diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md index ca204e8..9f18b55 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/11-time.md @@ -528,33 +528,33 @@ This lesson is a little bit less organized than the previous lessons. It was dif ## “For” a certain amount of time (동안) -동안 is a very useful word that can be used to indicate how long an action occurs. It is typically placed after a duration of time, for example: +동안 is a very useful word that can be used to indicate how long an action occurs. It is typically placed after a duration of time, for example: -- 2분 = 2 minutes -- 2분 동안 = _for_ 2 minutes +- 2분 = 2 minutes +- 2분 동안 = _for_ 2 minutes --- -- 10분 = 10 minutes -- 10분 동안 = _for_ 10 minutes +- 10분 = 10 minutes +- 10분 동안 = _for_ 10 minutes --- -- 이틀 = two days -- 이틀 동안 = _for_ two days +- 이틀 = two days +- 이틀 동안 = _for_ two days 동안 _can also be used to indicate that an action occurs “while” another action occurs. You will learn about that application in [Lesson 33](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-33/) after learning some key grammar points in the lessons to come._ Those can then be added into sentences to indicate how long one does something for. Notice also that no additional particle is added to 동안. One would think that 에 should be added, but it is not. -저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for 10 minutes -저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for 30 minutes +- 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for 10 minutes +- 저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for 30 minutes While the translation of “동안” in these examples is usually “for”, in essence, what you are doing is stating “for that period of time.” Understanding this will help you understand later usages of “동안” in future lessons. For example: -저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for (a period of) 10 minutes -저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for (a period of) 30 minutes -저는 이틀 동안 안 잤어요 = I didn’t sleep for two days +- 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 = I walked for (a period of) 10 minutes +- 저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for (a period of) 30 minutes +- 저는 이틀 동안 안 잤어요 = I didn’t sleep for two days --- @@ -564,11 +564,12 @@ It doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral when writing a number. Ho Also remember that the spacing is different depending on if you write a numeral or a word. If writing the word, there should be a space between the number and the word. For example: -저는 십 분 동안 걸었어요 +- 저는 십 분 동안 걸었어요 If writing a numeral, it doesn’t matter if you include a space or not. Both are seen as acceptable: -저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 저는 10 분 동안 걸었어요 +- 저는 10분 동안 걸었어요 +- 저는 10 분 동안 걸었어요 --- @@ -576,171 +577,191 @@ I want to show you more and more examples of 동안, and I expect you might not ## Korean Hours (시간) -Talking about minutes is easy because you always simply use 분. For example: +Talking about minutes is easy because you always simply use 분. For example: -3시 20분 means “3:20”, and -20분 동안 means “for 20 minutes” +- 3시 20분 means “3:20”, and +- 20분 동안 means “for 20 minutes” -When talking about hours, however, 시 is used when talking about the hour on a clock, whereas 시간 is used when counting hours. Notice the difference between these two sets: +When talking about hours, however, 시 is used when talking about the hour on a clock, whereas 시간 is used when counting hours. Notice the difference between these two sets: -3시 = 3:00 -세 시 = Three o’clock +- 3시 = 3:00 +- 세 시 = Three o’clock -3시간 동안 = for 3 hours -세 시간 동안 = for three hours +--- + +- 3시간 동안 = for 3 hours +- 세 시간 동안 = for three hours Remember that pure Korean numbers are used when talking about hours. I usually write out the Korean word when I’m referring to an amount of hours as in the examples below. For example: -저는 세 시간 동안 잤어요 = I slept for 3 hours -저는 한 시간 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for one hour -저는 여덟 시간 동안 운전했어요 = I drove for eight hours -저는 어제 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요 = I played baseball for an hour yesterday -저는 어제 두 시간 동안 TV를 봤어요\* = I watched TV for two hours yesterday +- 저는 세 시간 동안 잤어요 = I slept for 3 hours +- 저는 한 시간 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for one hour +- 저는 여덟 시간 동안 운전했어요 = I drove for eight hours +- 저는 어제 한 시간 동안 야구를 했어요 = I played baseball for an hour yesterday +- 저는 어제 두 시간 동안 TV를 봤어요\* = I watched TV for two hours yesterday -\*_Notice that_ 보다 _(to see) is used when watching something. You can also use_ 보다 _when you watch a performance or concert, or similar things. In English “I saw a TV” and “I watched TV” have two different meanings, but Koreans simply say “I see TV.”_ +\*_Notice that_ 보다 _(to see) is used when watching something. You can also use_ 보다 _when you watch a performance or concert, or similar things. In English “I saw a TV” and “I watched TV” have two different meanings, but Koreans simply say “I see TV.”_ At this point you are probably asking saying “Okay, I understand how to say that I have done things for X hours or minutes, but what about if I want to say something like: -I will eat in three hours, or -I ate three hours ago +- I will eat in three hours, or +- I ate three hours ago -I will go in 10 minutes, or -I came 10 minutes ago” +--- -You will learn how to create those types of sentences when you learn about 전 and 후 in [Lesson 24](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-24/). For the moment, there is a ton of content in this lesson, so try to focus on what is presented here. +- I will go in 10 minutes, or +- I came 10 minutes ago” -[![|1192x292](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Unit-1-Amazona.png)](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/amazon/) +You will learn how to create those types of sentences when you learn about 전 and 후 in [Lesson 24](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-24/). For the moment, there is a ton of content in this lesson, so try to focus on what is presented here. -Korean Seconds (초) +## Korean Seconds (초) -When talking about seconds, you need to use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “초,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: +When talking about seconds, you need to use the Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “초,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. For example: -1초 = 1 second -일 초 = one second +- 1초 = 1 second +- 일 초 = one second -2초 = 2 seconds -이 초 = 2 seconds +--- -2초 동안 = for 2 seconds -이 초 동안 = for two seconds +- 2초 = 2 seconds +- 이 초 = two seconds + +--- + +- 2초 동안 = for 2 seconds +- 이 초 동안 = for two seconds Examples in sentences: -저는 2초 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for 2 seconds -저는 그 사람을 10초 동안 만났어요 = I met that person for 10 seconds -1분은 60초입니다 = One minute is sixty seconds -Last/Next (지난/다음) +- 저는 2초 동안 달렸어요 = I ran for 2 seconds +- 저는 그 사람을 10초 동안 만났어요 = I met that person for 10 seconds +- 1분은 60초입니다 = One minute is sixty seconds -지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-10/), you learned about 마지막, which can be used to refer to the “last” or “final” thing in a sequence. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” +## Last/Next (지난/다음) -In order to refer to a “previous” thing, the word “지난” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to the _previous_ week, and you can use “마지막” to refer to the _final_ week. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example: +지난 and 다음 are two words that you can use in many situations, including in situations related to time. In [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md), you learned about 마지막, which can be used to refer to the “last” or “final” thing in a sequence. Remember, Korean people use another word when referring to a “previous” (or last) thing, as in: “I saw a movie **last** (the previous) week.” -[![LastLast|499x172](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/LastLast.png)](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/LastLast.png) +In order to refer to a “previous” thing, the word “지난” can be used. I drew a picture to depict the image I have in my head distinguishing 마지막 and 지난. Imagine you are on a six week trip, and you are currently in your fourth week of the trip. You can use “지난” to refer to the _previous_ week, and you can use “마지막” to refer to the _final_ week. (You can refer to them both as “last week” in English). For example: -지난 can be added immediately before **some** words of time (I discuss “some” a little bit later) to refer to a “previous” thing. This often translates to “last,” though. For example: +![LastLast|499x172](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/LastLast.png) -저는 지난 주에 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a movie last week -저는 지난 주에 캐나다에 갔어요 = I went to Canada last week. -저는 지난 수업을 안 들었어요 = I didn’t go to/attend the last/previous class +지난 can be added immediately before **some** words of time (I discuss “some” a little bit later) to refer to a “previous” thing. This often translates to “last,” though. For example: -*In order to say “attend a class,” Korean people say “*수업을 듣다*,” which literally translates to “listen to/hear a class.” As such, you can see that the particle ~*을 *is attached to “*수업*” because “the class” is the noun that is being listened to. Korean learners are sometimes confused as to why “~*에*” is not attached to “*수업*” because they are accustomed to the English way of saying “I didn’t go to the last class”.* +- 저는 지난 주에 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a movie last week +- 저는 지난 주에 캐나다에 갔어요 = I went to Canada last week. +- 저는 지난 수업을 안 들었어요 = I didn’t go to/attend the last/previous class + +In order to say “attend a class,” Korean people say “_수업을 듣다_,” which literally translates to “listen to/hear a class.” As such, you can see that the particle ~*을 *is attached to “_수업_” because “the class” is the noun that is being listened to. Korean learners are sometimes confused as to why “~_에_” is not attached to “_수업_” because they are accustomed to the English way of saying “I didn’t go to the last class”.\* _Also, note that this sentence is also correct, but is referring to a different class than above:_ -저는 마지막 수업을 안 들었어요 _= I didn’t attend the last class_ + +- 저는 마지막 수업을 안 들었어요 = I didn’t attend the last class 지난 can be added only before _some_ words of time. For example, you couldn’t say “지난 분/지난 초.” These would mean “last minute/second” as in ‘the last minute/second’ that just passed – which doesn’t make any sense. Notice that they do not have the meaning of “I handed in my paper at the **last minute**.” This meaning refers to the last minute in a sequence of minutes; therefore, “마지막” must be used in this case. -시간, however, means “time” in addition to being a counter for “hours.” So, “지난 시간” can be used to mean “last time” (but not “last hour”). +시간, however, means “time” in addition to being a counter for “hours.” So, “지난 시간” can be used to mean “last time” (but not “last hour”). -저는 그것을 지난 시간에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time +- 저는 그것을 지난 시간에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time -You can also use the word 번 to refer to the last “time” something happened. +You can also use the word 번 to refer to the last “time” something happened. -저는 그것을 지난 번에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time -우리가 지난 번에 계획이 없었어요 = We didn’t have plans last time -우리는 지난 번에 돼지고기를 먹었어요 = We ate pork last time +- 저는 그것을 지난 번에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time +- 우리가 지난 번에 계획이 없었어요 = We didn’t have plans last time +- 우리는 지난 번에 돼지고기를 먹었어요 = We ate pork last time -다음 is used in the same way as 지난, but it means “next.” For example: +다음 is used in the same way as 지난, but it means “next.” For example: -저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 = I will see a movie next week -저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Canada next week +- 저는 다음 주에 영화를 볼 거예요 = I will see a movie next week +- 저는 다음 주에 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Canada next week -Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “next time,” but not “next hour.” +Like above, 다음 can be used with 시간 to mean “next time,” but not “next hour.” -우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time -우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time +- 우리는 다음 번에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time +- 우리는 다음 시간에 학교에 갈 거예요 = We will go to school next time -나는 너를 다음 번에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time -나는 너를 다음 시간에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time +--- -Korean Days (일/날/하루) +- 나는 너를 다음 번에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time +- 나는 너를 다음 시간에 방문할 거야 = I will visit you next time -Days are very confusing in Korean because there are a few different words you need to be acquainted with. You learned the names of the days of the week in the vocabulary section of another lesson. You should have noticed that every day of the week ends in 일. 일 means “day” but it is never used alone (if it is used alone, it means ‘work’). I’m looking at my Korean calendar now, and see a variety of words ending in “일.” Don’t worry about these words now, just recognize the importance of “일” within them: +## Korean Days (일/날/하루) -총선 = general election -총선**일** = the day of the general election (election day) -현충**일** = Memorial day +Days are very confusing in Korean because there are a few different words you need to be acquainted with. You learned the names of the days of the week in the vocabulary section of another lesson. You should have noticed that every day of the week ends in 일. 일 means “day” but it is never used alone (if it is used alone, it means ‘work’). I’m looking at my Korean calendar now, and see a variety of words ending in “일.” Don’t worry about these words now, just recognize the importance of “일” within them: -일 is also the counter for days. You learned in [Lesson 10](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/unit-1-lesson-10/) that you must use pure Korean numbers when counting. When you count days, however, you use Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “일,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. +- 총선 = general election +- 총선**일** = the day of the general election (election day) +- 현충**일** = Memorial day -나는 3일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days -나는 삼 일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days +일 is also the counter for days. You learned in [Lesson 10](./10-numbers.md) that you must use pure Korean numbers when counting. When you count days, however, you use Sino-Korean numbers. When putting a number before “일,” it doesn’t matter if you use the word or the numeral. -나는 3일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days -나는 삼 일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days +- 나는 3일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days +- 나는 삼 일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days -저는 5일 동안 계획이 없을 거예요 = I won’t have plans for 5 days -우리는 6일 동안 만나지 않았어요 = We didn’t meet for 6 days +--- -To make things more confusing, if you are counting days from 1 – 10 there is a word that corresponds to “one day,” another word that corresponds to “2 days,” another word that corresponds to “3 days” etc… The most common of these words is 하루 which means “one day.” 하루 is used much more than 일 일. But 2일 (이 일)/3일 (삼 일)/4일 (사 일)/5일 (오 일)/etc are used more than their corresponding words. +- 나는 3일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days +- 나는 삼 일 동안 학교에 안 갔어 = I didn’t go to school for 3 days -저는 하루 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 1 day -저는 사흘 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days -저는 3일 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days -우리는 이틀 동안 미국에 있었어요 = We were in America for two days -우리는 10일 동안 한국에 있을 거예요 = We will be in Korea for ten days +--- + +- 저는 5일 동안 계획이 없을 거예요 = I won’t have plans for 5 days +- 우리는 6일 동안 만나지 않았어요 = We didn’t meet for 6 days + +To make things more confusing, if you are counting days from 1 – 10 there is a word that corresponds to “one day,” another word that corresponds to “2 days,” another word that corresponds to “3 days” etc… The most common of these words is 하루 which means “one day.” 하루 is used much more than 일 일. But 2일 (이 일)/3일 (삼 일)/4일 (사 일)/5일 (오 일)/etc are used more than their corresponding words. + +- 저는 하루 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 1 day +- 저는 사흘 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days +- 저는 3일 동안 밥을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat rice for 3 days +- 우리는 이틀 동안 미국에 있었어요 = We were in America for two days +- 우리는 10일 동안 한국에 있을 거예요 = We will be in Korea for ten days --- You can also place a (Sino-Korean) number before 일 to refer to a specific day in a month. It seems like it would be easy to confuse when one is talking about the day of a month (3일) and when doing something for a specific period (3일). But, in sentences, these are easily distinguishable: -나는 3일에 수업을 들었어 = I went to class on the 3rd (day of the month) -나는 3일 동안 수업을 들었어 = I went to class for three days +- 나는 3일에 수업을 들었어 = I went to class on the 3rd (day of the month) +- 나는 3일 동안 수업을 들었어 = I went to class for three days You can refer to a specific day and month by adding #일 after #월: -3월 2일 = March 2nd -5월 25일 = May 25th - -저는 8월 15일에 도착할 거예요 = I will arrive on August 15th -저는 이 여권을 1월 2일에 받았어요 = I received my passport on January 2nd +- 3월 2일 = March 2nd +- 5월 25일 = May 25th --- -날 is another word that means “day” and can be used as a stand alone word, but not counted. It is used when talking about a specific day by itself. For example: +- 저는 8월 15일에 도착할 거예요 = I will arrive on August 15th +- 저는 이 여권을 1월 2일에 받았어요 = I received my passport on January 2nd -저는 그 날에 갔어요 = I went on that day -저는 그 날에 계획이 있어요 = I have plans on that day -저는 그 날에 선생님이 되었어요 = I became a teacher on that day -우리는 그 날에 시작할 거예요 = We will start on that day +--- + +날 is another word that means “day” and can be used as a stand alone word, but not counted. It is used when talking about a specific day by itself. For example: + +- 저는 그 날에 갔어요 = I went on that day +- 저는 그 날에 계획이 있어요 = I have plans on that day +- 저는 그 날에 선생님이 되었어요 = I became a teacher on that day +- 우리는 그 날에 시작할 거예요 = We will start on that day If you want to talk about doing something on the first/second/third day, you can use 번째 (which you learned in the previous lesson) with 날. For example: -우리는 두 번째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day -우리는 둘째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day +- 우리는 두 번째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day +- 우리는 둘째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day -우리는 세 번째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day -우리는 셋째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day +--- -저는 네 번째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day -저는 넷째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day +- 우리는 세 번째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day +- 우리는 셋째 날에 안 만났어요 = We didn’t meet on the third day -첫날 is a word that specifically refers to the first day: +--- -저는 첫날에 명동에 갔어요 = I went to 명동 on the first day -저는 첫날에 그 여자를 만났어요 = I met that girl on the first day +- 저는 네 번째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day +- 저는 넷째 날에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans on the fourth day -Korean Weeks (주) +첫날 is a word that specifically refers to the first day: + +- 저는 첫날에 명동에 갔어요 = I went to 명동 on the first day +- 저는 첫날에 그 여자를 만났어요 = I met that girl on the first day + +## Korean Weeks (주) Weeks in Korean can be used in sentences just like 일 (day) except that there are no other weird words to worry about. You use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about weeks: