diff --git a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md index ef49064..bb42855 100644 --- a/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md +++ b/docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/15-good-carry-similar.md @@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ And then subsequently learned “공부하다” (to st However, there are many words that you would not be able to pick up instinctively because they follow different rules or patterns. In this lesson, I want to teach you about some of these words. I also want to use this lesson as a means to teach you some small concepts in Korean that you should know. These concepts are important, but are too small to have an entire lesson dedicated to that one concept. So, I have included them in this “miscellaneous” lesson: -## More about 좋다/싫다 to 좋아하다/싫어하다 +## 좋다/싫다 to 좋아하다/싫어하다 I have told you a few times that in _most_ words ending in 하다, you can remove the ~하다 and the remaining word then becomes a noun of that verb. For example: @@ -946,26 +946,26 @@ You also saw this same phenomenon in the [previous lesson](./14-passive.md) with - 저는 땀이 나요! = I’m sweating! - 저는 화가 났어요 = I was/I am angry -## Korean Word: 들다 +## 들다 The word 들다 in Korean is very difficult because it can be used in so many ways. Two of the most common usages are: -들다 = to carry/hold something -들다 = to enter/go into something/somewhere +- 들다 = to carry/hold something +- 들다 = to enter/go into something/somewhere Both of these usages are overarching situations that most of the usages of 들다 can fit into. The difficulty with 들다 is, because it can be used in so many different ways, it is often hard to come up with a translation that fits all possible situations. Let me show you three examples of how 들다 can be used under the overarching situation of “to enter/go into something/somewhere.” -나는 동아리에 들었어 = I joined a club (I “entered” a club) -(나는) 잠이 들었다 = I fell asleep (I “entered” sleep) -저는 그 그림이 마음에 들어요 = I like that picture (That picture enters my heart) -_The definition of the word_ 마음 _generally refers to one’s heart/one’s mind_ +- 나는 동아리에 들었어 = I joined a club (I “entered” a club) +- (나는) 잠이 들었다 = I fell asleep (I “entered” sleep) +- 저는 그 그림이 마음에 들어요 = I like that picture (That picture enters my heart) + - _The definition of the word_ 마음 _generally refers to one’s heart/one’s mind_ Now, let me show you examples of how 들다 can be used under the overarching situation of “to carry/hold something.” -저는 손을 들었어요 = I raised my hand (I “held up” my hand/carried my hand) -저는 가방을 들었어요 = I carried the/my bag +- 저는 손을 들었어요 = I raised my hand (I “held up” my hand/carried my hand) +- 저는 가방을 들었어요 = I carried the/my bag -Okay, so what’s my point? +Okay, so what’s my point(s)? Well, I have three points actually. @@ -975,14 +975,14 @@ Well, I have three points actually. For example, imagine if you knew the following words and their definitions: -- 저 = I/me -- 마음 = heart/mind -- 들다 = enter -- 그림 = picture +- 저 = I/me +- 마음 = heart/mind +- 들다 = enter +- 그림 = picture And you saw the following sentence: -저는 그 그림이 마음에 들어요 +- 저는 그 그림이 마음에 들어요 Would you be able to understand its meaning if I had not explained it to you earlier? Many learners of Korean might read that and say “Well, it looks like that person has a picture entering his heart/mind… but I’m not quite sure what that means.” @@ -990,84 +990,72 @@ This is the first of many times where I will encourage you to not translate/unde 3. I specifically wanted to teach you the meaning of 들다 because it is commonly used in compound words, which I will talk about in the next section. -## Korean Compound Verbs +## Compound Verbs You will notice (or may have already noticed) that many Korean verbs are made by combining two verbs together. This is usually done by adding one verb to the stem of the other, along with ~아/어. When this happens, the meanings of both of the words form to make one word. For example: --- -들다 = to enter something -가다 = to go - -들다 + 가다 = 들 + 어 + 가다 -= 들어가다 = to go into something - -아버지는 은행에 들어갔어요 = My dad went into the bank +- 들다 = to enter something +- 가다 = to go +- 들다 + 가다 = 들 + 어 + 가다 + - 들어가다 = to go into something +- 아버지는 은행에 들어갔어요 = My dad went into the bank --- -들다 = to enter something -오다 = to come - -들다 + 오다 = 들 + 어 + 오다 -= 들어오다 = to come into something - -남자는 방에 들어왔어요 = A man came into the room +- 들다 = to enter something +- 오다 = to come +- 들다 + 오다 = 들 + 어 + 오다 + - 들어오다 = to come into something +- 남자는 방에 들어왔어요 = A man came into the room --- -나다 = to arise out of something/come up/come out -가다 = to go - -나다 + 가다 = 나 + 아 + 가다 -= 나가다 = to go out of something - -저는 집에서 나갔어요 = I went out of home (I left home) +- 나다 = to arise out of something/come up/come out +- 가다 = to go +- 나다 + 가다 = 나 + 아 + 가다 + - 나가다 = to go out of something +- 저는 집에서 나갔어요 = I went out of home (I left home) --- -나다 = to arise out of something/come up/come out -오다 = to come - -나다 + 오다 = 나 + 아 + 오다 -= 나오다 = to come out of something - -학생은 학교에서 나왔어요 = The student came out of school +- 나다 = to arise out of something/come up/come out +- 오다 = to come +- 나다 + 오다 = 나 + 아 + 오다 + - 나오다 = to come out of something +- 학생은 학교에서 나왔어요 = The student came out of school --- -가지다 = to own/have/posses -오다 = to come - -가지다 + 오다 = 가지 + 어 + 오다 -= 가져오다 = to bring something - -나는 나의 숙제를 가져왔어 = I brought my homework -그 학생은 숙제를 가져오지 않았어 = That student didn’t bring his homework +- 가지다 = to own/have/posses +- 오다 = to come +- 가지다 + 오다 = 가지 + 어 + 오다 + - 가져오다 = to bring something +- 나는 나의 숙제를 가져왔어 = I brought my homework +- 그 학생은 숙제를 가져오지 않았어 = That student didn’t bring his homework --- -가지다 = to own/have/posses -가다 = to go +- 가지다 = to own/have/posses +- 가다 = to go +- 가지다 + 가다 = 가지 + 어 + 가다 + - 가져가다 = to take something +- 저는 저의 모자를 가져갈 거예요 = I will bring/take my hat -가지다 + 가다 = 가지 + 어 + 가다 -= 가져가다 = to take something +가져오다 _often translates to “to bring” and_ 가져가다 _often translates to “to take.” However, the translation of “to bring” could work for both_ 가져오다 _and_ 가져가다. -저는 저의 모자를 가져갈 거예요 = I will bring/take my hat +가지다 _means “to possess” and_ “오다” _and_ “가다” _mean “to come” and “to go” respectively. Deciding to use_ 가져오다 _or_ 가져가다 _depends on the point of reference of the acting agent in the sentence to the speaker. Specifically, whether the acting agent is coming or going to the location in question._ -가져오다 _often translates to “to bring” and_ 가져가다 _often translates to “to take.” However, the translation of “to bring” could work for both_ 가져오다 _and_ 가져가다. +_Imagine you have money at your house, and you will go to your friend’s house later to give it to him. Therefore, you will have to “bring” or “take” (same meaning) that money with you when you head over there. If you are currently at your house and are talking to your friend about what you will do, you should use the word_ “가져가다” _because you are going to your friend’s house while in possession of the money_ (저는 돈을 가져갈 거예요). _In this example,_ 가져가다 _is used and the best English translation would be “I will bring the money.”_ -가지다 *means “to possess” and “*오다*” and “*가다*” mean “to come” and “to go” respectively. Deciding to use* 가져오다 _or_ 가져가다 _depends on the point of reference of the acting agent in the sentence to the speaker. Specifically, whether the acting agent is coming or going to the location in question._ +_However, imagine you have already arrived at your friend’s house with the money. You can use the word_ “가져오다” _because you came to your friend’s house while in possession of the money_ (저는 돈을 가져왔어요). _In this example,_ 가져오다 _is used and the best English translation would be “I brought the money.”_ -*Imagine you have money at your house, and you will go to your friend’s house later to give it to him. Therefore, you will have to “bring” or “take” (same meaning) that money with you when you head over there. If you are currently at your house and are talking to your friend about what you will do, you should use the word “*가져가다*” because you are going to your friend’s house while in possession of the money (*저는 돈을 가져갈 거예요*). In this example,* 가져가다 _is used and the best English translation would be “I will bring the money.”_ - -*However, imagine you have already arrived at your friend’s house with the money. You can use the word “*가져오다*” because you came to your friend’s house while in possession of the money (*저는 돈을 가져왔어요*). In this example,* 가져오다 _is used and the best English translation would be “I brought the money.”_ - -_People would read those two examples and think “Oh, so if it is something happening in the future – I should use_ 가져가다 _and if it is something happening in the past, I should use_ 가져오다*.”* +_People would read those two examples and think “Oh, so if it is something happening in the future – I should use_ 가져가다 _and if it is something happening in the past, I should use_ 가져오다. _No. It has nothing to do with the tense of the sentence. It has everything to do with the point of reference of the acting agent of the sentence to the speaker._ -*For example, imagine you are at your house with the money. If your friend wants to tell you to “bring the money,” he should use the word “*가져오다*” because you are coming (not going) to him. To his reference, you are “coming.” In this case,* 가져오다 _should be used._ +_For example, imagine you are at your house with the money. If your friend wants to tell you to “bring the money,” he should use the word_ “가져오다” _because you are coming (not going) to him. To his reference, you are “coming.” In this case,_ 가져오다 _should be used._ --- @@ -1075,189 +1063,202 @@ You will come across many of these words when you are learning how to speak Kore Another word that you will see commonly in these compound words is “돌다”: -돌다 = to turn/to spin/to rotate +- 돌다 = to turn/to spin/to rotate Examples of compound words: -돌다 + 보다 = 돌아보다 = to turn around (and see) -돌다 + 가다 = 돌아가다 = to return/go back -돌다 + 오다 = 돌아오다 = to return/come back -돌리다 + 주다 = 돌려주다 = to give back +- 돌다 + 보다 = 돌아보다 = to turn around (and see) +- 돌다 + 가다 = 돌아가다 = to return/go back +- 돌다 + 오다 = 돌아오다 = to return/come back +- 돌리다 + 주다 = 돌려주다 = to give back -저는 9월1일에 캐나다에 돌아갈 거예요 = I will go back to Canada on September 1st -저는 친구에게 책을 돌려줬어요 = I gave my friend back his book +--- + +- 저는 9월1일에 캐나다에 돌아갈 거예요 = I will go back to Canada on September 1st +- 저는 친구에게 책을 돌려줬어요 = I gave my friend back his book That’s good enough for now, but you will continue to see these as you progress through your studies. -## Different/Similar/Same in Korean (다르다/비슷하다/같다) +## Different/Similar/Same (다르다/비슷하다/같다) Three words that you have learned in previous lessons are: -다르다 = different -비슷하다 = similar -같다 = same +- 다르다 = different +- 비슷하다 = similar +- 같다 = same Using these words isn’t as straight forward as it would seem, so I wanted to spend some time teaching you how to deal with them. Of course, in simple sentences, they can be used just like any other adjectives. For example: -그것은 비슷해요 = That is similar -우리는 매우 달라요 = We are so different -우리는 같아요 = We are the same +- 그것은 비슷해요 = That is similar +- 우리는 매우 달라요 = We are so different +- 우리는 같아요 = We are the same -*The sentence above sounds unnatural in Korean. Although “*같다*” translates to “the same,” in most cases (especially in cases like this where nothing is being compared), it is more natural to use the word “*똑같다*,” which usually translates to “exactly the same.”* +_The sentence above sounds unnatural in Korean. Although “같다” translates to “the same,” in most cases (especially in cases like this where nothing is being compared), it is more natural to use the word “똑같다,” which usually translates to “exactly the same.”_ For example: -우리는 똑같아요 = We are exactly the same + +- 우리는 똑같아요 = We are exactly the same When comparing things like this in English, we use a different preposition for each word. For example: -I am similar to my friend -That building is different from yesterday -Canadian people are the same as Korean people +- I am similar to my friend +- That building is different from yesterday +- Canadian people are the same as Korean people In Korean, the particle ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 can be used to represent all of these meanings. For example: -저는 친구와 비슷해요 = I am similar to my friend -그 건물은 어제와 달라요 = That building is different from yesterday -캐나다 사람들은 한국 사람들과 같아요 = Canadian people are the same as Korean people -이 학교는 우리 학교와 똑같아요 = This school is exactly the same as our school +- 저는 친구와 비슷해요 = I am similar to my friend +- 그 건물은 어제와 달라요 = That building is different from yesterday +- 캐나다 사람들은 한국 사람들과 같아요 = Canadian people are the same as Korean people +- 이 학교는 우리 학교와 똑같아요 = This school is exactly the same as our school The ability of ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 to be used in all of these cases creates confusion for Korean people when they learn English. You will often hear mistakes from Korean people like: -“This school is the same to our school” +- “This school is the same to our school” -Notice in the sentence above that the particle ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 is used to denote that something is different from, similar to, or the same as something else. In theory, you could change the order of the sentences (to make the sentence structure similar to what you learned in [Lesson 13](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-13/)) to indicate that two things (this and that) are different, similar or the same. For example: +Notice in the sentence above that the particle ~와/과/랑/이랑/하고 is used to denote that something is different from, similar to, or the same as something else. In theory, you could change the order of the sentences (to make the sentence structure similar to what you learned in [Lesson 13](./13-and-with.md)) to indicate that two things (this and that) are different, similar or the same. For example: -우리 학교와 이 학교는 똑같아요 = Our school and this school are exactly the same +- 우리 학교와 이 학교는 똑같아요 = Our school and this school are exactly the same As you can see with the English translation – this doesn’t create any difference in meaning. It merely changes the wording of the sentences and the function of the particles slightly. -I talk about the usage of 같다 later in [Lessons 35](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-35/) and [36](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-36/). Specifically, in [Lesson 36](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-36/) I talk about how 같다 is more commonly used to say “something is like something.” I don’t want to get into this too much in this lesson, because the purpose of this section was for me to introduce you to the grammar within these sentences so you could apply it to what I am about to introduce next. +I talk about the usage of 같다 later in [Lessons 35](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-35/) and [36](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-36/). Specifically, in [Lesson 36](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-34-41/lesson-36/) I talk about how 같다 is more commonly used to say “something is like something.” I don’t want to get into this too much in this lesson, because the purpose of this section was for me to introduce you to the grammar within these sentences so you could apply it to what I am about to introduce next. Check this grammar out. This is probably an easy sentence to you now: -나는 잘생긴 남자를 만났어 = I met a handsome man -Subject – adjective (describing an) – object – verb + +- 나는 잘생긴 남자를 만났어 = I met a handsome man + +> Subject – adjective (describing an) – object – verb What about these next sentences? -나는 비슷한 남자를 만났어 = I met a similar man, or -나는 같은 남자를 만났어 = I met the same man + +- 나는 비슷한 남자를 만났어 = I met a similar man, or +- 나는 같은 남자를 만났어 = I met the same man These sentences have the same structure as before: -Subject – adjective (describing an) – object – verb + +> Subject – adjective (describing an) – object – verb That should be easy for you too. But what about if you wanted to say “I met a man who is similar to your boyfriend.” Seems too complicated, but let’s break it down: -너의 남자친구와 비슷하다 = similar to your boyfriend +- 너의 남자친구와 비슷하다 = similar to your boyfriend + 비슷하다 is an adjective – which means it can modify a noun: -비슷한 남자 = similar man -너의 남자친구와 비슷한 남자 = A man (that is) similar to your boyfriend -나는 ( — )를 만났어 = I met — - -나는 (너의 남자친구와 비슷한 남자)를 만났어 = I met a man that is similar to your boyfriend +- 비슷한 남자 = similar man +- 너의 남자친구와 비슷한 남자 = A man (that is) similar to your boyfriend +- 나는 ( — )를 만났어 = I met — +- 나는 (너의 남자친구와 비슷한 남자)를 만났어 = I met a man that is similar to your boyfriend This structure is very complex and is an introduction to describing nouns with phrases instead of simply using one adjective. In [Lesson 26](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-2-lower-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-2-lessons-26-33/lesson-26/), you will learn more about how to describe nouns with things other than simple adjectives – such as verbs and complex phrases. The meaning of “different” in English has more than one nuance, which are possessed by “다르다” as well. Although the meaning of “different” in the two sentences below is similar, try to see that they are slightly different: -I am different than him -I saw a different movie +- I am different than him +- I saw a different movie The first one describes that something is not the same as something else. The second one has a meaning similar to “other” or “another,” where (in this case) the person did not see the movie that was originally planned, but instead saw “another” or a “different” movie. -다르다 can be used in both situations. For example: +다르다 _can be used in both_ situations. For example: -저는 그와 달라요 = I am different from him -저는 다른 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a different (another) movie +- 저는 그와 달라요 = I am different from him +- 저는 다른 영화를 봤어요 = I saw a different (another) movie -“또 다르다” usually translates to “another,” while “다르다” translates to “other.” However, in the example above, replacing “another” with “other” makes it sound weird. +“또 다르다” usually translates to “another,” while “다르다” translates to “other.” However, in the example above, replacing “another” with “other” makes it sound weird. The function of “또 다르다” is hard to explain, but it is easier to explain (and understand) if you think of it as two separate words (which it actually is). It is a combination of the adjective “다르다” and the adverb “또”, which is used when something happens again. -“또 다르다” is used when one particular thing has already been described, and you are explaining _another_ thing. For example, imagine you are sitting in a meeting with your coworkers discussing potential problems for a plan. People are all discussing the problems they see, and you can point out: +“또 다르다” is used when one particular thing has already been described, and you are explaining _another_ thing. For example, imagine you are sitting in a meeting with your coworkers discussing potential problems for a plan. People are all discussing the problems they see, and you can point out: -또 다른 문제는 그것이 비싸요 = Another problem is it (that thing) is expensive +- 또 다른 문제는 그것이 비싸요 = Another problem is it (that thing) is expensive In this same respect, you can say the following sentence, and although the translation in English is similar, try to understand the difference in adding “또”: -저는 또 다른 영화를 봤어요 = I saw ANother movie +- 저는 또 다른 영화를 봤어요 = I saw ANother movie + In this, maybe the person saw one movie, and then _again_ saw a different movie. -Words that are the same but have different meanings (Korean Homonyms) +## Homonyms This may be something that is obvious when learning any language, but I wanted to point it out. In Korean, there are a lot of words that have more than one meaning. It is like this in English as well, but most people never notice it until they stop to think about how many there actually are. Whenever there is a word with many meanings in Korean, these different meanings will always have a separate entry in our vocabulary lists (not necessarily in the same lesson, however). An example of this is “쓰다”: -쓰다 = to write -쓰다 = to use -쓰다 = to wear a hat +- 쓰다 = to write +- 쓰다 = to use +- 쓰다 = to wear a hat -Each of these words has had a separate entry in our vocabulary lists. However, when a word has many meanings, but most of those meanings can be combined into a few ‘umbrella term’ meanings – only those ‘umbrella term’ meanings will be shown. A good example we talked about earlier is 들다. 들다 has _so_ many meanings, most of which can fit into three or four broad definitions. +Each of these words has had a separate entry in our vocabulary lists. However, when a word has many meanings, but most of those meanings can be combined into a few ‘umbrella term’ meanings – only those ‘umbrella term’ meanings will be shown. A good example we talked about earlier is 들다. 들다 has _so_ many meanings, most of which can fit into three or four broad definitions. Either way, be aware that many words have many meanings in Korean: -나는 편지를 친구를 위해 쓸 거야 = I am going to write a letter for my friend -나는 그 기계를 썼어 = I used that machine -저의 아버지는 모자를 항상 써요 = My father always wears a hat +- 나는 편지를 친구를 위해 쓸 거야 = I am going to write a letter for my friend +- 나는 그 기계를 썼어 = I used that machine +- 저의 아버지는 모자를 항상 써요 = My father always wears a hat -Another word that has many common meanings is 걸리다: +Another word that has many common meanings is 걸리다: -걸리다 = to be (in the state of) hanging -걸리다 = to be caught/stuck/trapped -걸리다 = to “take” a certain amount of time -걸리다 = to catch a cold/sickness +- 걸리다 = to be (in the state of) hanging +- 걸리다 = to be caught/stuck/trapped +- 걸리다 = to “take” a certain amount of time +- 걸리다 = to catch a cold/sickness There are more usages, but lets just focus on these four for now: -걸리다 = to be hanging -Similar to the passive verbs you learned in the [previous lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-9-16/lesson-14-korean-passive-verbs/), this verb can be used to indicate the passive ‘state’ of hanging: +> 걸리다 = to be hanging -그림은 벽에 걸려 있어요 = The picture is hanging on the wall +Similar to the passive verbs you learned in the [previous lesson](./14-passive.md), this verb can be used to indicate the passive ‘state’ of hanging: + +- 그림은 벽에 걸려 있어요 = The picture is hanging on the wall + +> 걸리다 = to be caught/stuck/trapped -걸리다 = to be caught/stuck/trapped A verb that can be used when something trips/gets caught/gets trapped: -나는 줄에 걸렸어 = I tripped over the line +- 나는 줄에 걸렸어 = I tripped over the line + +> 걸리다 = to “take” a certain amount of time -걸리다 = to “take” a certain amount of time This is a very useful form that we will talk about in greater detail in a [later lesson](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-76-83/lesson-77/). You can use this to indicate how long it takes to get from one place to another: -서울부터 인천까지 2시간 걸려요 = It takes 2 hours to get from Seoul to Incheon -우리 학교에서 식당까지 10분 걸려요 = It takes 10 minutes to get from our school to the restaurant +- 서울부터 인천까지 2시간 걸려요 = It takes 2 hours to get from Seoul to Incheon +- 우리 학교에서 식당까지 10분 걸려요 = It takes 10 minutes to get from our school to the restaurant Notice however, that even though each of these has a very different meaning in English (to be hanging, to be caught, to take a certain amount of time) they are actually pretty similar. When a picture is ‘hanging’ on the wall, technically it is ‘stuck/trapped’ on the wall. Similarly, if you go from Incheon to Seoul, the time it takes (2 hours) is ‘stuck/trapped.’ Haha, No? Well, that’s just the way I explained it to myself when I first learned some of these words. Try to think outside of the English box. One word in Korean is often used to represent many words in English. Usually these words aren’t actually very different, but the different translations lead us to believe that they are in fact very different. Read these sentences again and see if you can understand them this way: -The picture is caught on the wall -I was caught over the line -2 hours are caught to get from Seoul to Incheon +- The picture is caught on the wall +- I was caught over the line +- 2 hours are caught to get from Seoul to Incheon Obviously not natural in English – but you can probably understand what these sentences mean. My point? Just because it looks like a word has many meanings doesn’t necessarily mean that those meanings are vastly different from each other. Think about the example from earlier in this lesson (들다) one more time. 들다 has many meanings – but most of which can be grouped into only 2 or 3 different meanings. Always keep this in mind. -Being Sick in Korea +## Being Sick in Korea One of the things people often try to learn first when learning a new language is how to express themselves in the event that they have to go to the doctor. This is something that wouldn’t fit into any specific lesson, so I want to cover it here: -You already know the word 아프다, which you can use to indicate that you are sick OR sore in some place. In English “sore” and “sick” mean slightly different things. Because of this, Korean people (who are learning English) often mistakenly say “My arm is sick.” Also note that 아프다 is an adjective… and for some reason ‘이/가’ are used instead of 는/은when creating sentences about a place on your body: +You already know the word 아프다, which you can use to indicate that you are sick OR sore in some place. In English “sore” and “sick” mean slightly different things. Because of this, Korean people (who are learning English) often mistakenly say “My arm is sick.” Also note that 아프다 is an adjective… and for some reason ‘이/가’ are used instead of 는/은 when creating sentences about a place on your body: -배가 아파요 = My stomach is sore -팔이 아파요 = My arm is sore -저는 어제 너무 아팠어요 = I was very sick yesterday +- 배가 아파요 = My stomach is sore +- 팔이 아파요 = My arm is sore +- 저는 어제 너무 아팠어요 = I was very sick yesterday -Also, you can use the word 걸리다 to indicate that you have some sort of disease/sickness. You learned a little bit about 걸리다 in the previous section. This usage of 걸리다 essentially has the same meaning that was described in all the other examples of 걸리다 (I am caught in a sickness). Korean people use this in the following way: +Also, you can use the word 걸리다 to indicate that you have some sort of disease/sickness. You learned a little bit about 걸리다 in the previous section. This usage of 걸리다 essentially has the same meaning that was described in all the other examples of 걸리다 (I am caught in a sickness). Korean people use this in the following way: -저는 감기에 걸렸어요 = I caught a cold/I have a cold -저는 독감에 걸렸어요 = I caught the flu/I have the flu -*Notice how “*에*” is used in these sentences due to* 걸리다 _having the nuance of being stuck IN something_ +- 저는 감기에 걸렸어요 = I caught a cold/I have a cold +- 저는 독감에 걸렸어요 = I caught the flu/I have the flu -Also note that even though you have a cold in the present tense, Korean people use the past “걸렸다” to express that they currently have a cold. +_Notice how_ “에” _is used in these sentences due to 걸리다 having the nuance of being stuck IN something_ -기침 (a cough) and 재채기 (a sneeze), although not originally nouns of Chinese origin, are both nouns where you can add 하다 to get the respective verb form (to cough and to sneeze). For example: +Also note that even though you have a cold in the present tense, Korean people use the past “걸렸다” to express that they currently have a cold. + +기침 (a cough) and 재채기 (a sneeze), although not originally nouns of Chinese origin, are both nouns where you can add 하다 to get the respective verb form (to cough and to sneeze). For example: + +- 저의 아들은 시끄럽게 기침했어요 = My son coughed loudly -저의 아들은 시끄럽게 기침했어요 = My son coughed loudly _(Probably more naturally translated to “My son was coughing loudly.” Korean people don’t really distinguish between simple and progressive past tenses as much as we do in English. You will learn about the progressive tense in [Lesson 18](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/lesson-18/).)_ Wow that’s a long lesson. I have to apologize for writing these lessons so long. This lesson could have easily been broken into 2, 3 or even 4 separate lessons, but I chose against doing it that way. When I was first learning Korean, I wanted to plow through material as fast as I possibly could – and I guess that is coming out as I am writing these lessons as well.