diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md index 558fcf2..ef49064 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md @@ -802,79 +802,93 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy ## Introduction This lesson will have a very different feel than all the previous lessons you have learned. Most of the words you have learned so far can be understood and used in sentences without much thought or hesitation. For example, if you knew how to say this: -저는 한국어를 배웠어요 = I learned Korean -And then subsequently learned “공부하다” (to study), it would be easy to figure out that you could also say: -저는 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean. +- 저는 한국어를 배웠어요 = I learned Korean. + +And then subsequently learned “공부하다” (to study), it would be easy to figure out that you could also say: + +- 저는 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean. However, there are many words that you would not be able to pick up instinctively because they follow different rules or patterns. In this lesson, I want to teach you about some of these words. I also want to use this lesson as a means to teach you some small concepts in Korean that you should know. These concepts are important, but are too small to have an entire lesson dedicated to that one concept. So, I have included them in this “miscellaneous” lesson: -More about 좋다/싫다 to 좋아하다/싫어하다 +## More about 좋다/싫다 to 좋아하다/싫어하다 I have told you a few times that in _most_ words ending in 하다, you can remove the ~하다 and the remaining word then becomes a noun of that verb. For example: -말 = speech/words/the thing that you say -말하다 = to speak - -주문 = an order -주문하다 = to order - -결혼 = marriage -결혼하다 = to marry - -존경 = respect -존경하다 = to respect - -This cannot be done with 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. That is: - -좋아 is not a noun that means “likeness” (or whatever), and -싫어 is not a noun that means “dis-likeness “(or whatever) - -Note, however that 좋아 and 싫어 _can_ be found in sentences, but only as conjugated forms of 좋다/싫다 and not as the noun form of 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. You learned in previous lessons that 좋다 and 싫다 are adjectives. As adjectives, they can describe an upcoming noun or predicate a sentence. For example: - -저는 좋은 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate good kimchi -김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good - -*Just a quick note. Only in rare cases would you actually say ‘*김치는 좋아요._’ In most cases if you wanted to describe_ 김치 _by saying it was good, you would use the word_ 맛있다 _instead. You would only really use this sentence if you/somebody was talking about something bad (like maybe something bad for your health), and then you could say “… is bad, but Kimchi is good.” Nonetheless, it is grammatically correct, and I am specifically using this sentence to make a point that you will understand later in the lesson._ - -좋아하다 is made by adding ~아/어하다 to the stem of 좋다. This changes 좋다 from an adjective (good) to a verb (to like). Likewise, - -싫어하다 is made by adding ~아/어하다 to the stem of 싫다. This changes 싫다 from an adjective (not good) to a verb (to dislike). - -It would be good to note that you can add ~아/어하다 with some other adjectives as well. 좋다 and 싫다 are the most common (and the most important) to worry about right now, but other common examples are: - -부끄럽다 = shy (this is an adjective) -부끄러워하다 = shy (this is a verb) - -부럽다 = envious (this is an adjective) -부러워하다 = envious (this is a verb) - -Aside from knowing that one is a verb and one is an adjective, you don’t need to worry about these other words right now. I talk more about this concept and how they are used differently, but not until much later in [Lesson 105](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-101-108/lesson-105a/). For now, let’s just focus on 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. - -As a verb, 좋아하다 can be used to indicate that one “likes” something. For example: - -김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good -저는 김치를 좋아해요 = I like Kimchi - -Likewise, 싫어하다 can be used to indicate that one “dislikes” something. For example: - -김치는 싫어요 = Kimchi is bad/not good -저는 김치를 싫어해요 = I don’t like Kimchi - -However, the use of “좋다” and “싫다” in these sentences is commonly used to say: - -김치가 좋아요 = I like Kimchi -김치가 싫어요 = I don’t like Kimchi - -Or, other examples: - -학교가 좋아요 = I like school -학교가 싫어요 = I don’t like school +- 말 = speech/words/the thing that you say +- 말하다 = to speak --- -맥주가 좋아요 = I like beer -맥주가 싫어요 = I don’t like beer +- 주문 = an order +- 주문하다 = to order + +--- + +- 결혼 = marriage +- 결혼하다 = to marry + +--- + +- 존경 = respect +- 존경하다 = to respect + +This cannot be done with 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. That is: + +- 좋아 is not a noun that means “likeness” (or whatever), and +- 싫어 is not a noun that means “dis-likeness “(or whatever) + +Note, however that 좋아 and 싫어 _can_ be found in sentences, but only as conjugated forms of 좋다/싫다 and not as the noun form of 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. You learned in previous lessons that 좋다 and 싫다 are adjectives. As adjectives, they can describe an upcoming noun or predicate a sentence. For example: + +- 저는 좋은 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate good kimchi +- 김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good + +*Just a quick note. Only in rare cases would you actually say ‘*김치는 좋아요._’ In most cases if you wanted to describe_ 김치 _by saying it was good, you would use the word_ 맛있다 _instead. You would only really use this sentence if you/somebody was talking about something bad (like maybe something bad for your health), and then you could say “… is bad, but Kimchi is good.” Nonetheless, it is grammatically correct, and I am specifically using this sentence to make a point that you will understand later in the lesson._ + +- 좋아하다 is made by adding ~아/어하다 to the stem of 좋다. + +This changes 좋다 from an adjective (good) to a verb (to like). Likewise, + +- 싫어하다 is made by adding ~아/어하다 to the stem of 싫다. + +This changes 싫다 from an adjective (not good) to a verb (to dislike). + +It would be good to note that you can add ~아/어하다 with some other adjectives as well. 좋다 and 싫다 are the most common (and the most important) to worry about right now, but other common examples are: + +- 부끄럽다 = shy (this is an adjective) +- 부끄러워하다 = shy (this is a verb) + +--- + +- 부럽다 = envious (this is an adjective) +- 부러워하다 = envious (this is a verb) + +Aside from knowing that one is a verb and one is an adjective, you don’t need to worry about these other words right now. I talk more about this concept and how they are used differently, but not until much later in [Lesson 105](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-5/lessons-101-108/lesson-105a/). For now, let’s just focus on 좋아하다 and 싫어하다. + +As a verb, 좋아하다 can be used to indicate that one “likes” something. For example: + +- 김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good +- 저는 김치를 좋아해요 = I like Kimchi + +Likewise, 싫어하다 can be used to indicate that one “dislikes” something. For example: + +- 김치는 싫어요 = Kimchi is bad/not good +- 저는 김치를 싫어해요 = I don’t like Kimchi + +However, the use of “좋다” and “싫다” in these sentences is commonly used to say: + +- 김치가 좋아요 = I like Kimchi +- 김치가 싫어요 = I don’t like Kimchi + +Or, other examples: + +- 학교가 좋아요 = I like school +- 학교가 싫어요 = I don’t like school + +--- + +- 맥주가 좋아요 = I like beer +- 맥주가 싫어요 = I don’t like beer The mechanics to how this is done is talked about next. @@ -882,48 +896,55 @@ The mechanics to how this is done is talked about next. One of the basic fundamentals of grammar (not just Korean grammar) is that an adjective cannot act on an object. This means in Korean you can never have a sentence predicated by an adjective that is acting on a word with the object particle ~를/을. This means that you cannot say this: -저는 김치를 좋다 = I kimchi good +- ~~저는 김치를 좋다~~ = I kimchi good + _(this doesn’t make sense in either language)_ But, you can say any of these: -저는 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate kimchi +- 저는 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate kimchi + _An object predicated by a verb_ -김치가 좋아요 = kimchi is good +- 김치가 좋아요 = kimchi is good + A _subject_ predicated by an adjective -저는 좋은 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate good kimchi +- 저는 좋은 김치를 먹었어요 = I ate good kimchi + _An object being described by an adjective predicated by a verb_ -That being said, sometimes, Korean people actually DO make sentences that are predicated by adjectives and also have an “object.” Remember though, you cannot (100% cannot) use an adjective to act on an object. So how do Korean people say this? They do so by adding ~이/가 to the object instead of ~을/를. This technically makes the grammar within the sentence correct because there is not an adjective acting on an object. Take a look at the example: +That being said, sometimes, Korean people actually DO make sentences that are predicated by adjectives and also have an “object.” Remember though, you cannot (100% cannot) use an adjective to act on an object. So how do Korean people say this? They do so by adding ~이/가 to the object instead of ~을/를. This technically makes the grammar within the sentence correct because there is not an adjective acting on an object. Take a look at the example: -김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good -저는 김치를 좋아해요 = I like kimchi, which can also be said like this -저는 김치가 좋아요 = I like kimchi +- 김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good +- 저는 김치를 좋아해요 = I like kimchi, which can also be said like this +- 저는 김치가 좋아요 = I like kimchi What I am trying to get at here – is that often times in Korean there is an adjective or passive verb that acts on objects. However, these adjective/passive verbs must (of course) always be treated as an adjective or passive verb. -Adjectives and passive verbs can never act on objects, so instead of using ~를/을 in these situations, you have to use ~이/가. Another example where this is commonly done is with 그립다: +Adjectives and passive verbs can never act on objects, so instead of using ~를/을 in these situations, you have to use ~이/가. Another example where this is commonly done is with 그립다: -그립다 = this word is translated as “to miss,” but is usually used when talking about missing a non-person (it is sometimes used to say that you miss a person, but we will talk about how to say you miss a person in [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-17/)). +그립다 = this word is translated as “to miss,” but is usually used when talking about missing a non-person (it is sometimes used to say that you miss a person, but we will talk about how to say you miss a person in [Lesson 17](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-17/)). -그립다 is an _adjective_ in Korean (because it actually describes the feeling rather than an action verb). This means that if you want to say “I miss Korean food” you cannot say: +그립다 is an _adjective_ in Korean (because it actually describes the feeling rather than an action verb). This means that if you want to say “I miss Korean food” you cannot say: -저는 한국 음식**을** 그리워요. Instead, you must say: -저는 한국 음식**이** 그리워요 = I miss Korean food +- ~~저는 한국 음식**을** 그리워요.~~ + +Instead, you must say: + +- 저는 한국 음식**이** 그리워요 = I miss Korean food More examples. Notice that the predicating word of each sentence in an adjective: -나는 네가 자랑스러워 = I am proud of you -나는 그 사람이 싫어 = I don’t like that person -저는 한국이 좋아요 = I like Korea +- 나는 네가 자랑스러워 = I am proud of you +- 나는 그 사람이 싫어 = I don’t like that person +- 저는 한국이 좋아요 = I like Korea -You also saw this same phenomenon in the [previous lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/) with passive verbs. Remember, you cannot have a passive verb act on an object. Therefore, we saw the following types of examples in the previous lesson: +You also saw this same phenomenon in the [previous lesson](./14-passive.md) with passive verbs. Remember, you cannot have a passive verb act on an object. Therefore, we saw the following types of examples in the previous lesson: -저는 그것이 기억나요! = I remember that! -저는 땀이 나요! = I’m sweating! -저는 화가 났어요 = I was/I am angry +- 저는 그것이 기억나요! = I remember that! +- 저는 땀이 나요! = I’m sweating! +- 저는 화가 났어요 = I was/I am angry ## Korean Word: 들다