows ("and then").
- ko: "내일 기온이 30도까지 올라갈 거에요"
en: "The temperature tomorrow is going to go up to 30 degrees"
notes: "Standard spelling is 거예요; 거에요 is a common informal spelling and is kept as in the pool. 까지 = up to."
- ko: "다음 주까지 폭염이 예상됩니다"
en: "A heat wave is expected until next week"
notes: |
<p>"(to last)" is implied: the heat wave is expected to continue until next week.</p>
<p>예상되다 = to be expected. -ㅂ니다 is the formal style used in weather forecasts and news.</p>
"(to last)" is implied: the heat wave is expected to continue until next week.
예상되다 = to be expected. -ㅂ니다 is the formal style used in weather forecasts and news.
- ko: "이 방은 냉방 중이다"
en: "This room is being air conditioned"
notes: "-중이다 = in the middle of (doing). The plain -이다 ending is typical on signs and notices."
@@ -716,8 +729,9 @@ sentence:
- ko: "낙엽 때문에 산길이 미끄러워요"
en: "The path is slippery because of the fallen leaves"
notes: |
<p>산길 = mountain path ("(mountain)" path).</p>
<p>미끄럽다 is a ㅂ irregular adjective (미끄러워요). 때문에 = because of (after a noun).</p>
산길 = mountain path ("(mountain)" path).
미끄럽다 is a ㅂ irregular adjective (미끄러워요). 때문에 = because of (after a noun).
- ko: "날씨가 서늘해요"
en: "The weather is cool"
notes: "서늘하다 is a pleasant, fresh coolness. See also 쌀쌀하다 (chilly)."
@@ -739,8 +753,9 @@ sentence:
- ko: "가을에는 일교차가 크기 때문에 겉옷을 항상 준비해야 해요"
en: "You should always prepare outer clothes in the fall because the temperature can be very different from morning to night"
notes: |
<p>겉옷 = outer clothes (like a jacket). 일교차 = the difference in temperature within a day.</p>
<p>-기 때문에 = because (verb/adjective). 항상 = always.</p>
겉옷 = outer clothes (like a jacket). 일교차 = the difference in temperature within a day.
-기 때문에 = because (verb/adjective). 항상 = always.
- ko: "가을에는 날씨가 매우 건조해서 산불이 많이 나요"
en: "Forest fires happen a lot in fall because the weather is very dry"
notes: "불이 나다 = for a fire to break out. 나다 is used for things that appear or occur (fire, smell, noise)."
@@ -778,7 +793,7 @@ sentence:
notes: "-다가 = while doing X, something interrupts. 넘어지다 = to fall over."
- ko: "눈이 쌓이고 있어요"
en: "The snow is piling up"
notes: "<p>The word 쌓이다 is used when it snows but the snow doesn't go away, and it continues to pile up more and more.</p>"
notes: "The word 쌓이다 is used when it snows but the snow doesn't go away, and it continues to pile up more and more."
- ko: "겨울에 한국 사람들이 문을 왜 안 닫는지 이해가 안 돼요"
en: "I don't understand why Korean people don't close the door in the winter"
notes: "-는지 = embedded 'why/whether' question. 이해가 안 돼요 = I can't understand / it doesn't make sense to me."
@@ -816,7 +831,7 @@ sentence:
- ko: "저는 천둥 치는 소리를 들었어요"
en: "I heard thunder"
notes: |
<p>Literally "I heard the sound of thunder striking". 듣다 is a ㄷ irregular verb (들었어요).</p>
Literally "I heard the sound of thunder striking". 듣다 is a ㄷ irregular verb (들었어요).
- ko: "비옷을 사야겠어요"
en: "I'll have to buy a rain jacket"
notes: "-아/어야겠다 = I'll have to / I'd better (a decision made on the spot)."