lesso 17 grammar remaining

docs/howtostudykorean/unit-1/17-connecting-want.md

@@ -775,15 +775,15 @@ You must be thinking, then: “What is the difference between using \~고 and us
 - 저는 당근을 칼로 잘라서 냉장고에 넣었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-17-18.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I cut the carrots with the knife then put them in the fridge</span>
 - 저는 당근을 칼로 자르고 냉장고에 넣었어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lesson-17-6.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I cut the carrots with the knife then put them in the fridge</span>
 
-Both sentences are effectively saying the same thing.
+Both sentences are effectively saying <span class="md spoiler">the same thing</span>.
 
-However, from my experience \~아/어서 is more likely to be used when the action of the first clause is intrinsically linked with the action of the second clause.
+However, from my experience \~아/어서 is more likely to be used when the action of the first clause is <span class="md spoiler">intrinsically linked with the action of the second clause</span>.
 
 The best way to explain this is to look at why specifically \~아/어서 is more commonly used with the verbs 가다 and 오다 instead of \~고.
 
 If you want to say that you go somewhere then do something, you should not say this:
 
-저는 학교에 가고 공부할 거예요
+- 저는 학교에 가고 공부할 거예요
 
 Instead of \~고, you must add \~아/어서 here:
 
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ Instead of \~고, you must add \~아/어서 here:
 
 Likewise, if you want to say that you come somewhere and do something, you should not say this:
 
-우리는 집에 오고 바로 잤어요
+- 우리는 집에 오고 바로 잤어요
 
 Instead of \~고, you must add \~아/어서 here:
 
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ Instead of \~고, you must add \~아/어서 here:
 
 The reason for this is simply due to the nature of the verbs 오다 and 가다. When connecting two clauses with \~고 containing other verbs, (for example: 먹다), the first and second action, despite the fact that one happened before the other one, have no real connection. For example, in an example I presented previously:
 
-저는 밥을 먹고 갈 거예요 = I will eat and then go
+- 저는 밥을 먹고 갈 거예요 = <span class="md spoiler">I will eat and then go</span>
 
 This sentence is implying that you will eat, and then finish eating, and then go somewhere. Aside from the fact that one happened after another, the act of eating didn’t affect the act of going.
 
@@ -830,11 +830,11 @@ There are also many position verbs that usually act differently than regular ver
 
 The reason these are treated differently is because these are verbs of position. For example, if I just said:
 
-저는 먹고 공부했어요 = I ate and studied
+- <TTS>저는 먹고 공부했어요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">I ate and studied</span>
 
 In that sentence, aside from the fact that one action happened after another, 먹다 and 공부하다 have no relation to each other. However, if you were to say:
 
-저는 눕고 책을 읽었어요 – That would mean “I lied down, and then read a book” – as in, I lied down, stood up again, and then read a book. I guess technically you COULD do that, but nobody would ever do that. Instead, what you wanted to say is that you lied down, and then, while lying down, you read a book. In these situations with position verbs, the first action is related to the second action (similar to how 가다 and 오다 are related to the upcoming verb). That is why they are treated differently.
+&NoBreak;<TTS>저는 눕고 책을 읽었어요</TTS> – That would mean “<span class="md spoiler">I lied down, and then read a book</span>” – as in, I lied down, stood up again, and then read a book. I guess technically you COULD do that, but nobody would ever do that. Instead, what you wanted to say is that you lied down, and then, while lying down, you read a book. In these situations with position verbs, the first action is related to the second action (similar to how 가다 and 오다 are related to the upcoming verb). That is why they are treated differently.
 
 If you want to use these position verbs in this way, you need to add \~아/어서 to them:
 
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ As I said earlier, \~고 is a verb that can connect two clauses/sentences togeth
 
 Anyways, enough apologizing, lets get down to business.
 
-Adding \~고 싶다 to the stem of a verb gives it the meaning of “I want to \_\_\_\_.” Very easy to use:
+Adding \~고 싶다 to the stem of a verb gives it the meaning of “<span class="md spoiler">I want to \_\_\_\_.</span>” Very easy to use:
 
 - 저는 한국어를 배우고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson17-31.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to study Korean</span>
 - 저는 캐나다에 가고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson17-32.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I want to go to Canada</span>
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ It can be used in the past tense as well:
 
 _Notice that when talking about ‘marrying’ somebody, ‘with’ must be used in Korean instead of attaching_ ‘를/을.’ _Because of this difference in English and Korean, many Korean people will mistakenly say “I want to marry with you.”_
 
-Actually, you _have_ come across this \~고 싶다 grammar concept before, but you probably didn’t even realize it. In Korean, there are two ways to say “I miss \_\_\_\_.” One way is to use the word “그립다” and is used when you “miss” something other than a person (I miss my hometown). The word for missing a person in Korean is 보고 싶다. See anything funny about that word? 보고 – 싶다? Literally, it means “I want to see:”
+Actually, you _have_ come across this \~고 싶다 grammar concept before, but you probably didn’t even realize it. In Korean, there are two ways to say “I miss \_\_\_\_.” One way is to use the word “<TTS>그립다</TTS>” and is used when you “miss” something other than a person (I miss my hometown). The word for missing a person in Korean is 보고 싶다. See anything funny about that word? 보고 – 싶다? Literally, it means “I want to see:”
 
 - 저는 친구를 보고 싶어요 <AudioButton src="https://www.howtostudykorean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Lesson17-41.mp3" /> = <span class="md spoiler">I miss my friend/I want to see my friend</span>
 
@@ -877,8 +877,8 @@ Actually, you _have_ come across this \~고 싶다 grammar concept before, but y
 
 One thing to note is that 싶다 actually acts as an adjective, and must be conjugated as one. This means that:
 
-나는 먹고 싶다 (I want to eat) would be a correct conjugation, however
+- 나는 먹고 싶다 (<span class="md spoiler">I want to eat</span>) would be a correct conjugation, however
-나는 먹고 싶는다, would be an incorrect conjugation
+- ~~나는 먹고 싶는다~~, would be an incorrect conjugation
 
 Also, notice the difference between 원하다 and \~고 싶다. You can say 원하다 when you want an object:
 
@@ -904,49 +904,51 @@ Before you move to the next lesson, I would like to continue the discussion from
 
 ## \~는/은 and \~이/가 Revisited
 
-Now it is time to continue what was presented back in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/ "Lesson 2: Korean Particles 이/가"). In [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/ "Lesson 2: Korean Particles 이/가"), you started learning about the differences between \~이/가 and \~는/은.
+Now it is time to continue what was presented back in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md). In [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md), you started learning about the differences between \~이/가 and \~는/은.
 
-Now that you have increased your understanding of Korean grammar, I can continue to explain the nuances between \~이/가 and \~는/은. At this point, I encourage you to re-read [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/ "Lesson 2: Korean Particles 이/가") in order to refresh yourself on what we talked about at that time.
+Now that you have increased your understanding of Korean grammar, I can continue to explain the nuances between \~이/가 and \~는/은. At this point, I encourage you to re-read [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md) in order to refresh yourself on what we talked about at that time.
 
-One problem with both of these particles is that they both have many functions. Another specific function of \~는/은  (in addition to the comparison function that you learned in [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/) and the examples I showed you earlier in the lesson) is to indicate a general fact or statement. For example:
+One problem with both of these particles is that they both have many functions. Another specific function of \~는/은  (in addition to the <span class="md spoiler">comparison function</span> that you learned in [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md) and the examples I showed you earlier in the lesson) is to indicate <span class="md spoiler">a general fact or statement</span>. For example:
 
-Rocky (로키) 산은 높아요 = The Rocky Mountains are high (the Rocky Mountain is high)
+- Rocky <TTS>(로키) 산은 높아요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">The Rocky Mountains are high (the Rocky Mountain is high)</span>
 
 This would be said as a general fact. Everybody would typically know that the Rocky Mountains are high, so this could be said in a general way as seen as above. This can be contrasted with \~이/가. Used this way, \~이/가 wouldn’t be used to describe a general fact about something. Rather, it would be used to describe a specific situation that (usually) the speaker just realized or observed. For example, if you were hiking with your friend, and suddenly got a glimpse of a nearby mountain, you could say:
 
-와! 산이 높다! = Wow! The mountain is high!
+- <TTS>와! 산이 높다!</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Wow! The mountain is high!</span>
-Note here that even though the speaker is talking about this one specific mountain, he or she is not comparing it with something else (for example, another mountain), as this would require the use of \~는/은 (albeit, in its other usage)
+
+Note here that even though the speaker is talking about this one specific mountain, he or she is not <span class="md spoiler">comparing it with something else</span> (for example, another mountain), as this would require the use of \~는/은 (albeit, in its other usage)
 
 Let’s look at more simplified versions of the sentences above:
 
-산은 높다
+- 산은 높다
-산이 높다
+- 산이 높다
 
 Remember that the difference between \~이/가 and \~는/은 is more about nuance, and not about creating a different translation in your head. If I attempted to make a translation that describes this nuance for the two examples above, I could maybe write:
 
-산은 높다 = In general, mountains are high
+- 산은 높다 = <span class="md spoiler">In general, mountains are high</span>
-산이 높다 = This mountain that I’m looking at, which I’ve never seen or noticed before, is high
+- 산이 높다 = <span class="md spoiler">This mountain that I’m looking at, which I’ve never seen or noticed before, is high</span>
 
 At the same time (and this is where people really get confused with these particles) \~는/은 could be used in this situation to have a comparing function. For example, I could say:
 
-이 산은 높아요. 하지만, 저 산은 낮아요 = This mountain is tall. But that mountain is low (small)
+- 이 산은 높아요. 하지만, 저 산은 낮아요 = <span class="md spoiler">This mountain is tall. But that mountain is low (small)</span>
 
 This is precisely what causes the confusion among foreigners when trying to distinguish the difference between \~이/가 and \~는/은. Both of them can be used to express different nuances that seem to overlap each other. For example, if I say:
 “산은 높다”
 
 What am I trying to say? Am I trying to say…:
 
-“In general, mountains are high”, or
+- “In general, mountains are high”, or
-“This mountain, in comparison to that other mountain (or maybe some other thing) is high”
+- “This mountain, in comparison to that other mountain (or maybe some other thing) is high”
 
 The only way you can distinguish between the particular nuances being used is by understanding the situation in which they are said.
 
 Let’s look at another example. If I said:
 
-여름 날씨는 좋다 = (in general) summer weather is good
+- 여름 날씨는 좋다 = <span class="md spoiler">(in general) summer weather is good</span>
+
 The purpose of this sentence would be to express a general fact about summer weather. That is, that summer weather is (in general) good. However, if you just walked outside and saw /experienced that the weather is good, you would be more inclined to say:
 
-날씨가 좋다 = The weather (right now that I am experiencing) is good
+- 날씨가 좋다 = <span class="md spoiler">The weather (right now that I am experiencing) is good</span>
 
 Here, the speaker is just indicating that the weather at the moment is good, and is not talking about the weather being good all the time.
 This doesn’t mean that “날씨는 좋다” is incorrect. You most definitely could use that sentence, but only in an appropriate situation. This was the dialogue I had with a Korean person:
@@ -954,48 +956,65 @@ This doesn’t mean that “날씨는 좋다” is incorrect. You most definitel
 - Me: When would you be able to say “날씨는 좋다”. It clearly isn’t used as a general statement, because weather (in general) isn’t always good. So when could I say this?
 - Korean person: It sounds like you are comparing it with something. Like, you are saying that the weather is good, but something else might be bad.
 - Me: For example?
-- Korean person: Maybe, “여기 음식이 맛이 없어요. 하지만 날씨는 좋아요.” (The food here isn’t delicious, but the weather is good). Here, you’re saying that the weather is good, but the food is bad.
+- Korean person: Maybe, “여기 음식이 맛이 없어요. 하지만 날씨는 좋아요.” (<span class="md spoiler">The food here isn’t delicious, but the weather is good</span>). Here, you’re saying that the weather is good, but the food is bad.
 
 That’s the thing about \~이/가 and \~는/은. It’s not about understanding their meanings. Their meanings can’t be translated into English. It’s about understanding the nuances they possess when used in different situations.
 
 Let’s look at another example:
-다이아몬드는 딱딱하다 = (in general) Diamonds are hard
+
+- <TTS>다이아몬드는 딱딱하다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(in general) Diamonds are hard</span>
+
 (This is a statement that can be applied generally. Most people would know that diamonds are hard, and this is not new information or anything like that)
 
 However, if somebody picked up a diamond and felt it, and realizes exactly how hard that particular diamond is, they would be more inclined to say:
 
-다이아몬드가 너무 딱딱하다 = Diamonds are hard (due to the experience that I have right now with this diamond, I can see/realize that this diamond is very hard!)
+- 다이아몬드가 너무 딱딱하다 = <span class="md spoiler">Diamonds are hard (due to the experience that I have right now with this diamond, I can see/realize that this diamond is very hard!)</span>
+
 _(Please try to ignore my attempt to translate this nuance. It would never actually be translated to that.)_
 
 Now, if we changed the noun:
-밥은 딱딱하다 = The rice is hard
+
+- 밥은 딱딱하다 = <span class="md spoiler">The rice is hard</span>
+
 This would not be expressed as a general statement. Why? Because rice is generally not hard. However, if you were about to have dinner with the rice on your plate and you touched it, you could say:
-밥이 딱딱하다 = The rice is hard (due to what I am experiencing right now, I can say that this particular rice is hard)
+
+- 밥이 딱딱하다 = <span class="md spoiler">The rice is hard (due to what I am experiencing right now, I can say that this particular rice is hard)</span>
+
 _(Again, please ignore this ridiculous translation)_
 
 Now this:
-밥은 딱딱하다 = The rice is hard
+
+- 밥은 딱딱하다 = <span class="md spoiler">The rice is hard</span>
+
 Again, this is not a general statement. Therefore… is it wrong?
+
 No, because there are other purposes of \~는/은. Maybe here the speaker wanted express the comparison function of \~는/은. Maybe to say that the soup is hot (and ready to eat), but the rice is hard. Remember, all of this is situational.
 
-Another example: (빨갛다= red, 노랗다= yellow. These words aren’t introduced until Lesson 23. Sorry.)
+Another example:
-사과는 빨갛다 = (in general) apples are red, or
-사과는 빨갛다. 바나나는 노랗다 = Apples are red. Bananas are yellow
-사과가 빨갛다 = the apple is red (the apple that I am looking at that I just noticed)
-사과가 파랗다 = the apple is blue (this would not normally be the case and therefore would never be used with \~는/은 to express a general statement meaning. However, \~이/가 is used here to specifically describe the apple that the speaker is experiencing – which may or may not follow what is typical of other apples)
 
-의사들은 똑똑하다 = (in general), doctors are smart
+(<TTS>빨갛다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">red</span>, <TTS>노랗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">yellow</span>. These words aren’t introduced until Lesson 23. Sorry.)
-그 의사가 아주 똑똑하다 = the doctor is smart (the one specific doctor who is in the room, for example)
+
+- <TTS>사과는 빨갛다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">(in general) apples are red</span>, or
+- <TTS>사과는 빨갛다. 바나나는 노랗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">Apples are red. Bananas are yellow</span>
+- <TTS>사과가 빨갛다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the apple is red (the apple that I am looking at that I just noticed)</span>
+- <TTS>사과가 파랗다</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">the apple is blue</span>
+
+(this would not normally be the case and therefore would never be used with \~는/은 to express a general statement meaning. However, \~이/가 is used here to specifically describe the apple that the speaker is experiencing – which may or may not follow what is typical of other apples)
+
+- 의사들은 똑똑하다 = <span class="md spoiler">(in general), doctors are smart</span>
+- 그 의사가 아주 똑똑하다 = <span class="md spoiler">the doctor is smart (the one specific doctor who is in the room, for example)</span>
 
 This is why, when you want to say “it is raining” you must use the following sentence:
-비가 와요 = It’s raining
+
+- <TTS>비가 와요</TTS> = <span class="md spoiler">It’s raining</span>
 
 Instead of:
-비는 와요… (incorrect)
+
+- ~~비는 와요…~~ (incorrect)
 
 The use of “비는 와요” would suggest that, in general, it rains; which wouldn’t make sense. Instead, the fact that it is raining/rained/will rain would always fall into the particular situation that “이/가” is used for.
 
-I said this at the end of [Lesson 2](https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-1-8/unit-1-lesson-2/ "Lesson 2: Korean Particles 이/가"), but I’m going to say it again here. Your understanding of exactly when to use \~는/은 over \~이/가 and vice-versa will progress with your general understanding of Korean grammar.
+I said this at the end of [Lesson 2](./02-particles.md), but I’m going to say it again here. Your understanding of exactly when to use \~는/은 over \~이/가 and vice-versa will progress with your general understanding of Korean grammar.
 
 Also remember that sentences (in every language, including Korean) are usually much more complicated than what is presented in this lesson. In addition, very rarely are sentences said as just ‘one-off’ sentences. Rather, they are said in response to a question or statement, which is important information in understanding the nuances of both \~이/가 and \~는/은.