diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md index aa9c41b..20847af 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/19-comparatives.md @@ -1,7 +1,400 @@ +--- +vocabulary: + nouns: + - ko: 한식 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v1.mp3 + en: Korean food + examples: + - ko: "**한식**은 너무 맛있어요" + en: "**Korean food** is very delicious" + - ko: 저는 2주 동안 **한식**을 안 먹었어요 + en: I didn't eat **Korean food** for two weeks + - ko: "**한식**은 양식보다 더 매워" + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-14.mp3 + en: "**Korean food** is spicier than western food" + - ko: 한국에서 사는 것에 있어서 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 **한식**을 매일 먹는 것이야 + en: My favorite part about living in Korea is eating **Korean food** every day + + - ko: 양식 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v2.mp3 + en: western food + examples: + - ko: 한국 사람들은 **양식**을 보통 안 먹어요 + en: Korean people usually don't eat **Western food** + - ko: "한식은 **양식**보다 더 매워" + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-14.mp3 + en: Korean food is spicier than **western food** + + - ko: 키 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v3.mp3 + en: height + notes: | +

키 means "height" in Korean, but not the "height" of a building or some other object. It is only used when talking about the height of a person. "크다" means 'big.' The adjective for tall is 키가 크다, which just indicates that your height is big.

+ examples: + - ko: 그 남자가 **키가** 너무 **커요** + en: That man is very **tall** + - ko: 저는 그보다 **키**가 더 커요 + en: I am **taller** than him + + - ko: 별 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v4.mp3 + en: star + examples: + - ko: "하늘에 **별**이 많아요" + en: There are many **stars** in the sky + + - ko: 태도 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v5.mp3 + en: attitude + examples: + - ko: 그 학생의 **태도**가 나빠요 + en: That student's **attitude** is bad + + - ko: 월급 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v6.mp3 + en: pay cheque + examples: + - ko: 저는 매월 24일에 **월급**을 받아요 + en: I **get paid** every month on the 24th + + - ko: 도심 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v7.mp3 + en: downtown + examples: + - ko: 저의 여자친구는 안산 **도심**에서 살아요 + en: My girlfriend lives in the **downtown** of Ansan + - ko: 저는 친구들과 **도심**에서 영화를 봤어요 + en: I saw a movie with friends **downtown** + - ko: 2호선은 서울 **도심** 주위를 돌아요 + en: Line 2 circles around the **downtown** of Seoul + + - ko: 시내 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v8.mp3 + en: downtown + examples: + - ko: 저는 보통 친구들과 **시내**에서 놀아요 + en: I usually play with (meet) my friends **downtown** + + - ko: 추억 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v9.mp3 + en: memory + examples: + - ko: 저는 우리 엄마와 **추억**이 많아요 + en: I have a lot of **memories** with my mom + + - ko: 후보자 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v10.mp3 + en: candidate + examples: + - ko: "**후보자**들은 내일까지 와야 돼요" + en: "**Candidates** have until tomorrow to come" + - ko: 그들은 많은 **후보자**들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 + en: They chose me from many **candidates** + + - ko: 라면 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v11.mp3 + en: instant noodles (ramen) + examples: + - ko: 저는 돈이 없어서 **라면**만 먹어요 + en: I only eat **ramen** because I have no money + + - ko: 주년 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v12.mp3 + en: anniversary + notes: 주년 is usually preceded by a number. + examples: + - ko: 내일은 우리의 1**주년**이에요 + en: Tomorrow is our one year **anniversary** + - ko: 우리 학교가 세워진 지 10**주년**이에요 + en: It is the 10th **anniversary** of our school opening + + - ko: 자세 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v13.mp3 + en: body position/posture + notes: When exercising, the Konglish word "폼" (form) is often used. + examples: + - ko: 이 **자세** 맞아요? + en: Is this **posture** right/correct? + - ko: 운동할 때 알맞은 **자세로** 해야 돼요 + en: When you exercise, you need to do so with the correct **posture** + + - ko: 평소 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v33.mp3 + en: usual + examples: + - ko: 저는 **평소**보다 더 열심히 공부하고 있어요 + en: I am studying harder than **usual** + - ko: 저는 오늘 **평소**처럼 공부해야 돼요 + en: I have to study today, as **usual** + - ko: 현재 날씨는 **평소**보다 조금 추워요 + en: The present/recent weather is colder than **normal** + + - ko: 옛날 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v37.mp3 + en: old days + examples: + - ko: 할아버지와 할아버지 친구는 **옛날** 이야기를 나눴어요 + en: Grandpa and his friend shared **old** stories (with each other) + + - ko: 옛사랑 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v38.mp3 + en: old love + examples: + - ko: 그녀는 **옛사랑**이었어요 + en: She was an **old love** + + - ko: 옛길 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v39.mp3 + en: old road/path + examples: + - ko: 우리는 **옛길**을 따라 걸었어요 + en: We walked along, following the **old road** + + verbs: + - ko: 걱정하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v14.mp3 + en: to worry + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "걱쩡하다"

+

More commonly used in the passive voice (걱정되다 = to be worried)

+

In most situations, removing ~하다 from a word and placing "마" after it is unnatural. However, in this case "걱정 마" is very common.

+ examples: + - ko: 많이 **걱정돼요** + en: Are you very **worried**? + - ko: 시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 **걱정돼요** + en: I'm **worried** that I won't do well on the exam + - ko: 비가 올까 봐 **걱정돼요** + en: I'm **worried** that it will rain + - ko: 저는 아이를 잃어버려서 **걱정**이 되었어요 + en: I was **worried** because I lost the baby + - ko: 그 수술을 받았을 때 저의 엄마는 **걱정했어요** + en: When I got that surgery, my mom was **worried** + + - ko: 씻다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v15.mp3 + en: to wash + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "씯따"

+

When washing one's hair, the verb "감다" must be used.

+ examples: + - ko: 손을 잘 **씻**고 먹어요 + en: To **wash** one's hands well, and then eat + - ko: "손을 **씻으세요**!" + en: "**Wash** your hands!" + + - ko: 확인하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v16.mp3 + en: to confirm, to check + examples: + - ko: "첨부파일을 **확인하세요**!" + en: "**See/Check** the attached file" + - ko: 시험을 끝내기 전에 답을 **확인하**세요 + en: "**Check** your answers before finishing the test" + - ko: "그것을 **확인해** 봐!!" + en: Try **checking** that + - ko: 가격을 **확인해**보자 + en: Let's **check** the price + + - ko: 모으다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v17.mp3 + en: to gather, to collect + notes: 모으다 follows the ㅡ irregular + examples: + - ko: 그는 옛날 동전을 **모아요** + en: He **collects** old coins + + - ko: 이야기하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v18.mp3 + en: to talk with, to have a conversation + notes: | +

"이야기" means "conversation, story," but the verb "이야기하다" means "to have a conversation with/to talk with." 이야기(하다) is often shortened to 얘기(하다).

+ examples: + - ko: 저는 어제 여자친구랑 **이야기했어요** + en: I **talked** with my girlfriend yesterday + - ko: 저는 그녀랑 개인적으로 **얘기하고** 싶어요 + en: I want to **talk** to her personally + - ko: 엄마는 저랑 **얘기하**기 싫은 것 같아요 + en: It seems that mom doesn't want to **talk** with me + - ko: 그 문제에 대해 담임선생님과 함께 **얘기했어요** + en: I **talked** about that problem with my homeroom teacher + + - ko: 수집하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v19.mp3 + en: to collect + notes: The noun form of this word translates to "collection" + examples: + - ko: 실험을 하기 전에 자료를 **수집해요** + en: To **collect** data before doing an experiment + + - ko: 추천하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v20.mp3 + en: to recommend + notes: The noun form of this word translates to "recommendation" + examples: + - ko: 좋은 영화를 **추천해** 주세요 + en: "**Recommend** a good movie, please!" + + adjectives: + - ko: 좁다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v22.mp3 + en: to be narrow + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "좁따"

+

Korean people would use the word "좁다" in make cases where English people would use the word "small." Especially if an apartment or room is small, Korean people would say "방이 좁다." The direct English translation of "this room is narrow" is unnatural in English.

+ examples: + - ko: 이 길이 너무 **좁**아서 저는 못 들어가요 + en: I can't go onto this road because it is so **narrow** + - ko: 저의 방은 너무 **좁아요** + en: My room is too **small/narrow** + + - ko: 넓다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v23.mp3 + en: to be wide + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "널따"

+

넓다 means "wide" but Korean people often say "넓다" when in English we would say "big." Usually when they talk about how 'big' a room/house is, they will say that it is very "넓어." In English, it would be awkward to say "This place is so wide!!"

+ examples: + - ko: 우리 집은 매우 **넓어요** + en: Our house is very **big/wide** + - ko: 그 차는 **넓은** 공간을 차지하고 있어요 + en: That car takes up **a lot of** room/space + + - ko: 특별하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v24.mp3 + en: to be special + notes: The pronunciation of this word is closer to "특뼐하다" + examples: + - ko: 그 박물관은 **특별해요** + en: That museum is **special** + - ko: 그 식당은 **특별하지** 않아요 + en: That restaurant isn't **special** + - ko: 그 사람은 **특별한** 개성이 있어요 + en: That person has a **special** personality + + - ko: 게으르다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v25.mp3 + en: to be lazy + notes: 게으르다 follows the 르 irregular + examples: + - ko: 저의 남자 친구는 아주 **게을러요** + en: My boyfriend is very **lazy** + - ko: 저의 **게으른** 남동생은 하루 종일 아무것도 안 해요 + en: My **lazy** brother doesn't do anything all day + + - ko: 편하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v26.mp3 + en: to be comfortable + examples: + - ko: 이 소파는 아주 **편해요** + en: This sofa is very **comfortable** + + - ko: 안락하다 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v27.mp3 + en: to be comfortable + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "알라카다"

+

Essentially the same meaning as "편하다," but much less common. 안락하다 would be more related to abstract things like the mood of a place or one's life, whereas 편하다 would be more related to physical things that you can feel (like a bed being comfortable)

+ examples: + - ko: 스타벅스의 내부 분위기가 매우 **안락해요** + en: The atmosphere inside Starbucks is very **comfortable** + + adverbs: + - ko: 더 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v28.mp3 + en: more + notes: | +

This can be used to indicate that one does something more with a noun, for example: "저는 밥을 더 먹고 싶어요" = "I want to eat more rice"

+

It can also be used with an adjective. For example: "그 여자가 더 예뻐요" = "That girl is prettier (more pretty)"

+

It can also be used with an adverb. For example: "저는 더 빨리 가고 싶어요" = "I want to go faster (more fast)"

+

See below in this lesson for more information.

+ examples: + - ko: 저는 평소보다 **더** 공부하고 있어요 + en: I am studying **more** than usual + - ko: 나는 내일 사람 두 명을 **더** 만날 거야 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-19-6.mp3 + en: I will meet two **more** people tomorrow + - ko: 나는 내일 어제보다 사람 두 명을 **더** 만날 거야 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-24.mp3 + en: I will meet two **more** people than yesterday tomorrow + - ko: 저는 남동생보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 + en: I ate **more** than my brother + - ko: 저는 어제보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 + en: I ate **more** than yesterday + - ko: 오늘은 어제보다 **더** 더워 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-16.mp3 + en: Today is hott**er** than yesterday + + - ko: 덜 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v29.mp3 + en: less + examples: + - ko: 나는 남동생보다 덜 잘생겼어 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-30.mp3 + en: I'm less handsome than my brother + - ko: 한국에서 대학교는 고등학교보다 **덜** 어려워요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-31.mp3 + en: In Korea, University is **not as hard** as high school + + - ko: 가장 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v30.mp3 + en: the most (superlative) + notes: Very similar (if not identical) to 제일 + examples: + - ko: 나는 그 여자를 **가장** 좋아해 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-36.mp3 + en: I like that girl most (that girl is my favorite) + - ko: 나는 수학을 **가장** 좋아해 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-37.mp3 + en: I like math most (math is my favorite) + - ko: 저의 여자 친구는 한국에서 **가장** 예쁜 여자예요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-32.mp3 + en: My girlfriend is the prettiest girl in Korea + - ko: 가족은 **가장** 중요해요 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson19-33.mp3 + en: Family is the most important + + - ko: 제일 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v31.mp3 + en: the most (superlative) + notes: | +

Very similar (if not identical) to 가장

+

Placed in a sentence with an adverb or adjective to indicate that something is (done) "most."

+

For example, with an adjective: "그 여자가 제일 예뻐요" = "that girl is the prettiest (the most pretty)"

+

With an adverb: "저는 달리기를 제일 빨리 할 수 있어요" = "I can run the fastest (the most fast)"

+

In most cases, it can't be used without an adjective or adverb. These would require the use of some kind of adverb, for example: "저는 제일 잘 운동해요" = "I exercise the best"

+

However, it can be used without an adjective or adverb in some cases. Most commonly with 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. For example: "저는 그 사람을 제일 싫어해요" = "I dislike that person the most"

+ examples: + - ko: 수학은 제가 **제일** 좋아하는 수업이에요 + en: Math is my favorite class (the class that I like **the most**) + + - ko: 여러 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v34.mp3 + en: many/various + notes: | +

여러 is an adverb that is placed before nouns to describe them

+ examples: + - ko: 저는 **여러** 가지의 단어를 배우고 싶어요 + en: I want to learn **lots of** different types of words + - ko: 옛날에 그리스인들은 **여러** 가지의 신을 믿었어요 + en: A long time ago, Greek people believed in a **variety** of gods + + - ko: 옛 + audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson19v35.mp3 + en: something old + notes: | +

The pronunciation of this word is closer to "옏"

+

Placed before certain nouns to indicate that noun is from a long time ago.

+ examples: + - ko: 저는 어제 **옛** 친구를 만났어요 + en: I met a friend from a **long time ago** +--- + # Lesson 19: Korean Comparatives and Superlatives: 더, 보다, 가장/제일 ## Vocabulary + + ### Nouns 한식 = Korean food @@ -10,14 +403,14 @@ Common Usages: -- 한식당 = Korean food restaurant +- 한식당 = Korean food restaurant Example: -- **한식**은 너무 맛있어요 = **Korean food** is very delicious -- 저는 2주 동안 **한식**을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat **Korean food** for two weeks +- **한식**은 너무 맛있어요 = **Korean food** is very delicious +- 저는 2주 동안 **한식**을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat **Korean food** for two weeks - **한식**은 양식보다 더 매워 = **Korean food** is spicier than western food -- 한국에서 사는 것에 있어서 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 **한식**을 매일 먹는 것이야 = My favorite part about living in Korea is eating **Korean food** every day +- 한국에서 사는 것에 있어서 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 **한식**을 매일 먹는 것이야 = My favorite part about living in Korea is eating **Korean food** every day @@ -27,7 +420,7 @@ Example: Example: -- 한국 사람들은 **양식**을 보통 안 먹어요 = Korean people usually don’t eat **Western food** +- 한국 사람들은 **양식**을 보통 안 먹어요 = Korean people usually don’t eat **Western food** - 한식은 **양식**보다 더 매워 = Korean food is spicier than **western food** @@ -37,14 +430,18 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -키가 크다 = to be tall -키가 작다 = to be short -Notes: 키 means “height” in Korean, but not the “height” of a building or some other object. It is only used when talking about the height of a person. “크다” means ‘big.’ The adjective for tall is 키가 크다, which just indicates that your height is big. +- 키가 크다 = to be tall +- 키가 작다 = to be short + +Notes: + +키 means “height” in Korean, but not the “height” of a building or some other object. It is only used when talking about the height of a person. “크다” means ‘big.’ The adjective for tall is 키가 크다, which just indicates that your height is big. Example: -그 남자가 **키가** 너무 **커요** = That man is very **tall** -저는 그보다 **키**가 더 커요 = I am **taller** than him + +- 그 남자가 **키가** 너무 **커요** = That man is very **tall** +- 저는 그보다 **키**가 더 커요 = I am **taller** than him
@@ -53,10 +450,12 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -별자리 = constellation + +- 별자리 = constellation Example: -하늘에 **별**이 많아요 = There are many **stars** in the sky + +- 하늘에 **별**이 많아요 = There are many **stars** in the sky
@@ -65,11 +464,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -좋은 태도 = good attitude -나쁜 태도 = bad attitude + +- 좋은 태도 = good attitude +- 나쁜 태도 = bad attitude Example: -그 학생의 **태도**가 나빠요 = That student’s **attitude** is bad + +- 그 학생의 **태도**가 나빠요 = That student’s **attitude** is bad
@@ -78,13 +479,15 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -월급을 받다 = to get paid, to receive pay cheque -월급(을 받는) 날 = the day one gets paid -월급이 오르다 = to get a raise -월급이 깎이다 = to get less money than before (a pay cut) + +- 월급을 받다 = to get paid, to receive pay cheque +- 월급(을 받는) 날 = the day one gets paid +- 월급이 오르다 = to get a raise +- 월급이 깎이다 = to get less money than before (a pay cut) Example: -저는 매월 24일에 **월급**을 받아요 = I **get paid** every month on the 24th + +- 저는 매월 24일에 **월급**을 받아요 = I **get paid** every month on the 24th
@@ -93,9 +496,10 @@ Example:
Example: -저의 여자친구는 안산 **도심**에서 살아요 = My girlfriend lives in the **downtown** of Ansan -저는 친구들과 **도심**에서 영화를 봤어요= I saw a movie with friends **downtown** -2호선은 서울 **도심** 주위를 돌아요 = Line 2 circles around the **downtown** of Seoul + +- 저의 여자친구는 안산 **도심**에서 살아요 = My girlfriend lives in the **downtown** of Ansan +- 저는 친구들과 **도심**에서 영화를 봤어요= I saw a movie with friends **downtown** +- 2호선은 서울 **도심** 주위를 돌아요 = Line 2 circles around the **downtown** of Seoul
@@ -104,7 +508,8 @@ Example:
Example: -저는 보통 친구들과 **시내**에서 놀아요 = I usually play with (meet) my friends **downtown** + +- 저는 보통 친구들과 **시내**에서 놀아요 = I usually play with (meet) my friends **downtown**
@@ -113,11 +518,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -추억을 쌓다 = to make memories (literally, “for memories to be piled up”) -추억을 만들다 = to make memories + +- 추억을 쌓다 = to make memories (literally, “for memories to be piled up”) +- 추억을 만들다 = to make memories Example: -저는 우리 엄마와 **추억**이 많아요 = I have a lot of **memories** with my mom + +- 저는 우리 엄마와 **추억**이 많아요 = I have a lot of **memories** with my mom
@@ -126,8 +533,9 @@ Example:
Example: -**후보자**들은 내일까지 와야 돼요 = **Candidates** have until tomorrow to come -그들은 많은 **후보자**들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 = They chose me from many **candidates** + +- **후보자**들은 내일까지 와야 돼요 = **Candidates** have until tomorrow to come +- 그들은 많은 **후보자**들 중에서 저를 뽑았어요 = They chose me from many **candidates**
@@ -136,11 +544,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -라면을 끓이다 = to boil/make ramen noodles -라면수프 = the powder that comes in a bag within a bag of ramen (“Ramen soup”) + +- 라면을 끓이다 = to boil/make ramen noodles +- 라면수프 = the powder that comes in a bag within a bag of ramen (“Ramen soup”) Example: -저는 돈이 없어서 **라면**만 먹어요 = I only eat **ramen** because I have no money + +- 저는 돈이 없어서 **라면**만 먹어요 = I only eat **ramen** because I have no money
@@ -148,11 +558,14 @@ Example:
-Notes: 주년is usually preceded by a number. +Notes: + +주년 is usually preceded by a number. Example: -내일은 우리의 1**주년**이에요 = Tomorrow is our one year **anniversary** -우리 학교가 세워진 지 10**주년**이에요 = It is the 10th **anniversary** of our school opening + +- 내일은 우리의 1**주년**이에요 = Tomorrow is our one year **anniversary** +- 우리 학교가 세워진 지 10**주년**이에요 = It is the 10th **anniversary** of our school opening
@@ -160,11 +573,14 @@ Example:
-Notes: When exercising, the Konglish word “폼” (form) is often used. +Notes: + +When exercising, the Konglish word “폼” (form) is often used. Example: -이 **자세** 맞아요? = Is this **posture** right/correct? -운동할 때 알맞은 **자세로** 해야 돼요 = When you exercise, you need to do so with the correct **posture** + +- 이 **자세** 맞아요? = Is this **posture** right/correct? +- 운동할 때 알맞은 **자세로** 해야 돼요 = When you exercise, you need to do so with the correct **posture**
@@ -173,14 +589,16 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -평소보다 = to be comparing something to the usual amount -평소처럼 = as usual -평소에 = usually + +- 평소보다 = to be comparing something to the usual amount +- 평소처럼 = as usual +- 평소에 = usually Example: -저는 **평소**보다 더 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying harder than **usual** -저는 오늘 **평소**처럼 공부해야 돼요 = I have to study today, as **usual** -현재 날씨는 **평소**보다 조금 추워요 = The present/recent weather is colder than **normal** + +- 저는 **평소**보다 더 열심히 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying harder than **usual** +- 저는 오늘 **평소**처럼 공부해야 돼요 = I have to study today, as **usual** +- 현재 날씨는 **평소**보다 조금 추워요 = The present/recent weather is colder than **normal**
@@ -189,7 +607,8 @@ Example:
Example: -할아버지와 할아버지 친구는 옛날 이야기를 나눴어요 = Grandpa and his friend shared old stories (with each other) + +- 할아버지와 할아버지 친구는 **옛날** 이야기를 나눴어요 = Grandpa and his friend shared **old** stories (with each other)
@@ -198,7 +617,8 @@ Example:
Example: -그녀는 옛사랑이었어요 = She was an old love + +- 그녀는 **옛사랑**이었어요 = She was an **old love**
@@ -206,7 +626,9 @@ Example:
-Example: 우리는 **옛길**을 따라 걸었어요 = We walked along, following the **old road** +Example: + +- 우리는 **옛길**을 따라 걸었어요 = We walked along, following the **old road**
@@ -219,21 +641,24 @@ Example: 우리는 **옛길**을 따라 걸었어요 = We walked along, followin The pronunciation of this word is closer to “걱쩡하다” Common Usages: -\~ㄹ/을 까봐 걱정되다 = to do something because one was worried about…). See [Lesson 65](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-59-66/lesson-65/ "Lesson 65: I am worried about: ㄹ/을까 봐") for more information. -걱정하지 마세요 = Don’t worry -걱정 마 = Don’t worry +- \~ㄹ/을 까봐 걱정되다 = to do something because one was worried about... (See [Lesson 65](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-59-66/lesson-65/ "Lesson 65: I am worried about: ㄹ/을까 봐") for more information.) +- 걱정하지 마세요 = Don’t worry +- 걱정 마 = Don’t worry -Notes: More commonly used in the passive voice (걱정되다 = to be worried) +Notes: -In most situations, removing \~하다 from a word and placing “마” after it is unnatural. However, in this case “걱정 마” is very common. +More commonly used in the passive voice (걱정되다 = to be worried) + +In most situations, removing \~하다 from a word and placing “마” after it is unnatural. However, in this case “걱정 마” is very common. Examples: -많이 **걱정돼요** = Are you very **worried**? -시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 **걱정돼요** = I’m **worried** that I won’t do well on the exam -비가 올까 봐 **걱정돼요** = I’m **worried** that it will rain -저는 아이를 잃어버려서 **걱정**이 되었어요 = I was **worried** because I lost the baby -그 수술을 받았을 때 저의 엄마는 **걱정했어요** = When I got that surgery, my mom was **worried** + +- 많이 **걱정돼요** = Are you very **worried**? +- 시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 **걱정돼요** = I’m **worried** that I won’t do well on the exam +- 비가 올까 봐 **걱정돼요** = I’m **worried** that it will rain +- 저는 아이를 잃어버려서 **걱정**이 되었어요 = I was **worried** because I lost the baby +- 그 수술을 받았을 때 저의 엄마는 **걱정했어요** = When I got that surgery, my mom was **worried** @@ -244,13 +669,17 @@ Examples: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “씯따” Common Usages: -손을 씻다 = to wash one’s hands -Notes: When washing one’s hair, the verb “감다” must be used. +- 손을 씻다 = to wash one’s hands + +Notes: + +When washing one’s hair, the verb “감다” must be used. Example: -손을 잘 **씻**고 먹어요 = To **wash** one’s hands well, and then eat -손을 씻으세요! = Wash your hands! + +- 손을 잘 **씻**고 먹어요 = To **wash** one’s hands well, and then eat +- 손을 **씻으세요**! = **Wash** your hands! @@ -259,10 +688,11 @@ Example:
Example: -첨부파일을 **확인하세요**! = **See/Check** the attached file -시험을 끝내기 전에 답을 **확인하**세요 = **Check** your answers before finishing the test -그것을 **확인해** 봐!! = Try **checking** that -가격을 **확인해**보자 = Let’s **check** the price + +- 첨부파일을 **확인하세요**! = **See/Check** the attached file +- 시험을 끝내기 전에 답을 **확인하**세요 = **Check** your answers before finishing the test +- 그것을 **확인해** 봐!! = Try **checking** that +- 가격을 **확인해**보자 = Let’s **check** the price
@@ -273,11 +703,13 @@ Example: 모으다 follows the ㅡ irregular Common Usages: -돈을 모으다 = to save money -우표를 모으다 = to collect stamps + +- 돈을 모으다 = to save money +- 우표를 모으다 = to collect stamps Example: -그는 옛날 동전을 **모아요** = He **collects** old coins + +- 그는 옛날 동전을 **모아요** = He **collects** old coins @@ -285,13 +717,16 @@ Example:
-Notes: “이야기” means “conversation, story,” but the verb “이야기하다” means “to have a conversation with/to talk with.” 이야기(하다) is often shortened to 얘기(하다). +Notes: + +“이야기” means “conversation, story,” but the verb “이야기하다” means “to have a conversation with/to talk with.” 이야기(하다) is often shortened to 얘기(하다). Example: -저는 어제 여자친구랑 **이야기했어요** = I **talked** with my girlfriend yesterday -저는 그녀랑 개인적으로 **얘기하고** 싶어요 = I want to **talk** to her personally -엄마는 저랑 **얘기하**기 싫은 것 같아요 = It seems that mom doesn’t want to talk with me -그 문제에 대해 담임선생님과 함께 **얘기했어요** = I **talked** **about** that problem with my homeroom teacher + +- 저는 어제 여자친구랑 **이야기했어요** = I **talked** with my girlfriend yesterday +- 저는 그녀랑 개인적으로 **얘기하고** 싶어요 = I want to **talk** to her personally +- 엄마는 저랑 **얘기하**기 싫은 것 같아요 = It seems that mom doesn’t want to **talk** with me +- 그 문제에 대해 담임선생님과 함께 **얘기했어요** = I **talked** about that problem with my homeroom teacher
@@ -302,7 +737,8 @@ Example: The noun form of this word translates to “collection” Example: -실험을 하기 전에 자료를 **수집해요** = To **collect** data before doing an experiment + +- 실험을 하기 전에 자료를 **수집해요** = To **collect** data before doing an experiment @@ -313,10 +749,12 @@ Example: The noun form of this word translates to “recommendation” Common Usages: -추천서 = recommendation letter/reference + +- 추천서 = recommendation letter/reference Example: -좋은 영화를 **추천해** 주세요 = **Recommend** a good movie, please! + +- 좋은 영화를 **추천해** 주세요 = **Recommend** a good movie, please! @@ -328,11 +766,14 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “좁따” -Notes: Korean people would use the word “좁다” in make cases where English people would use the word “small.” Especially if an apartment or room is small, Korean people would say “방이 좁다.” The direct English translation of “this room is narrow” is unnatural in English. +Notes: + +Korean people would use the word “좁다” in make cases where English people would use the word “small.” Especially if an apartment or room is small, Korean people would say “방이 좁다.” The direct English translation of “this room is narrow” is unnatural in English. Example: -이 길이 너무 **좁**아서 저는 못 들어가요 = I can’t go onto this road because it is so **narrow** -저의 방은 너무 **좁아요** = My room is too **small**/**narrow** + +- 이 길이 너무 **좁**아서 저는 못 들어가요 = I can’t go onto this road because it is so **narrow** +- 저의 방은 너무 **좁아요** = My room is too **small/narrow** @@ -342,11 +783,14 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “널따” -Notes: 넓다 means “wide” but Korean people often say “넓다” when in English we would say “big.” Usually when they talk about how ‘big’ a room/house is, they will say that it is very “넓어.” In English, it would be awkward to say “This place is so wide!!” +Notes: + +넓다 means “wide” but Korean people often say “넓다” when in English we would say “big.” Usually when they talk about how ‘big’ a room/house is, they will say that it is very “넓어.” In English, it would be awkward to say “This place is so wide!!” Example: -우리 집은 매우 **넓어요** = Our house is very **big** (**wide**) -그 차는 **넓은** 공간을 차지하고 있어요 = That car takes up **a lot of** room/space + +- 우리 집은 매우 **넓어요** = Our house is very **big/wide** +- 그 차는 **넓은** 공간을 차지하고 있어요 = That car takes up **a lot of** room/space @@ -357,9 +801,10 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “특뼐하다” Example: -그 박물관은 **특별해요** = That museum is **special** -그 식당은 **특별하지** 않아요 = That restaurant isn’t **special** -그 사람은 **특별한** 개성이 있어요 = That person has a **special** personality + +- 그 박물관은 **특별해요** = That museum is **special** +- 그 식당은 **특별하지** 않아요 = That restaurant isn’t **special** +- 그 사람은 **특별한** 개성이 있어요 = That person has a **special** personality @@ -370,8 +815,9 @@ Example: 게으르다 follows the 르 irregular Example: -저의 남자 친구는 아주 **게을러요** = My boyfriend is very **lazy** -저의 **게으른** 남동생은 하루 종일 아무것도 안 해요 = My **lazy** brother doesn’t do anything all day + +- 저의 남자 친구는 아주 **게을러요** = My boyfriend is very **lazy** +- 저의 **게으른** 남동생은 하루 종일 아무것도 안 해요 = My **lazy** brother doesn’t do anything all day @@ -380,11 +826,13 @@ Example:
Common Usages: -마음이 편하다 = to be relaxed/at ease -옷이 편하다 = for clothes to be comfortable + +- 마음이 편하다 = to be relaxed/at ease +- 옷이 편하다 = for clothes to be comfortable Example: -이 소파는 아주 **편해요** = This sofa is very **comfortable** + +- 이 소파는 아주 **편해요** = This sofa is very **comfortable**
@@ -394,10 +842,13 @@ Example: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “알라카다” -Notes: Essentially the same meaning as “편하다,” but much less common. 안락하다 would be more related to abstract things like the mood of a place or one’s life, whereas 편하다 would be more related to physical things that you can feel (like a bed being comfortable) +Notes: + +Essentially the same meaning as “편하다,” but much less common. 안락하다 would be more related to abstract things like the mood of a place or one’s life, whereas 편하다 would be more related to physical things that you can feel (like a bed being comfortable) Example: -스타벅스의 내부 분위기가 매우 **안락해요** = The atmosphere inside Starbucks is very **comfortable** + +- 스타벅스의 내부 분위기가 매우 **안락해요** = The atmosphere inside Starbucks is very **comfortable** @@ -412,25 +863,25 @@ Notes: This can be used to indicate that one does something more with a noun, for example: - 저는 밥을 더 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat more rice -- 우리는 다음 시간에 더 배울 거예요 = We will learn more next time +- 우리는 다음 시간에 더 배울 거예요 = We will learn more next time It can also be used with an adjective. For example: -- 그 여자가 더 예뻐요 = That girl is prettier (more pretty) +- 그 여자가 더 예뻐요 = That girl is prettier (more pretty) It can also be used with an adverb. For example: -- 저는 더 빨리 가고 싶어요 = I want to go faster (more fast) +- 저는 더 빨리 가고 싶어요 = I want to go faster (more fast) See below in this lesson for more information. More Examples: -- 저는 평소보다 **더** 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying **more** than usual +- 저는 평소보다 **더** 공부하고 있어요 = I am studying **more** than usual - 나는 내일 사람 두 명을 **더** 만날 거야 = I will meet two **more** people tomorrow - 나는 내일 어제보다 사람 두 명을 **더** 만날 거야 = I will meet two **more** people than yesterday tomorrow -- 저는 남동생보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 = I ate **more** than my brother -- 저는 어제보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 = I ate **more** than yesterday +- 저는 남동생보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 = I ate **more** than my brother +- 저는 어제보다 밥을 **더** 먹었어요 = I ate **more** than yesterday - 오늘은 어제보다 **더** 더워 = Today is hott**er** than yesterday @@ -450,7 +901,9 @@ Example:
-Notes: Very similar (if not identical) to 제일 +Notes: + +Very similar (if not identical) to 제일 Example: @@ -465,28 +918,34 @@ Example:
-Notes: Very similar (if not identical) to 가장 +Notes: + +Very similar (if not identical) to 가장 Placed in a sentence with an adverb or adjective to indicate that something is (done) “most.” For example, with an adjective: -그 여자가 제일 예뻐요 = that girl is the prettiest (the most pretty) + +- 그 여자가 제일 예뻐요 = that girl is the prettiest (the most pretty) With an adverb: -저는 달리기를 제일 빨리 할 수 있어요 = I can run the fastest (the most fast) + +- 저는 달리기를 제일 빨리 할 수 있어요 = I can run the fastest (the most fast) In most cases, it can’t be used without an adjective or adverb. For example: -저는 제일 운동해요 = I exercise most -저는 제일 공부해요 = I study most + +- ~~저는 제일 운동해요 = I exercise most~~ +- ~~저는 제일 공부해요 = I study most~~ These would require the use of some kind of adverb, for example: -저는 제일 잘 운동해요 = I exercise the best -저는 제일 자주 공부해요 = I study most often + +- 저는 제일 잘 운동해요 = I exercise the best +- 저는 제일 자주 공부해요 = I study most often However, it can be used without an adjective or adverb in some cases. Most commonly with 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. For example: -저는 그 사람을 **제일** 싫어해요 = I dislike that person **the most** -수학은 제가 **제일** 좋아하는 수업이에요 = Math is my favorite class (the class that I like **the** **most** ) +- 저는 그 사람을 **제일** 싫어해요 = I dislike that person **the most** +- 수학은 제가 **제일** 좋아하는 수업이에요 = Math is my favorite class (the class that I like **the most** )
@@ -495,15 +954,19 @@ However, it can be used without an adjective or adverb in some cases. Most commo
Common Usages: -여러 분 = many people (often used to refer to a group of people: 고객 여러 분!) -여러 번 = many/several times -여러 가지 = many types of -Notes: 여러 is an adverb that is placed before nouns to describe them +- 여러 분 = many people (often used to refer to a group of people: 고객 여러 분!) +- 여러 번 = many/several times +- 여러 가지 = many types of + +Notes: + +여러 is an adverb that is placed before nouns to describe them Examples: -저는 **여러** 가지의 단어를 배우고 싶어요 = I want to learn **lots of** different types of words -옛날에 그리스인들은 **여러** 가지의 신을 믿었어요 = A long time ago, Greek people believed in a **variety** of gods + +- 저는 **여러** 가지의 단어를 배우고 싶어요 = I want to learn **lots of** different types of words +- 옛날에 그리스인들은 **여러** 가지의 신을 믿었어요 = A long time ago, Greek people believed in a **variety** of gods
@@ -514,14 +977,19 @@ Examples: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “옏” Common Usages: -옛 추억 = old memories -옛 친구 = an old friend -옛 날 = a long time ago (old days) -옛 사랑 = an old love -Notes: Placed before certain nouns to indicate that noun is from a long time ago. +- 옛 추억 = old memories +- 옛 친구 = an old friend +- 옛 날 = a long time ago (old days) +- 옛 사랑 = an old love -Example: 저는 어제 **옛** 친구를 만났어요 = I met a friend from a **long time ago** +Notes: + +Placed before certain nouns to indicate that noun is from a long time ago. + +Example: + +- 저는 어제 **옛** 친구를 만났어요 = I met a friend from a **long time ago**