From 2f5633abf56955f18e620cd16ecc566773e53d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: polv Date: Tue, 14 Apr 2026 12:53:51 +0700 Subject: [PATCH] lesson 4 adj and adverbs --- docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/04-adjectives.md | 321 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 181 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/04-adjectives.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/04-adjectives.md index 4e94e90..01d96e6 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/04-adjectives.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/04-adjectives.md @@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ Example: Common Usages: -- 편지를 쓰다 = to write a letter -- 편지를 받다 = to receive a letter +- 편지를 쓰다 = to write a letter +- 편지를 받다 = to receive a letter Examples: @@ -383,11 +383,11 @@ Examples: Common Usages: -- 맛있다 = delicious -- 맛없다 = not delicious -- 입맛 = one’s taste in food -- 입맛에 맞다 = to fit one’s taste in food -- 맛에 익숙하지 않다 = to not be accustomed to the taste of something +- 맛있다 = delicious +- 맛없다 = not delicious +- 입맛 = one’s taste in food +- 입맛에 맞다 = to fit one’s taste in food +- 맛에 익숙하지 않다 = to not be accustomed to the taste of something Notes: @@ -409,9 +409,9 @@ The pronunciation of this word is closer to “식싸” Common Usages: -- 아침식사 = breakfast -- 점심식사 = lunch -- 저녁식사 = dinner +- 아침식사 = breakfast +- 점심식사 = lunch +- 저녁식사 = dinner Examples: @@ -429,14 +429,14 @@ Examples: Common Usages: -- 아침식사 = breakfast -- 아침에 일어나다 = to wake up in the morning +- 아침식사 = breakfast +- 아침에 일어나다 = to wake up in the morning Notes: This can also be used to refer to “breakfast.” For example: -- 저는 아침을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast +- 저는 아침을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat breakfast Examples: @@ -467,12 +467,12 @@ Examples: Common Usages: -- 물을 마시다 = to drink water -- 바닷물 = sea water -- 물병 = water bottle -- 수돗물 = tap water -- 얼음물 = fish (literally, “water meat”) -- 물고기 = fish (literally, “water meat”) +- 물을 마시다 = to drink water +- 바닷물 = sea water +- 물병 = water bottle +- 수돗물 = tap water +- 얼음물 = fish (literally, “water meat”) +- 물고기 = fish (literally, “water meat”) Examples: @@ -501,11 +501,11 @@ Example: Common Usages: -- 용돈 = pocket money/allowance -- 돈을 내다 = to pay (money) -- 돈이 부족하다 = to not have enough money -- 돈을 벌다 = to earn money -- 돈을 주다 = to give money +- 용돈 = pocket money/allowance +- 돈을 내다 = to pay (money) +- 돈이 부족하다 = to not have enough money +- 돈을 벌다 = to earn money +- 돈을 주다 = to give money Examples: @@ -528,12 +528,12 @@ Examples: Common Usages: - ~에서 왔다 = to come from -- 내려오다 = to come down -- 올라오다 = to come up -- 다녀오다 = to go, and then come back -- 갔다 오다 = to go, and then come back -- 돌아오다 = to come back -- 걸어오다 = to come by walking +- 내려오다 = to come down +- 올라오다 = to come up +- 다녀오다 = to go, and then come back +- 갔다 오다 = to go, and then come back +- 돌아오다 = to come back +- 걸어오다 = to come by walking Example: @@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ Notes: It is often more common to use the passive form (끝나다) to indicate that you finished something. For example: -- 일이 끝났어요 = The work is finished (which implies that you finished the work) +- 일이 끝났어요 = The work is finished (which implies that you finished the work) The grammar for this is talked about in [Lesson 14](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/). @@ -593,8 +593,8 @@ Example: Common Usages: -- 알겠습니다 = This is a formal way to say “okay, I understand.” -- 알았어 = This is an informal way to say “okay, I understand” +- 알겠습니다 = This is a formal way to say “okay, I understand.” +- 알았어 = This is an informal way to say “okay, I understand” Examples: @@ -621,8 +621,8 @@ The pronunciation of this word is closer to “걷따” Common Usages: -- 걸어가다 = to go by walking -- 걸어오다 = to come by walking +- 걸어가다 = to go by walking +- 걸어오다 = to come by walking Example: @@ -644,9 +644,9 @@ Example: Common Usages: -- 한국어를 배우다 = to learn Korean -- 영어를 배우다 = to learn English -- 한국어를 배우고 싶다 = to want to learn Korean +- 한국어를 배우다 = to learn Korean +- 영어를 배우다 = to learn English +- 한국어를 배우고 싶다 = to want to learn Korean Examples: @@ -683,8 +683,8 @@ The noun form of this word translates to “a thought” or “an idea.” Common Usages: -- 좋은 생각이 났어요 = I have a good idea (literally, “a good thought came up”) -- 무슨 생각 해? = What are you thinking? +- 좋은 생각이 났어요 = I have a good idea (literally, “a good thought came up”) +- 무슨 생각 해? = What are you thinking? Notes: @@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ Examples: Common Usages: -- 살아 있다 = to be living (the opposite of dead) +- 살아 있다 = to be living (the opposite of dead) Notes: @@ -753,247 +753,288 @@ Examples: ### Adjectives -위험하다 = to be dangerous +위험하다 = to be dangerous
-The noun form of this word translates to “danger” +The noun form of this word translates to “danger” Common Usages: -위험성 = riskiness -위험물 = something dangerous + +- 위험성 = riskiness +- 위험물 = something dangerous Examples: -그 장소가 너무 **위험해**서 가지 마세요 = That place is very **dangerous**, so don’t go -이런 일은 **위험해요** = This type of work is dangerous -그 사람은 **위험한** 남자입니다 = That person is a **dangerous** man + +- 그 장소가 너무 **위험해**서 가지 마세요 = That place is very **dangerous**, so don’t go +- 이런 일은 **위험해요** = This type of work is dangerous +- 그 사람은 **위험한** 남자입니다 = That person is a **dangerous** man
-잘생기다 = to be handsome +잘생기다 = to be handsome
-Notes: A composition of the adverb 잘 (well) and the verb 생기다 (to look like), which means it gets conjugated as a verb. It typically conjugates to the past tense (잘생겼다) even when talking about the present tense. +Notes: + +A composition of the adverb 잘 (well) and the verb 생기다 (to look like), which means it gets conjugated as a verb. It typically conjugates to the past tense (잘생겼다) even when talking about the present tense. Examples: -그 남자는 너무 **잘생겼어요** = That man is very handsome -저는 **잘생긴** 남자를 만나요 = I meet a **handsome** man -파란 눈이 있는 남자가 가장 **잘생겼어요** = Men with blue eyes are the most handsome -그는 별로 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not that handsome -그는 전혀 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not **handsome** at all + +- 그 남자는 너무 **잘생겼어요** = That man is very handsome +- 저는 **잘생긴** 남자를 만나요 = I meet a **handsome** man +- 파란 눈이 있는 남자가 가장 **잘생겼어요** = Men with blue eyes are the most handsome +- 그는 별로 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not that handsome +- 그는 전혀 **잘생기지** 않았다 = He’s not **handsome** at all
-못생기다 = to be ugly +못생기다 = to be ugly
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “몯쌩기다” -Notes: A composition of the adverb 못 (not well, poorly) and the verb 생기다. Like 잘생기다, it is conjugated as a verb in the past tense. +Notes: + +A composition of the adverb 못 (not well, poorly) and the verb 생기다. Like 잘생기다, it is conjugated as a verb in the past tense. Example: -그 남자는 너무 **못생겼어요** = That man is very ugly -그 여자는 우리 반에서 제일 **못생긴** 여자예요 = That girl is the **ugliest** in our class + +- 그 남자는 너무 **못생겼어요** = That man is very ugly +- 그 여자는 우리 반에서 제일 **못생긴** 여자예요 = That girl is the **ugliest** in our class
-피곤하다 = to be tired +피곤하다 = to be tired
-The noun form of this word translates to “tiredness” or “fatigue” +The noun form of this word translates to “tiredness” or “fatigue” Example: -저는 일을 많이 해서 너무 **피곤해요** = I am very **tired** because I worked a lot -너무 **피곤해**서 자고 싶어요 = I want to sleep because I am so tired -피곤한 사람은 침대에 누워서 잤어요 = The **tired** person lied on the bed and slept -잠을 못 자면 다음 날에 몸이 **피곤해져요** = If you don’t sleep well, the next day you will be **tired** + +- 저는 일을 많이 해서 너무 **피곤해요** = I am very **tired** because I worked a lot +- 너무 **피곤해**서 자고 싶어요 = I want to sleep because I am so **tired** +- **피곤한** 사람은 침대에 누워서 잤어요 = The **tired** person lied on the bed and slept +- 잠을 못 자면 다음 날에 몸이 **피곤해져요** = If you don’t sleep well, the next day you will be **tired**
-다르다 = to be different +다르다 = to be different
다르다 follows the 르 irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: -또 따른 = another -Notes: When saying something is different “from” something, 와/과/랑/이랑 must be attached to the noun that is being compared. See [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/) for more information. +- 또 따른 = another + +Notes: + +When saying something is different “from” something, 와/과/랑/이랑 must be attached to the noun that is being compared. See [Lesson 15](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-15/) for more information. Examples: -저는 **다른** 영화를 보고 싶어요 = I want to see a **different** movie -우리는 매우 **달라요** = We are so different -그 건물은 어제와 **달라요** = That building is **different** from yesterday -고양이는 강아지와 **달라요** = Cats are **different** than dogs -캐나다는 한국과 문화적으로 **달라요** = Canada and Korea are culturally different -서양사람들은 동양사람들과 **달라요** = Western people are **different** than Eastern people -그 여자가 오늘 화장을 하지 않아서 아주 **달라** 보여요 = That girl looks very **different** today because she didn’t do her makeup + +- 저는 **다른** 영화를 보고 싶어요 = I want to see a **different** movie +- 우리는 매우 **달라요** = We are so different +- 그 건물은 어제와 **달라요** = That building is **different** from yesterday +- 고양이는 강아지와 **달라요** = Cats are **different** from dogs +- 캐나다는 한국과 문화적으로 **달라요** = Canada and Korea are culturally different +- 서양사람들은 동양사람들과 **달라요** = Western people are **different** from Eastern people +- 그 여자가 오늘 화장을 하지 않아서 아주 **달라** 보여요 = That girl looks very **different** today because she didn’t do her makeup
-슬프다 = to be sad +슬프다 = to be sad
슬프다 follows the ㅡ irregular. See [Lesson 7](./07-irregulars.md) for more information. Common Usages: -슬퍼하지 마세요 = Don’t be sad + +- 슬퍼하지 마세요 = Don’t be sad Example: -우리 할아버지가 죽어서 저는 너무 **슬퍼요** = I am very **sad** because my grandfather died -저의 여자친구는 어제 너무 **슬퍼** 보였어요 = My girlfriend looked really **sad** yesterday -제가 **슬프다**면 친구를 만나지 않을 거예요 = If I am **sad**, I’m not going to meet my friend + +- 우리 할아버지가 죽어서 저는 너무 **슬퍼요** = I am very **sad** because my grandfather died +- 저의 여자친구는 어제 너무 **슬퍼** 보였어요 = My girlfriend looked really **sad** yesterday +- 제가 **슬프다**면 친구를 만나지 않을 거예요 = If I am **sad**, I’m not going to meet my friend
-맛있다 = to be delicious +맛있다 = to be delicious
-Although technically a combination of the noun “맛” (taste) and “있다” (to have) 맛있다 is officially seen as one word (literally meaning “to have taste”) and the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is transferred to the next syllable. This makes the entire word sound like “마싣따.” +Although technically a combination of the noun “맛” (taste) and “있다” (to have) 맛있다 is officially seen as one word (literally meaning “to have taste”) and the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is transferred to the next syllable. This makes the entire word sound like “마싣따.” -Conversely, 맛없다, which means “to not be delicious,” is officially seen as two words (literally meaning “to not have taste”). As such, the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is usually not transferred to the next syllable and the entire word sounds like “마덥따” +Conversely, 맛없다, which means “to not be delicious,” is officially seen as two words (literally meaning “to not have taste”). As such, the pronunciation of ㅅ in “맛” is usually not transferred to the next syllable and the entire word sounds like “마덥따” Common Usages: -맛있는 음식 = delicious food + +- 맛있는 음식 = delicious food Examples: -**맛있는** 것을 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat something delicious -빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 = Red apples are the most delicious -사과는 가장 **맛있는** 과일이에요 = Apples are the most **delicious** fruit -한식은 너무 **맛있어요** = Korean food is very **delicious** + +- **맛있는** 것을 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat something delicious +- 빨간 사과는 가장 **맛**있어요 = Red apples are the most delicious +- 사과는 가장 **맛있는** 과일이에요 = Apples are the most **delicious** fruit +- 한식은 너무 **맛있어요** = Korean food is very **delicious**
-재미있다 = to be fun, to be funny +재미있다 = to be fun, to be funny
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “재미읻따” Notes: -Like the word “맛있다,” 재미있다 is made up of “재미” and “있다” (to have). Therefore, even though 재미있다 is an adjective (funny), it is conjugated like 있다. + +Like the word “맛있다,” 재미있다 is made up of “재미” and “있다” (to have). Therefore, even though 재미있다 is an adjective (funny), it is conjugated like 있다. Examples: -그 영화가 너무 **재미있었어요** = That movie was very funny -그 남자는 **재미있는** 남자예요 = That man is a **funny** person -제가 보고 있는 영화는 **재미있어요** = The movie I am watching is funny -친구를 만났으면 **재미있었을** 것이다 = If I had met my friend, it would have been fun -설사를 하는 것은 **재미있어요** = Having diarrhea is **fun** + +- 그 영화가 너무 **재미있었어요** = That movie was very funny +- 그 남자는 **재미있는** 남자예요 = That man is a **funny** person +- 제가 보고 있는 영화는 **재미있어요** = The movie I am watching is funny +- 친구를 만났으면 **재미있었을** 것이다 = If I had met my friend, it would have been fun +- 설사를 하는 것은 **재미있어요** = Having diarrhea is **fun**
-많다 = to be many of, to be a lot of +많다 = to be many of, to be a lot of
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “만타” -Notes: An adjective that means “many,” 많다 can be placed before a noun to describe it, for example: 많은 사람은 저를 좋아해요 (many people like me). However, 많다 is more naturally used by using the ~는 것 principle. For example: 저를 좋아하는 사람은 많아요 (literally: there are many people who like me). The ~는 것 principle is very difficult to describe, and is talked about in detail from [Lessons 26 to 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). +Notes: + +An adjective that means “many,” 많다 can be placed before a noun to describe it. For example: + +- 많은 사람은 저를 좋아해요 (many people like me) + +However, 많다 is more naturally used by using the ~는 것 principle. For example: + +- 저를 좋아하는 사람은 많아요 (literally: there are many people who like me) + +The ~는 것 principle is very difficult to describe, and is talked about in detail from [Lessons 26 to 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/). Examples: -그 회사에서 일하는 사람은 **많아요** = There are **many** people who work at that company. -지난 주에 저는 계획이 **많았어요** = I had **a lot** of plans last week -동대문시장에서 아주머니가 **많아요** = There are **a lot** of older women in Dongdaemun market -그곳에서 구경하는 사람이 **많아요** = There are **a** **lot** of people sightseeing in that place) -저는 거기에 사람이 **많을** 것 같아서 가고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to go there because there will probably be too **many** people + +- 그 회사에서 일하는 사람은 **많아요** = There are **many** people who work at that company. +- 지난 주에 저는 계획이 **많았어요** = I had **a lot** of plans last week +- 동대문시장에서 아주머니가 **많아요** = There are **a lot** of older women in Dongdaemun market +- 그곳에서 구경하는 사람이 **많아요** = There are **a** **lot** of people sightseeing in that place +- 저는 거기에 사람이 **많을** 것 같아서 가고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to go there because there will probably be too **many** people
-행복하다 = to be happy +행복하다 = to be happy
The pronunciation of this word is closer to “행보카다” Common Usages: -행복한 사람 = happy person + +- 행복한 사람 = happy person Example: -저는 매우 **행복한** 사람이에요 = I am a very **happy** person -저는 공원에 가는 날에 항상 **행복해요** = I am always **happy** on the days I go to the park -왜 그렇게 **행복해** 보여요? = Why do you look so **happy**? -저는 **행복하**기 때문에 죽고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to die because I am happy -저는 돈을 받을 때 **행복할** **거예요** = When I receive (the) money, I will be happy -내가 **행복하**면 숙제를 잘 해 = When/If I am **happy**, I do my homework well -제가 **행복하다**면 일을 더 잘 할 거예요 = If I am **happy**, I will work harder + +- 저는 매우 **행복한** 사람이에요 = I am a very **happy** person +- 저는 공원에 가는 날에 항상 **행복해요** = I am always **happy** on the days I go to the park +- 왜 그렇게 **행복해** 보여요? = Why do you look so **happy**? +- 저는 **행복하**기 때문에 죽고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to die because I am happy +- 저는 돈을 받을 때 **행복할** **거예요** = When I receive (the) money, I will be happy +- 내가 **행복하**면 숙제를 잘 해 = When/If I am **happy**, I do my homework well +- 제가 **행복하다**면 일을 더 잘 할 거예요 = If I am **happy**, I will work harder
### Adverbs and Other Words -거기 = there +거기 = there
Notes: + The difference between “그” and “저” is the same as the difference between “거기” and “저기.” “거기” is used when referring to a place that has already been mentioned, and “저기” is used when you are referring to a place that is farther away than “여기.” -거기 and ~에세 form to make “거기서.” +거기 and ~에세 form to make “거기서.” Example: -**거기**서 언제부터 살았어요? = Since when did you live **there**? -**거기**에 간 적이 없어요 = I have never gone/been **there**/I haven’t been there -제가 **거기**에 가는 중이에요 = I am going there -밥을 **거기**에 두지 말아 주세요 = Don’t put the rice **there**, please -**거기**에 가고 싶으면 비행기를 타야 돼요 = If you want to go **there**, you must take an airplane -친구가 **거기**에 많을 거라서 그 파티에 가고 싶어요 = Many of my friends will be **there**, so/therefore I want to go to that party + +- **거기**서 언제부터 살았어요? = Since when did you live **there**? +- **거기**에 간 적이 없어요 = I have never gone/been **there**/I haven’t been there +- 제가 **거기**에 가는 중이에요 = I am going there +- 밥을 **거기**에 두지 말아 주세요 = Don’t put the rice **there**, please +- **거기**에 가고 싶으면 비행기를 타야 돼요 = If you want to go **there**, you must take an airplane +- 친구가 **거기**에 많을 거라서 그 파티에 가고 싶어요 = Many of my friends will be **there**, so/therefore I want to go to that party
-저기 = there (when farther away) +저기 = there (when farther away)
-저기 and ~에서 form to make “저기서” +저기 and ~에서 form to make “저기서” -When trying to get the attention of somebody – for example, when you want to order something at a restaurant – it is common to say “저기요!.” For example: +When trying to get the attention of somebody – for example, when you want to order something at a restaurant – it is common to say “저기요!.” For example: -저기요! 지금 주문할게요! = Excuse me! We would like to order now! +- 저기요! 지금 주문할게요! = Excuse me! We would like to order now! Examples: -**저기**까지 걷자! = Let’s walk that far/Let’s walk as far as **there** -이불을 다 **저기**에 넣었어요 = I put the blankets **there** -**저기**까지 아주 빨리 수영하더라도 그 사람을 구하지 못할 거예요 = Even if you swim **there** very fast, you won’t be able to save that person + +- **저기**까지 걷자! = Let’s walk that far/Let’s walk as far as **there** +- 이불을 다 **저기**에 넣었어요 = I put the blankets **there** +- **저기**까지 아주 빨리 수영하더라도 그 사람을 구하지 못할 거예요 = Even if you swim **there** very fast, you won’t be able to save that person
-지금 = now +지금 = now
Notes: + Though referring to a time, “에” is usually not attached to “지금” Common Usages: -지금부터 = from now -지금까지 = until now + +- 지금부터 = from now +- 지금까지 = until now Example: -저는 밥을 **지금** 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat now -그 여자를 **지금**까지 좋아했어요 = I liked that girl until now -여자들은 **지금** 영화를 보고 있어요 = The girls are watching a movie now -저는 밥을 다 먹어서 **지금** 배불러요 = I ate all the food, so/therefore, I am full now -열심히 운동하고 **지금** 힘이 빠졌어요 = After exercising, I **now** have no energy -내가 밥을 벌써 먹어서 **지금** 먹고 싶지 않아 = Because I already ate, I don’t want to eat now -그 학생은 어떤 여자와 **지금** 사귀고 있어요 = That student is going out with some girl **now** + +- 저는 밥을 **지금** 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat now +- 그 여자를 **지금**까지 좋아했어요 = I liked that girl until now +- 여자들은 **지금** 영화를 보고 있어요 = The girls are watching a movie now +- 저는 밥을 다 먹어서 **지금** 배불러요 = I ate all the food, so/therefore, I am full now +- 열심히 운동하고 **지금** 힘이 빠졌어요 = After exercising, I **now** have no energy +- 내가 밥을 벌써 먹어서 **지금** 먹고 싶지 않아 = Because I already ate, I don’t want to eat now +- 그 학생은 어떤 여자와 **지금** 사귀고 있어요 = That student is going out with some girl **now**
-하지만 = but +하지만 = but
-Notes: It would be more natural to connect sentences with a grammatical principle (like ~지만 or ~는데) than to separate them using 하지만. +Notes: + +It would be more natural to connect sentences with a grammatical principle (like ~지만 or ~는데) than to separate them using 하지만. Example: -거기에 가고 싶어요. **하지만** 돈이 없어요 = I want to go there. **But** I have no money -저는 먹고 싶어요. **하지만** 배고프지 않아요 = I want to eat. **But**, I am not hungry + +- 거기에 가고 싶어요. **하지만** 돈이 없어요 = I want to go there. **But** I have no money +- 저는 먹고 싶어요. **하지만** 배고프지 않아요 = I want to eat. **But**, I am not hungry