lesson 16 grammar

2026-07-28 19:11:40 +07:00
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          en: My friend came to Korea. **However**, I couldn't meet her
        - ko: 미연은 내게서 시선을 돌리며 텔레비전 화면을 쳐다봤다. **그러나** 화면 속 내용을 보고 있는 것 같지는 않았다
          en: As 미연 removed her eyes from me, she stared at the TV screen. **However**, (despite the fact that she was looking at the TV, which would make you expect that she was actually watching the TV), she probably wasn't watching the TV
 sentence:
  적으로:
    - ko: 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화**적으로** 많이 변했어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-1.mp3
      en: Korea has changed a lot **culturally** in the period of/during/for the past 50 years
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span></li>
        <li><TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
        <li><TTS>문화적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">culturally</span></li>
        </ul>
    - ko: 그것은 경제**적으로** 가능하지 않아요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-2.mp3
      en: That isn’t **economically** possible
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economy</span></li>
        <li><TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
        <li><TTS>경제적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economically</span></li>
        </ul>
    - ko: 한국과 미국은 역사**적으로** 좋은 관계가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-3.mp3
      en: "**Historically**, Korea and the US have had a good relationship"
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span></li>
        <li><TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
        <li><TTS>역사적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historically</span></li>
        </ul>
    - ko: 그들은 그 문제를 과학**적으로** 풀었다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-4.mp3
      en: They solved that problem **scientifically**
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span></li>
        <li><TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
        <li><TTS>과학적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientifically</span></li>
        </ul>
    - ko: 저는 자주 옷을 충동**적으로** 사요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-5.mp3
      en: I often buy clothes **impulsively**
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulse/shock</span></li>
        <li><TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
        <li><TTS>충동적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsively</span></li>
        </ul>
    - ko: 미국은 대통령을 민주**적으로** 선출해요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-3.mp3
      en: America elects its president **democratically**
      notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>민주 = democracy</li>
        <li><TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
        <li><TTS>민주적으로</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratically</span></li>
        </ul>
  적이다:
    - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3
      en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference
      notes:
        - <TTS>차이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difference</span>
        - |
          <ul>
          <li>문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span></li>
          <li><TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
          <li><TTS>문화적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span></li>
          </ul>
    - notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>경제 = <span class="md spoiler">economics</span></li>
        <li><TTS>경제적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
        <li><TTS>경제적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">economical</span></li>
        </ul>
      ko: 미국은 경제**적인** 결정을 했어요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-6.mp3
      en: The US made an **economical** decision
    - notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>역사 = <span class="md spoiler">history</span></li>
        <li><TTS>역사적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
        <li><TTS>역사적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">historical</span></li>
        </ul>
      ko: 저 학교는 역사**적인** 건물이에요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-9.mp3
      en: That school is a **historical** building
    - notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>과학 = <span class="md spoiler">science</span></li>
        <li><TTS>과학적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
        <li><TTS>과학적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">scientific</span></li>
        </ul>
      ko: 이것은 과학**적인** 문제예요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-7.mp3
      en: This is a **scientific** problem
    - notes: |
        <ul>
        <li>충동 = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
        <li><TTS>충동적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
        <li><TTS>충동적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">impulsive</span></li>
        </ul>
      ko: 저는 너무 충동**적이에요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-11.mp3
      en: I’m too **impulsive**
    - notes:
        - Notice that when a word ending in ~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다.
        - |
          <ul>
          <li>민주 = <span class="md spoiler">democracy</span></li>
          <li><TTS>민주적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
          <li><TTS>민주적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">democratic</span></li>
          </ul>
      ko: 미국은 민주**적인** 나라예요
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-12.mp3
      en: The US is a **democratic** nation
    - ko: 북한에는 민주**적** 정부가 없습니다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-9.mp3
      en: There is not a **democratic** government in North Korea
      notes: |
        This is usually the only time that ~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don’t really need to worry much about the difference between ~적 and ~적이다. Just be aware that ~적이다 is more commonly used, and how they are used within a sentence. That is, when using “~적이다,” 이다 should be conjugated, and when using “~적” nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun.
    - ko: 경제**적** 문제가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-10.mp3
      en: There is a **financial** problem
      notes: &describe-in |
        In all cases above, I would rather use the ~적인 form to describe the upcoming noun. The native Korean speaker beside me says the same thing. However, she also says that the first example of each (the examples just using ~적 instead of ~적인) are also acceptable. In my opinion, the use of ~적인 instead of ~적 is more common in <span class="md spoiler">speaking</span> than in printed sources.
    - ko: 경제**적인** 문제가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-11.mp3
      en: There is a **financial** problem
      notes: *describe-in
    - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적** 차이가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-4.mp3
      en: Canada and the US have a cultural difference
      notes: *describe-in
    - ko: 캐나다와 미국은 문화**적인** 차이가 있다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3
      en: Canada and the US have a **cultural** difference
      notes: *describe-in
    - ko: 나는 개인**적** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-12.mp3
      en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems)
      notes: *describe-in
    - ko: 나는 개인**적인** 문제로 회사를 그만두었다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-13.mp3
      en: I quit the company due to **personal** reasons (problems)
      notes:
        - <TTS>그만두다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">to quit a job or school</span>
        - *describe-in
    - ko: 이 건물은 역사**적** 건물이다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-14.mp3
      en: This building is a **historical** building
      notes: *describe-in
    - ko: 이 건물은 역사**적인** 건물이다
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-15.mp3
      en: This building is a **historical** building
      notes: *describe-in
  스럽다:
    - ko: 그 여자가 아주 사랑**스러워요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-16.mp3
      en: That girl is something “with the properties of love”
      notes: lovely
    - ko: 그 여자의 머리 색깔은 자연**스러워**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-22.mp3
      en: That girl’s hair color has “the properties of nature”
      notes: natural
    - notes: &disappointed |
        실망하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions.
      ko: 저는 **실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-17.mp3
      en: I was **disappointed**
    - notes: *disappointed
      ko: 우리 아버지는 어제 **실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-18.mp3
      en: Our dad was **disappointed** yesterday
    - notes: &disappointed-in |
        If you want to say that somebody is disappointed _in_ a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in.
      ko: 저는 친구**에게 실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-19.mp3
      en: I was **disappointed in** my friend
    - notes: *disappointed-in
      ko: 우리 아버지는 저**에게 실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-20.mp3
      en: Our dad was **disappointed in** me
    - notes: &disappointed-object |
        If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in.
      ko: 저는 영화**에 실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-21.mp3
      en: I was disappointed in the movie
    - notes: *disappointed-object
      ko: 우리 아버지는 식당**에 실망했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-22.mp3
      en: Our dad was **disappointed in** the restaurant
    - notes: &disappointing |
        실망스럽다 usually is not describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the “properties of disappointment.” This usually translates to “disappointing.”
      ko: 결과는 조금 **실망스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-29.mp3
      en: The result was a little bit **disappointing**
    - notes: *disappointing
      ko: 그 영화는 조금 **실망스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-23.mp3
      en: The movie was a little bit **disappointing**
    - ko: 저는 **실망스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-27.mp3
      en: I am **disappointed**
      notes: |
        most likely be from a person describing that <em>something</em> is <span class="md spoiler">disappoint<em>ing</em></span>, but they have omitted it from the sentence.
    - ko: 저는 친구가 **실망스러워요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-24.mp3
      en: I am **disappointed** in my friend
      notes: My friend is disappointing, and therefore I am disappointed
    - ko: 저는 학생들이 **실망스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-25.mp3
      en: I was **disappointed** in the students
      notes: My students were disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed
    - ko: 저는 그 영화가 **실망스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-26.mp3
      en: I was **disappointed** in the movie
      notes: The movie was disappointing, and therefore I was disappointed
    - notes: &satisfied |
        Just like with 실망하다, 만족하다 is used to describe a person’s emotions. This could be referring to anybody’s emotions; not necessarily just the speaker’s emotions.
      ko: 저는 **만족해요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-28.mp3
      en: I am **satisfied**
    - notes: *satisfied
      ko: 그는 **만족해요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-29.mp3
      en: He is **satisfied**
    - notes: |
        just like with 실망스럽다, 만족스럽다 is _not_ describing one’s emotions. Rather, it is an adjective that is describing something that has the “properties of satisfaction.” This usually translates to “satisfactory.”
      ko: 결과는 **만족스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-37.mp3
      en: The results were **satisfactory**
    - notes: &satisfied-soa |
        만족스럽다 can be used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate that one is satisfied in something.
      ko: 저는 결과가 **만족스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-30.mp3
      en: I was **satisfied** with the results
    - notes: *satisfied-soa
      ko: 저는 음식이 **만족스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-31.mp3
      en: I was **satisfied** with the food
    - notes: |
        the object can be omitted and the speaker can indicate that _something_ was satisfactory (and thus he/she was satisfied).
      ko: 저는 **만족스러웠어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-40.mp3
      en: I was **satisfied** (something was **satisfying…**)
    - ko: 저는 그 여자를 **사랑해요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-32.mp3
      en: I love that girl
    - ko: 그 여자는 **사랑스러워요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-33.mp3
      en: That girl is **lovely**
    - notes: |
        자랑하다 is a verb that can act on a noun
      ko: 저는 저의 한국어 실력을 **자랑했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-34.mp3
      en: I **showed off/boasted** my Korean skills
    - notes: &proud-of |
        자랑스럽다 is usually used in the Subject – Object – Adjective form to indicate who somebody is proud of.
      ko: 저는 저의 딸이 아주 **자랑스러워요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-35.mp3
      en: I am very **proud of** my daughter
    - notes: *proud-of
      ko: 저는 학생들이 **자랑스러워요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-36.mp3
      en: I am **proud of** the students
    - notes: |
        ~스럽다 words are adjectives, they can describe an upcoming noun (just like any other adjective) by placing ~ㄴ/은 to the stem of the word.
      ko: 우리 딸은 사랑**스러운 여자예요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-37.mp3
      en: Our daughter is a **loving/lovely** girl
    - notes: &turn-to-adverb |
        ~게 can be added to the end of the stem of –스럽다 to change the word into an adverb.
      ko: 그는 한국어를 자연**스럽게 말해요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson16-47.mp3
      en: he speaks Korean **naturally**
    - notes: *turn-to-adverb
      ko: 저는 그를 사랑**스럽게 봤어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-38.mp3
      en: I looked at him **lovingly**
    - notes: *turn-to-adverb
      ko: 그는 실망**스럽게 행동했어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-39.mp3
      en: He acted **disappointingly** (in a **disappointing** way)
    - notes: *turn-to-adverb
      ko: 저는 일을 만족**스럽게 끝냈어요**
      audio: https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-40.mp3
      en: I finished the work/job **satisfactorily** (in a **satisfactory** way)
 ---
 # Lesson 16: Noun + \~적, \~적으로, \~적이다, \~스럽다
@@ -1396,7 +1718,7 @@ Examples:
 - &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 친구의 집은 **가까워요**</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend’s house is **close**</span>
 - &NoBreak;<TTS class="md">저의 친구는 **가까운** 집에 살아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">literally – my friend lives in a **near** by house</span>
- 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요 = As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive
+- 성수기가 **가까워질수록** 숙소비가 더 비싸져요 = <span class="md spoiler">As it gets **closer** to the peak season, the price of accommodation gets more expensive</span>
 - 그래서 나는 여행을 가기로 결심을 했다. 아일랜드와 지리적으로 매우 **가깝지만** 한 번 도 가지 않았던 영국에 가기로 결심했다 = <span class="md spoiler">So, I decided to go traveling. I decided to go to England, which, although geographically very **close** to Ireland, I had not been to once.</span>
 </Details>
@@ -1489,6 +1811,8 @@ You can download all of these files in one package [here](https://www.howtostudy
 ## \~적/적으로/적이다
 <VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" />
 \~적 is a common suffix that can be added after some nouns of Chinese origin (적 (的) is of Chinese origin). At first, there is no way to anticipate or expect which nouns this can be added to. As you progress through your Korean studies, you can sort of start anticipating this, but still, the only real way of knowing if \~적 can be added to a particular noun is if you have specifically learned that it can. The goal of this lesson isn’t to teach you all of the words that \~적 can be attached to (that would take forever). Rather, the goal of this lesson is to show you how you can recognize and use these words when you come across them.
 Adding \~적 to a noun changes it into a descriptive word that has the meaning of "<span class="md spoiler">relating to, or having the properties of</span>" the original noun. For example:
@@ -1544,6 +1868,10 @@ Though these descriptive words can be used in sentences, it is easy for a beginn
 ### Adding 으로
 ---
 <VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="적으로" />
 Adding ‘으로’ to the end of \~적 changes the word into an adverb. These adverbs usually have the ending ‘ly’ in English. Below are the most common examples of using \~적으로 with example sentences for each:
 - 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
@@ -1591,12 +1919,16 @@ Adding ‘으로’ to the end of \~적 changes the word into an adverb. These a
 ### Adding 이다
 ---
 <VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="적이다" />
 Adding ‘이다’ to the end of \~적 turns the word into an adjective that can predicate a sentence or describe an upcoming noun. The translation of these adjectives are usually the same (in English) as without adding ‘이다.” For example:
 - 문화 = <span class="md spoiler">culture</span>
 - <TTS>문화적</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
 - <TTS>문화적이다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">cultural</span>
- 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3" /> <span class="md spoiler">= Canada and the US have a cultural difference</span>
+- 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-16-5.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Canada and the US have a cultural difference</span>
 (<TTS>차이</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">difference</span>)
@@ -1689,6 +2021,8 @@ Okay, enough of that for now. Let’s talk about something else.
 ## \~스럽다
 <VocabQuiz fm-key="sentence" category="스럽다" />
 \~스럽다 can also be added to some nouns to change them into an adjective, much like the function of \~적(이다). When doing this, \~스럽다 changes the noun into an adjective that has the “properties” of that noun. The two easiest examples to explain this change are:
 - 사랑 = <span class="md spoiler">love</span>