lesson 12 remaining grammar
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@@ -940,113 +940,115 @@ Two more important Korean particles you need to know are ~부터 and ~까지.
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~부터 is a particle that is often confused with ~에서 because both can translate to “from” and have seemingly overlapping usages. You learned earlier that one usage of ~에서 is to indicate the location from which an action is departing. For example:
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우리는 집에서 출발할 거예요 = We will depart from home
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- 우리는 집에서 출발할 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">We will depart from home</span>
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~부터 is very similar, but is specifically identifying the place (or time) in which something _starts_ from. If we look at this sentence:
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나는 인천에서 서울까지 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will depart from Incheon and go to (until) Seoul</span>
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- 나는 인천에서 서울까지 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-22.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will depart from Incheon and go to (until) Seoul</span>
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The particle ~에서 identifies that the person departed from 인천. In theory, this could also be seen as the starting point. Therefore, this sentence could also be written as:
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나는 인천부터 서울까지 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-50.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go from Incheon to Seoul</span>
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- 나는 인천부터 서울까지 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-50.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go from Incheon to Seoul</span>
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These two sentences (despite the slight nuance of “departing” and “starting”) are essentially the same. In both cases, the subject is going from Incheon to Seoul. They can both be seen as correct, but most Koreans would rather use ~에서 when talking about the location in which something starts/departs.
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For example, I showed these two sentences to a Korean person and asked him to explain the difference:
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다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-39.mp3" />
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= The next bus will depart from that station
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다음 버스는 저 정류장부터 출발할 거예요
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= The next bus will leave from that stop
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- 다음 버스는 저 정류장에서 출발할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-39.mp3" />
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- <span class="md spoiler">The next bus will depart from that station</span>
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- 다음 버스는 저 정류장부터 출발할 거예요
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- <span class="md spoiler">The next bus will leave from that stop</span>
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He said: “The first one sounds more natural. The second one sounds as if the place the bus is leaving from is the bus garage… like the absolute starting point of the bus. In most situations, it would be most natural to say the first sentence.”
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Instead, ~부터 is commonly attached to a _time_ to indicate _when_ something starts. For example:
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저는 어제부터 아팠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been sick since (from) yesterday</span>
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저는 내일부터 한국어를 공부할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m going to study Korean from tomorrow</span>
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내년부터 우리는 서울에서 살 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">From next year, we will be living in Seoul</span>
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저는 3시부터 학교에 있을 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be at school from 3:00</span>
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저는 작년부터 한국어를 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been learning Korean since last year</span>
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- 저는 어제부터 아팠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-23.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been sick since (from) yesterday</span>
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- 저는 내일부터 한국어를 공부할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-24.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I’m going to study Korean from tomorrow</span>
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- 내년부터 우리는 서울에서 살 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-25.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">From next year, we will be living in Seoul</span>
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- 저는 3시부터 학교에 있을 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-26.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be at school from 3:00</span>
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- 저는 작년부터 한국어를 배웠어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-27.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I have been learning Korean since last year</span>
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It is very common to see ~까지 used in the same sentence as ~부터. Here, ~부터 indicates the starting point and ~까지 indicates the end point. For example:
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It is very common to see ~까지 used in the same sentence as ~부터. Here, ~부터 indicates the <span class="md spoiler">starting point</span> and ~까지 indicates the <span class="md spoiler">end point</span>. For example:
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저는 아침부터 밤까지 공부만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-57.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">From morning to night I only studied</span>
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나는 캐나다에 1일부터 8일까지 있을 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-58.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be in Canada from the 1st to the 8th</span>
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- 저는 아침부터 밤까지 공부만 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-57.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">From morning to night I only studied</span>
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- 나는 캐나다에 1일부터 8일까지 있을 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-58.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will be in Canada from the 1st to the 8th</span>
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It is common to see “부터” attached to 처음 to translate to something like “from the start” or “from the beginning.” For example:
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It is common to see “부터” attached to <TTS>처음</TTS> to translate to something like “<span class="md spoiler">from the start</span>” or “<span class="md spoiler">from the beginning</span>.” For example:
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그들은 저를 처음부터 싫어했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">They didn’t like me from the start</span>
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우리는 그 일을 처음부터 시작할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will start that job/task from the beginning</span>
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- 그들은 저를 처음부터 싫어했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-28.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">They didn’t like me from the start</span>
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- 우리는 그 일을 처음부터 시작할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-29.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">We will start that job/task from the beginning</span>
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When used to say “from start to finish,” the word “끝” is often used to mean “finish.” For example:
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When used to say “from start to finish,” the word “<TTS>끝</TTS>” is often used to mean “<span class="md spoiler">finish</span>.” For example:
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저는 그 상황을 처음부터 끝까지 몰랐어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t know that situation from start to finish</span>
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저는 그것을 처음부터 끝까지 복습했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I reviewed that from start to finish</span>
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저는 그 책을 처음부터 끝까지 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I read that book from start to finish</span>
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- 저는 그 상황을 처음부터 끝까지 몰랐어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-30.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I didn’t know that situation from start to finish</span>
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- 저는 그것을 처음부터 끝까지 복습했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I reviewed that from start to finish</span>
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- 저는 그 책을 처음부터 끝까지 읽었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I read that book from start to finish</span>
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Korean Particle ~(으)로
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## Korean Particle ~(으)로
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The Korean particle ~(으)로 can be added to nouns with a few different meanings. One of the main meanings is to indicate with what tool/device/method/material something is carried out. The English equivalent varies depending on the usage:
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Write **with** a pen
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Go to the store **by** car
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Go to school **on** foot
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Make a house **out of** wood
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- Write **with** a pen
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- Go to the store **by** car
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- Go to school **on** foot
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- Make a house **out of** wood
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This meaning of ~(으)로 can be used in so many situations it would be impossible to list them all. As you get comfortable with the basic examples of this usage, you will slowly be able to grasp when it should be used in all situations.
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~로 is added to words ending in a vowel, whereas ~으로 is added to words ending in a consonant. ~로 is also added to words ending in ㄹ. The only reason for this difference is for ease of pronunciation. If you say “것로” there is a split second where your tongue cannot go directly from 것 to ~로 – so it is changed to 것**으**로.
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나는 우리 집을 나무로 지었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-64.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built our house out of wood</span>
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배로 제주에 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-65.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Je-ju by boat</span>
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저는 그것을 손으로 만들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-66.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built that with my hands</span>
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- 나는 우리 집을 나무로 지었어 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-64.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built our house out of wood</span>
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- 배로 제주에 갈 거야 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-65.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go to Je-ju by boat</span>
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- 저는 그것을 손으로 만들었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-66.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I built that with my hands</span>
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---
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In this same respect, ~(으)로 can be used to indicate the language which something is spoken. Here, just like in some of the examples above, the language acts as the “tool” in which something was communicated. For example:
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저는 그 문장을 한국어로 말했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I said that sentence (using) in Korean</span>
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저는 그것을 영어로 할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will say that (using) in English</span>
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- 저는 그 문장을 한국어로 말했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-33.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I said that sentence (using) in Korean</span>
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- 저는 그것을 영어로 할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-34.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will say that (using) in English</span>
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---
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It is also used to indicate what you ate for a specific meal:
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저는 아침식사로 밥을 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-69.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate rice for breakfast</span>
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저는 보통 점심식사로 과일만 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-70.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I usually only ate fruit for lunch</span>
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- 저는 아침식사로 밥을 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-69.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate rice for breakfast</span>
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- 저는 보통 점심식사로 과일만 먹었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-70.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I usually only ate fruit for lunch</span>
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---
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If somebody does an action in line with a bunch of other people, you can use ~(으)로 to indicate the order something is done by attaching it to a number + 번째. For example:
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저는 그것을 두 번째로 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I did that second (I was the second person to do that)</span>
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저는 학교에 두 번째로 왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I came to school second (I was the second person to come to school)</span>
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저는 그것을 첫 번째로 할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go (do it) first</span>
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- 저는 그것을 두 번째로 했어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-35.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I did that second (I was the second person to do that)</span>
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- 저는 학교에 두 번째로 왔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-36.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I came to school second (I was the second person to come to school)</span>
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- 저는 그것을 첫 번째로 할 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-37.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go (do it) first</span>
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---
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The other main meaning of ~(으)로 is to indicate the direction that something is happening in. This sometimes has the same meaning as “에.”For example:
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저는 집으로 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-74.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go in the direction of home (simply ‘I will go home’), which would be the same as:</span>
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저는 집에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go home</span>
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- 저는 집으로 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-74.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go in the direction of home (simply ‘I will go home’)</span>
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which would be the same as:
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- 저는 집에 갈 거예요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lesson-12-s4.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I will go home</span>
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~(으)로 is often added after ~쪽 to make “~쪽으로”. ~쪽 can be added after some nouns and some direction words (above/below/East/West/etc) to mean “the direction of \_\_\_.”
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그쪽 = that way/direction
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위쪽 = upper direction
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사람 쪽 = the direction of the people, etc..
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- <TTS>그쪽</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">that way/direction</span>
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- <TTS>위쪽</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">upper direction</span>
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- <TTS>사람 쪽</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the direction of the people</span>, etc..
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To make sentences like:
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저의 친구는 저 쪽으로 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-76.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend went that way</span>
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학생들은 교실 쪽으로 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-77.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Students walk towards/in the direction of their class</span>
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- 저의 친구는 저 쪽으로 갔어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-76.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">My friend went that way</span>
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- 학생들은 교실 쪽으로 걸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson12-77.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">Students walk towards/in the direction of their class</span>
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Notice the difference between these two:
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저는 집 안 쪽으로 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran inside the house</span>
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저는 집 안에서 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran inside the house</span>
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- 저는 집 안 쪽으로 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-38.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran inside the house</span>
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- 저는 집 안에서 달렸어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lesson-12-sentence-39.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I ran inside the house</span>
|
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|
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In the first example, you are running into the house/in the direction of ‘inside the house.’ In the second example, you are running inside the house.
|
||||
|
||||
|
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Reference in new issue
Block a user